The document discusses the basic concepts of programming including defining a program and programming language, levels of programming languages from low-level to high-level, common programming elements like variables and data types, and the key phases of program development from problem analysis to documentation.
Machine language uses binary to directly instruct the computer but is tedious for programmers. Assembly language replaces machine code with mnemonics like ADD and SUB making it easier. High-level languages are the easiest for programmers being English-like but require compilation to machine code, making them slower than low-level languages.
The document provides an introduction to programming languages. It discusses the different levels of programming languages including low-level languages like machine language and assembly language that are close to hardware, and high-level languages like C++, Java, and Python that are more abstract. It also covers procedural languages which specify steps to complete tasks and object-oriented languages which model real-world objects. Examples are given of popular languages from each paradigm like C, Pascal, and PHP for procedural and C++, Java, Ruby for object-oriented.
C is a high-level and general-purpose programming language that is ideal for developing firmware or portable applications.
Originally intended for writing system software, C was developed at Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie for the Unix Operating System in the early 1970s.
This PPT is for First year engineering student,It covered all about C Programming according to Rajastha Technical University Kota.
flowchart, pseudo code, Programming Languages and Language Translators, Identifiers, Constants, Variables, Basic Data Types, Operators, Expressions, type casting, Input / Output Statement, Scope Rules and Storage classes, Preprocessor and Macro Substitution.
An interpreter is a program that directly executes instructions from a source program line-by-line. It translates each line of code into an intermediate form before executing it, rather than translating the whole program at once like a compiler. Interpreted languages execute more slowly than compiled languages since each line must be translated individually, but they allow for faster development and testing of programs. There are different types of interpreters that use various techniques for translating and executing code.
The document discusses the differences between low-level machine code used by CPUs and high-level computer languages used by programmers. It explains that programmers write source code in high-level languages, which are then compiled into machine code through a compiler or interpreted line-by-line using an interpreter. Compiled code tends to run faster while interpreted languages typically have more programmer-friendly features. Modern dynamic languages often use a just-in-time compiler to bridge performance gaps.
The document discusses the history of programming languages from first to fifth generation. It defines a program as a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do. First generation languages used binary machine code, while assembly language as a second generation made programming easier by using letters. Third generation high-level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, and BASIC improved data management and were easier for non-professionals to use. Fourth and fifth generation languages attempted to make programming even more like natural languages through visual interfaces and English-like syntax.
A programming language is a set of rules that allows humans to tell computers what operations to perform. Programming languages provide tools for developing executable models for problem domains and exist at various levels from high-level languages that are closer to human language to low-level machine code. Some of the principal programming paradigms include imperative, object-oriented, logic/declarative, and functional programming. Popular high-level languages include FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, C, C++, Java, and markup languages like HTML and XML.
Machine language uses binary to directly instruct the computer but is tedious for programmers. Assembly language replaces machine code with mnemonics like ADD and SUB making it easier. High-level languages are the easiest for programmers being English-like but require compilation to machine code, making them slower than low-level languages.
The document provides an introduction to programming languages. It discusses the different levels of programming languages including low-level languages like machine language and assembly language that are close to hardware, and high-level languages like C++, Java, and Python that are more abstract. It also covers procedural languages which specify steps to complete tasks and object-oriented languages which model real-world objects. Examples are given of popular languages from each paradigm like C, Pascal, and PHP for procedural and C++, Java, Ruby for object-oriented.
C is a high-level and general-purpose programming language that is ideal for developing firmware or portable applications.
Originally intended for writing system software, C was developed at Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie for the Unix Operating System in the early 1970s.
This PPT is for First year engineering student,It covered all about C Programming according to Rajastha Technical University Kota.
flowchart, pseudo code, Programming Languages and Language Translators, Identifiers, Constants, Variables, Basic Data Types, Operators, Expressions, type casting, Input / Output Statement, Scope Rules and Storage classes, Preprocessor and Macro Substitution.
An interpreter is a program that directly executes instructions from a source program line-by-line. It translates each line of code into an intermediate form before executing it, rather than translating the whole program at once like a compiler. Interpreted languages execute more slowly than compiled languages since each line must be translated individually, but they allow for faster development and testing of programs. There are different types of interpreters that use various techniques for translating and executing code.
The document discusses the differences between low-level machine code used by CPUs and high-level computer languages used by programmers. It explains that programmers write source code in high-level languages, which are then compiled into machine code through a compiler or interpreted line-by-line using an interpreter. Compiled code tends to run faster while interpreted languages typically have more programmer-friendly features. Modern dynamic languages often use a just-in-time compiler to bridge performance gaps.
The document discusses the history of programming languages from first to fifth generation. It defines a program as a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do. First generation languages used binary machine code, while assembly language as a second generation made programming easier by using letters. Third generation high-level languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, and BASIC improved data management and were easier for non-professionals to use. Fourth and fifth generation languages attempted to make programming even more like natural languages through visual interfaces and English-like syntax.
A programming language is a set of rules that allows humans to tell computers what operations to perform. Programming languages provide tools for developing executable models for problem domains and exist at various levels from high-level languages that are closer to human language to low-level machine code. Some of the principal programming paradigms include imperative, object-oriented, logic/declarative, and functional programming. Popular high-level languages include FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, C, C++, Java, and markup languages like HTML and XML.
This document provides an overview of programming concepts such as what programming is, programming languages, how to write programs, and key elements of programs like variables, functions, loops, and decisions. Specifically:
- Programming involves writing instructions for a computer to accomplish tasks, using programming languages that the computer can understand. Programs must be compiled or interpreted before running.
- Pseudocode and flowcharts are used to plan programs by listing steps in plain English or using graphic symbols. Variables store data, and functions perform sub-tasks. Loops and decisions allow programs to repeat actions and make choices.
- Debugging fixes errors by testing programs step-by-step. Key symbols represent starting, input/output,
Computer programming is the process of writing source code instructions in a programming language to instruct a computer to perform tasks. Source code is written text using a human-readable programming language like C++, Java, or Python. A program is a sequence of instructions that performs a specific task. Programmers write computer programs by designing source code using programming languages. Programming languages are classified as high-level or low-level. High-level languages provide abstraction from computer details while low-level languages require knowledge of computer design. Language translators like compilers and interpreters convert source code into executable programs.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language. It begins with an outline of topics covered, then defines C as a structured, high-level, machine-independent language that follows a top-down approach. The document traces the history and evolution of C from earlier languages like ALGOL and BCPL. It describes key features of C like portability, speed, and simplicity. It also explains the roles of compilers and linkers and includes flowcharts, sample programs, and discussions of variables, data types, operators, and control statements in C like if/else statements and switch cases.
The document discusses syntax analysis and parsing. It defines a syntax analyzer as creating the syntactic structure of a source program in the form of a parse tree. A syntax analyzer, also called a parser, checks if a program satisfies the rules of a context-free grammar and produces the parse tree if it does, or error messages otherwise. It describes top-down and bottom-up parsing methods and how parsers use grammars to analyze syntax.
There are two types of programming languages: high-level languages and low-level languages. High-level languages are closer to human languages and provide more abstraction from machine-level instructions, while low-level languages like assembly language closely map to processor instructions. Programs written in high-level languages need to be translated into machine code using compilers or interpreters, while low-level language programs are assembled directly into machine code. Common examples of high-level languages include C++, Java, and Python, while assembly language and Basic are examples of low-level languages.
The document discusses various programming languages and program development tools. It differentiates between low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level procedural languages like C and COBOL. It also covers object-oriented languages like Java, C++, and C#, visual programming languages, and fourth generation languages (4GLs) like SQL. The document also lists the six common steps in program development and describes the basic control structures of sequence, selection, and repetition used in programming.
It is a very simple and easy language, C language is mainly used for develop desktop based application. All other programming languages were derived directly or indirectly from C programming concepts. This language have following features;
http://www.tutorial4us.com/cprogramming/c-features
This document provides information on various programming language concepts like object-oriented programming, data types, loops, and control flow statements in C++. It defines key OOP concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also explains C++ data types, common loop structures like for, while, and do-while loops, and control statements like break and continue.
Compiler vs Interpreter-Compiler design ppt.Md Hossen
This document presents a comparison between compilers and interpreters. It discusses that both compilers and interpreters translate high-level code into machine-readable code, but they differ in their execution process. Compilers translate entire programs at once during compilation, while interpreters translate code line-by-line at runtime. As a result, compiled code generally runs faster but cannot be altered as easily during execution as interpreted code. The document provides examples of compiler and interpreter code and outlines advantages of each approach.
Pseudo code is an informal way to describe the steps of an algorithm using a language-like syntax that is easier for humans to understand than formal code. It omits implementation details like variable declarations and uses natural language to describe control structures and function calls. Pseudo code is used in textbooks and publications to explain algorithms to programmers of different languages, and by programmers to plan code before implementation. Common elements borrowed from languages include loops, conditionals, and basic syntax, but there is no standard form.
A compiler is a program that translates a program written in one language into an equivalent target language. The front end checks syntax and semantics, while the back end translates the source code into assembly code. The compiler performs lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, optimization, and error handling. It identifies errors at compile time to help produce efficient, error-free code.
This document discusses the evolution of programming languages from early machine languages to modern higher-level languages. It begins with an introduction to human and computer languages. It then covers the development of machine languages, assembly languages, and higher-level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL. The document discusses the advantages of each generation of languages and examples of languages from the 1950s to modern times.
The document discusses the generations of programming languages from machine language to modern languages. It covers the following generations:
1) Machine language and assembly language are low-level languages close to binary. They require translation and are complex for programming.
2) Imperative languages like COBOL, BASIC, and FORTRAN are high-level but require translation and are designed for specific uses.
3) Object oriented languages organize code around objects and features like inheritance and polymorphism. Event driven languages trigger outcomes based on events.
4) Logic languages are associated with artificial intelligence and use knowledge bases instead of procedural programming.
Programming is the process of taking an algorithm and encoding it into a notation, a programming language, so that it can be executed by a computer. Although many programming languages and many different types of computers exist, the important first step is the need to have the solution. Without an algorithm there can be no program.
This document provides notes on QBASIC programming concepts including:
1. Problem solving involves defining an algorithm and pseudocode to achieve the goal of solving a problem.
2. Common commands in QBASIC include PRINT, LOCATE, REM, END, SLEEP, CLS, LET, INPUT, GOSUB, and RETURN.
3. Key concepts covered are variables, constants, strings, loops, and subroutines. Functions for string manipulation like LEFT$, RIGHT$, MID$, and LEN are also discussed.
The document discusses algorithms and flowcharts. It defines an algorithm as a finite set of steps to solve a problem and notes that algorithms can be expressed in various ways, including pseudocode and flowcharts. Pseudocode uses a language similar to programming but without specific syntax, making it readable by programmers familiar with different languages. A flowchart provides a graphical representation of an algorithm's logical flow. The document provides examples of algorithms expressed in pseudocode and represented through flowcharts, such as finding the average of two numbers and calculating the largest of several inputs. It also discusses common flowchart structures like sequence, selection, and iteration.
This document provides an overview of constants, variables, and data types in the C programming language. It discusses the different categories of characters used in C, C tokens including keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, special symbols, and operators. It also covers rules for identifiers and variables, integer constants, real constants, single character constants, string constants, and backslash character constants. Finally, it describes the primary data types in C including integer, character, floating point, double, and void, as well as integer, floating point, and character types.
This document provides an overview of information and communication technology (ICT) and discusses its definition, uses in everyday life, impacts on society, computer ethics and legal issues. ICT refers to technologies used to store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information. It is commonly used for education, banking, industry and e-commerce. While ICT provides benefits like faster communication and lower costs, it can also enable access to inappropriate content and overuse that harms users. The document also discusses computer crimes, security threats, and measures to protect systems and information.
This document provides an overview of programming concepts such as what programming is, programming languages, how to write programs, and key elements of programs like variables, functions, loops, and decisions. Specifically:
- Programming involves writing instructions for a computer to accomplish tasks, using programming languages that the computer can understand. Programs must be compiled or interpreted before running.
- Pseudocode and flowcharts are used to plan programs by listing steps in plain English or using graphic symbols. Variables store data, and functions perform sub-tasks. Loops and decisions allow programs to repeat actions and make choices.
- Debugging fixes errors by testing programs step-by-step. Key symbols represent starting, input/output,
Computer programming is the process of writing source code instructions in a programming language to instruct a computer to perform tasks. Source code is written text using a human-readable programming language like C++, Java, or Python. A program is a sequence of instructions that performs a specific task. Programmers write computer programs by designing source code using programming languages. Programming languages are classified as high-level or low-level. High-level languages provide abstraction from computer details while low-level languages require knowledge of computer design. Language translators like compilers and interpreters convert source code into executable programs.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language. It begins with an outline of topics covered, then defines C as a structured, high-level, machine-independent language that follows a top-down approach. The document traces the history and evolution of C from earlier languages like ALGOL and BCPL. It describes key features of C like portability, speed, and simplicity. It also explains the roles of compilers and linkers and includes flowcharts, sample programs, and discussions of variables, data types, operators, and control statements in C like if/else statements and switch cases.
The document discusses syntax analysis and parsing. It defines a syntax analyzer as creating the syntactic structure of a source program in the form of a parse tree. A syntax analyzer, also called a parser, checks if a program satisfies the rules of a context-free grammar and produces the parse tree if it does, or error messages otherwise. It describes top-down and bottom-up parsing methods and how parsers use grammars to analyze syntax.
There are two types of programming languages: high-level languages and low-level languages. High-level languages are closer to human languages and provide more abstraction from machine-level instructions, while low-level languages like assembly language closely map to processor instructions. Programs written in high-level languages need to be translated into machine code using compilers or interpreters, while low-level language programs are assembled directly into machine code. Common examples of high-level languages include C++, Java, and Python, while assembly language and Basic are examples of low-level languages.
The document discusses various programming languages and program development tools. It differentiates between low-level languages like machine language and assembly language, and high-level procedural languages like C and COBOL. It also covers object-oriented languages like Java, C++, and C#, visual programming languages, and fourth generation languages (4GLs) like SQL. The document also lists the six common steps in program development and describes the basic control structures of sequence, selection, and repetition used in programming.
It is a very simple and easy language, C language is mainly used for develop desktop based application. All other programming languages were derived directly or indirectly from C programming concepts. This language have following features;
http://www.tutorial4us.com/cprogramming/c-features
This document provides information on various programming language concepts like object-oriented programming, data types, loops, and control flow statements in C++. It defines key OOP concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also explains C++ data types, common loop structures like for, while, and do-while loops, and control statements like break and continue.
Compiler vs Interpreter-Compiler design ppt.Md Hossen
This document presents a comparison between compilers and interpreters. It discusses that both compilers and interpreters translate high-level code into machine-readable code, but they differ in their execution process. Compilers translate entire programs at once during compilation, while interpreters translate code line-by-line at runtime. As a result, compiled code generally runs faster but cannot be altered as easily during execution as interpreted code. The document provides examples of compiler and interpreter code and outlines advantages of each approach.
Pseudo code is an informal way to describe the steps of an algorithm using a language-like syntax that is easier for humans to understand than formal code. It omits implementation details like variable declarations and uses natural language to describe control structures and function calls. Pseudo code is used in textbooks and publications to explain algorithms to programmers of different languages, and by programmers to plan code before implementation. Common elements borrowed from languages include loops, conditionals, and basic syntax, but there is no standard form.
A compiler is a program that translates a program written in one language into an equivalent target language. The front end checks syntax and semantics, while the back end translates the source code into assembly code. The compiler performs lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation, optimization, and error handling. It identifies errors at compile time to help produce efficient, error-free code.
This document discusses the evolution of programming languages from early machine languages to modern higher-level languages. It begins with an introduction to human and computer languages. It then covers the development of machine languages, assembly languages, and higher-level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL. The document discusses the advantages of each generation of languages and examples of languages from the 1950s to modern times.
The document discusses the generations of programming languages from machine language to modern languages. It covers the following generations:
1) Machine language and assembly language are low-level languages close to binary. They require translation and are complex for programming.
2) Imperative languages like COBOL, BASIC, and FORTRAN are high-level but require translation and are designed for specific uses.
3) Object oriented languages organize code around objects and features like inheritance and polymorphism. Event driven languages trigger outcomes based on events.
4) Logic languages are associated with artificial intelligence and use knowledge bases instead of procedural programming.
Programming is the process of taking an algorithm and encoding it into a notation, a programming language, so that it can be executed by a computer. Although many programming languages and many different types of computers exist, the important first step is the need to have the solution. Without an algorithm there can be no program.
This document provides notes on QBASIC programming concepts including:
1. Problem solving involves defining an algorithm and pseudocode to achieve the goal of solving a problem.
2. Common commands in QBASIC include PRINT, LOCATE, REM, END, SLEEP, CLS, LET, INPUT, GOSUB, and RETURN.
3. Key concepts covered are variables, constants, strings, loops, and subroutines. Functions for string manipulation like LEFT$, RIGHT$, MID$, and LEN are also discussed.
The document discusses algorithms and flowcharts. It defines an algorithm as a finite set of steps to solve a problem and notes that algorithms can be expressed in various ways, including pseudocode and flowcharts. Pseudocode uses a language similar to programming but without specific syntax, making it readable by programmers familiar with different languages. A flowchart provides a graphical representation of an algorithm's logical flow. The document provides examples of algorithms expressed in pseudocode and represented through flowcharts, such as finding the average of two numbers and calculating the largest of several inputs. It also discusses common flowchart structures like sequence, selection, and iteration.
This document provides an overview of constants, variables, and data types in the C programming language. It discusses the different categories of characters used in C, C tokens including keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, special symbols, and operators. It also covers rules for identifiers and variables, integer constants, real constants, single character constants, string constants, and backslash character constants. Finally, it describes the primary data types in C including integer, character, floating point, double, and void, as well as integer, floating point, and character types.
This document provides an overview of information and communication technology (ICT) and discusses its definition, uses in everyday life, impacts on society, computer ethics and legal issues. ICT refers to technologies used to store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information. It is commonly used for education, banking, industry and e-commerce. While ICT provides benefits like faster communication and lower costs, it can also enable access to inappropriate content and overuse that harms users. The document also discusses computer crimes, security threats, and measures to protect systems and information.
Information systems collect, process, store, and distribute data as information. They consist of hardware, software, data, people, and procedures. Information systems are used in various fields like education, business, and management to track student grades, facilitate online learning, carry out online transactions, and analyze products. The main components of an information system are data, hardware, software, people, and procedures. Common types of information systems include transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, executive information systems, and expert systems.
This document provides information about computer systems and their components. It discusses that a computer accepts data as input, processes it according to rules, produces output, and stores results. It also describes the functions of input, output, storage, and processing devices. The central processing unit (CPU) controls and coordinates the computer's operations by fetching instructions, decoding them, executing them, and storing results. Data is represented digitally using bits, bytes, and character encoding schemes like ASCII. Units of data measurement like kilobytes and clockspeed measures like megahertz and gigahertz are also explained.
Flowchart for volume and surface area of cylinderMaurice
The flowchart displays the process for calculating the volume and surface area of a cylinder. It starts by inputting the radius and height, then uses formulas to calculate the volume as 3.14*radius*radius*height and the surface area as 2*3.14*radius*radius + 2*3.14*radius*height, and ends by outputting the volume and surface area.
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance of traits. He found that traits are inherited based on discrete units called genes. Genes exist in pairs and can be dominant or recessive. Through his experiments with monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, Mendel discovered his two laws of inheritance - the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment. These laws form the basis of modern genetics.
The document discusses reproduction and growth in humans. It describes the processes of meiosis, mitosis, gamete formation, fertilization, and the development of the zygote. It explains sexual and asexual reproduction, comparing their key differences. The document also details male and female gamete formation, the structure of sperm cells, the menstrual cycle, hormones involved and their effects, and pregnancy.
A computer network connects devices together through communication devices and transmission media. TCP/IP is a common network protocol that defines how messages are routed between devices. Common network topologies include bus, star, and ring configurations. Hardware like network interface cards, hubs, routers, and switches facilitate device connections. Wireless technologies like WiFi and Bluetooth allow for device communication without cables.
This document provides an introduction to Visual Basic (VB). It describes VB as an evolved version of BASIC that is visual and event-driven. The VB environment contains a blank form window to design interfaces, a project window to view files, and a toolbox of controls. It also explains how to create a standard executable program in VB and describes the main components of the VB environment.
Multimedia is the presentation of information using multiple forms of media like text, audio, graphics, animation and video. It has various applications in fields like education, entertainment, business, medicine and more. Some key points about multimedia covered in the document include common file formats, hardware and software used for multimedia production, authoring tools, and the phases of multimedia development like analysis, design, implementation, testing and publishing.
This document provides an overview of information and communication technology (ICT) and discusses its usage, impacts, and related ethical and legal issues.
[1] ICT refers to technologies that are used to store, process, transmit and retrieve information electronically. Examples of its everyday usage include education, banking, industry, and e-commerce.
[2] Both positive and negative impacts of ICT on society are discussed. Positively, it enables faster communication, lower costs, and borderless sharing of information. Negatively, it can encourage access to inappropriate content and prolonged computer use can harm health.
[3] Ethical and legal issues surrounding ICT like privacy, intellectual property, computer crimes
Dokumen ini memberikan panduan untuk memelihara sistem rangka yang sihat dengan mengikuti diet seimbang kaya kalsium dan vitamin D, menjaga postur tubuh yang betul, serta melakukan senaman untuk menguatkan otot dan mengekalkan fleksibiliti.
Dokumen ini membahas koordinasi dan gerak balas dalam sistem saraf dan endokrin tubuh. Ia juga menjelaskan mekanisme pengawalaturan negatif yang mengekalkan homeostasis dalam tubuh dengan menyesuaikan tindak balas ke arah bertentangan untuk mengembalikan keadaan ke aras normal seperti menghasilkan peluh untuk menurunkan suhu badan yang meningkat.
Dokumen ini membahas tentang sokongan dalam tumbuhan akuatik, tenggelam, terapung, dan darat. Tumbuhan air memiliki banyak kantung udara untuk mengurangi beratnya dan membantunya terapung, sementara tumbuhan darat menggunakan jaringan seperti sklerenkima, xilem, dan parenkima untuk menopang tubuhnya. Sokongan internal dan eksternal penting bagi tumbuhan untuk berdiri tegak dan bertahan hidup.
Dokumen ini membahas sistem kardiovaskular dan kaedah mengekalkan kesihatannya. Ia menjelaskan bahawa sistem ini terdiri daripada jantung dan salur darah, dan berfungsi untuk membekalkan oksigen dan menyingkirkan bahan buangan. Dokumen ini juga mencadangkan nutrisi seimbang dengan makanan berserat dan omega-3, serta gaya hidup sihat melalui senaman, tidur yang mencukupi, dan pengekangan merokok se
The document discusses various topics related to programming languages including:
- The definitions and generations of programming languages from machine language to fifth generation languages like Prolog.
- The differences between structured and object-oriented programming approaches. Structured programming uses top-down design while object-oriented programming packages data and functions into objects.
- The translation methods of assemblers, interpreters, and compilers in converting source code to machine-readable code. Assemblers translate assembly language, interpreters interpret code line-by-line, and compilers convert entire programs.
- Common programming elements like variables, data types, operators, and the phases of program development from problem analysis to documentation.
This document provides an introduction to basic programming concepts including programs, programming, programming languages, and careers in programming.
A program is a series of organized instructions that directs a computer to perform tasks. Programming involves creating a set of commands that direct a computer. Programming languages allow humans to communicate with computers through using words, symbols, and codes. There are many programming languages with different rules. Careers in programming include programmer, programmer analyst, computer scientist, and software engineer.
This document provides an introduction to basic programming concepts including programs, programming, programming languages, and careers in programming.
A program is a series of organized instructions that directs a computer to perform tasks. Programming involves creating a set of commands that direct a computer. Programming languages allow humans to communicate with computers through words, symbols, and codes. There are many programming languages with different rules. Careers in programming include programmer, programmer analyst, computer scientist, and software engineer.
This document provides an introduction to basic programming concepts including programs, programming, programming languages, generations of programming languages, and translators.
The key points covered are:
1) A program is a series of organized instructions that direct a computer to perform tasks. Programming is the creation of a set of commands that direct a computer to carry out a task.
2) Programming languages allow humans to communicate with computers. Examples of programming languages mentioned include BASIC, Pascal, C, and Smalltalk.
3) Programming languages have evolved through generations from machine language (1st generation) to assembly language (2nd generation) to high-level languages like BASIC, Pascal, and C (3
This document provides an overview of basic programming concepts through 11 lessons. It begins by defining what a program and programming are, and explains that a program contains variables and statements that direct a computer. It then discusses programming languages, generations of programming languages from machine code to visual languages, and programming approaches like structured and object-oriented programming. Other topics covered include translators like compilers and interpreters, how to install Visual Basic 6.0, basic programming elements, operators, data types, pseudocode, and flowcharts. The document aims to introduce foundational programming concepts for beginners in a structured manner through examples and explanations.
The document provides information about programming and programming languages. It discusses what a program and programming are, and defines a programming language as a set of words, symbols and codes that enables humans to communicate with computers. It describes different generations of programming languages from machine language and assembly language as first generation languages to fourth and fifth generation languages that provide more abstraction and visual interfaces. The document also discusses different programming approaches like structured and object-oriented programming. It explains how programs written in high-level languages need to be translated into machine language by compilers, interpreters or assemblers. Finally, it discusses basic elements in programming like constants, variables, data types, operators and control structures.
The document provides an overview of programming concepts including programs, programming languages, translators, generations of programming languages, basic elements in programming, and pseudo code. It defines key terms like program, programming, constants, variables, data types, operators, control structures, assemblers, interpreters, compilers, structured programming, and object-oriented programming. Examples are given for different programming languages, data types, operators, and a pseudo code program. The document is intended as part of an educational lesson on basic programming concepts.
Visual programming (pemrograman visual) adalah pendekatan dalam pemrograman komputer yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk membuat program melalui antarmuka grafis yang intuitif dan mudah digunakan. Dalam pemrograman visual, pengguna menggambar diagram atau ikon yang merepresentasikan operasi atau fungsi yang ingin dilakukan oleh program, lalu menghubungkannya dengan garis atau panah untuk membentuk alur logika.
Pemrograman visual memiliki beberapa keuntungan dibandingkan dengan pemrograman teks tradisional. Pertama, pemrograman visual lebih mudah dipelajari oleh pemula karena antarmuka grafis yang intuitif. Kedua, pemrograman visual dapat membantu pengguna memvisualisasikan alur program secara keseluruhan, sehingga memudahkan pengguna untuk memahami bagaimana program bekerja. Ketiga, pemrograman visual dapat mempercepat proses pengembangan program karena menghilangkan kebutuhan untuk mengetik kode secara manual.
Contoh dari bahasa pemrograman visual termasuk Scratch, Blockly, dan LabVIEW.
1. Programming languages enable humans to communicate with computers by using words, symbols, and codes to direct a computer to perform tasks and control mechanical devices.
2. Early programming languages progressed from machine language and assembly language as first and second generation languages, to higher-level languages like FORTRAN, BASIC, and COBOL as third generation languages. Fourth and fifth generation languages provided more specialized and visual interfaces.
3. Key aspects of programming include structured and object-oriented design, variables and constants, operators, flow control, translation methods like compilers and interpreters, and the development process of problem analysis, design, coding, testing and documentation. Understanding different programming elements and techniques is essential for writing effective programs.
This document provides an overview of programming and programming languages through a series of lessons:
1. It defines what a program and programming are, and compares a program to a recipe.
2. It discusses different generations of programming languages from machine language to modern languages like C++, and the roles of compilers, interpreters, and assemblers.
3. It covers structured and object-oriented programming approaches, pseudo code, basic programming elements like variables and data types, and mathematical and logical operators.
4. It provides examples of programming languages like Visual Basic and how to install Visual Basic 6.0.
This document discusses several topics related to computer programming including:
1. It defines what a program and programming are, comparing a program to a recipe.
2. It explains different programming languages like BASIC, Pascal, C, and Smalltalk as well as careers in programming like a programmer, programmer analyst, computer scientist, and software engineer.
3. It describes the different generations of programming languages from low-level machine languages to high-level languages like C++ and the differences between structured and object-oriented programming.
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Computer languages allow humans to communicate with computers through programming. There are different types of computer languages at different levels of abstraction from machine language up to high-level languages. High-level languages are closer to human language while low-level languages are closer to machine-readable code. Programs written in high-level languages require compilers or interpreters to convert them to machine-readable code that can be executed by computers.
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it is about computer languages which describes development of computer languages. as it provide best knowledge about computer languages,every sllides in this ppt makes you know the updation of machine languages by fliping every pages.
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- Programs are written in high-level languages then compiled or interpreted into machine-readable code. Common language types include procedural, object-oriented, functional, and declarative languages.
- The programming process involves understanding the problem, designing an algorithm, writing source code, compiling for errors, debugging, and executing the program. Flowcharts can help design the program logic.
This document discusses programming languages. It begins by asking what a programming language is and why there are so many types. It then defines a programming language as a set of rules that tells a computer what operations to perform. The document discusses the different types of programming languages like low-level languages close to machine code and high-level languages closer to English. It covers many popular programming languages from early generations like FORTRAN and COBOL to modern languages like C, C++, Java, and scripting languages. It concludes by discussing qualities of good programming languages like writability, readability, reliability and maintainability.
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1. CHAPTER 5
PROGRAMMING
1.0 BASIC PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS
1.1 Definition of program and programming language
A computer program is a series of step by step
instructions telling the computer what to do.
A programming language is a set of words (reserved
words such as Dim, If, Then, For, Next) symbols (=,*,&) and
codes (set of rules) that enables humans to communicate
with computers.
Programming languages are used to write computer
program or develop software.
Examples of programming languages are COBOL, Java,
Javascript, HTML, Visual Basic 6.0, Ada, C, C++, C#, Pascal,
Ruby, Perl, BASIC,Prolog and Smalltalk.
2. 1.2 Levels and generation of programming laguages
LOW LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Low-level programming languages designed for a particular
complete and reflecting its internal machine code; low-
level languages are therefore often described as machine-
oriented languages that closer to the hardware.
3. Low-level programming language
Generation Explanation Examples
First Machine language is a set of
Generation instructions and data that a
computer’s central processing unit
can execute directly. Machine
Language
Machine languages instructions use a
series of binary digits (1s and 0s) or a
combination of numbers and letters
that represent binary digits.
4. Low-level programming language
Generation Explanation Examples
Second Assembly language is the human-readable
Generation notation for the machine language used
to control specific computer operations.
Assembly
An assembly language programmer writes Language
instructions using symbolic instruction
codes that are meaningful abbreviations
or mnemonics.
With this language, a programmer write
abbreviations such as ADD for addition,
CMP for compare, MUL for multiply.
An assembler is a program that translates
assembly language into machine
language.
5. 1.2 Levels and generation of programming laguages
HIGH LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
High-level programming languages allow the specification
of a problem solution in terms closer to those used by
human beings. These languages were designed to make
programming far easier, less error-prone and to remove the
programmer from having to know the details of the
internal structure of a particular computer. These high-level
languages were much closer to human language.
6. High-level programming language
Generation Explanation Examples
Third The third generation of programming
Generation language 3GL or procedural language uses
a series of English-like words that are
closer to human language to write BASIC
instructions. LOGO
SmallTalk
High-level programming languages make
complex programming simpler and easier C
to read, write and maintain. C++
Pascal
Program written in a high level Java
programming language must be translated
into machine language by a compiler or
interpreter.
7. High-level programming language
Generation Explanation Examples
Fourth The fourth generation programming
Generation language or non-procedural language,
often abbreviated as 4GL, enables users to
access data in a database. SQL can be SQL
used to query data. NOMAD
FOCUS
A very high-level programming language is Intellect
usually limited to a very specific
application that might use syntax which is
never used in other programming
languages.
8. High-level programming language
Generation Explanation Examples
Fifth The fifth generation programming
Generation language or visual programming language
is also known as natural language.
Prolog
Provides a visual or graphical interface, Mercury
called a visual programming environment,
for creating source codes.
Fifth generation programming language
allows people to interact with without
needing any specialize knowledge.
9. 1.3 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE APPROACHES
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE APPROACHES
Object-Oriented Approach Structured Approach
(a) Object-Oriented approach is a computer programming
techniques based on the concept of an “object” that
combine both data and the function into a single unit.
Programming approaches may includes features such as
encapsulation, polymorphism and inheritance.
Examples of OOP : C++, Java, Visual Basic 2005, C#
(a) Structured approach is computer programming
technique in which the program is divided into modules
like function, subroutine and procedure.
Examples: Pascal, C
10. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OOP AND STRUCTURED APPROACH
STRUCTURED Differences OBJECT-ORIENTED
APPROACH APPROACH
Structured Uses Object-Oriented approach
programming uses object
approached uses a top
down design model
The programmer Emphasize The programmer packages
divides programming the data and the function
problem into module into a single unit, an object
like function
Medium programming Suitable for Large programming language
language
11. 1.4 TRANSLATION METHOD OF PROGRAMMING USING
ASSEMBLER, INTERPRETER & COMPILER
TRANSLATOR
Assembler Interpreter Compiler
12. (a) An Assembler is a computer program that translates
assembly language into machine language.
(b) An Interpreter is a computer program that translates a
high-level language into machine language. Interpreter
translates programming statement of a program into
machine language; no object code is saved and then
executes it immediately, line by line. (Interpreted code
generally run more slowly)
(c) A Compiler is a computer program that translates a
high-level language into machine language. Compiler
translates entire programming statement of a program
into machine language, save it in an object code file
and then executes it later.
13. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INTERPRETER AND COMPILER
INTERPRETER Differences COMPILER
Translate programming Translate entire
statement line by line Method programming statement and
and execute it execute it later.
immediately
No object code is saved Object code Store machine language as
object code on the disk
Interpreted code run Running time Compiled code run faster
slower
14. (a) An Assembler is a computer program that translates
assembly language into machine language.
(b) An Interpreter is a computer program that translates a
high-level language into machine language. Interpreter
translates programming statement of a program into
machine language; no object code is saved and then
executes it immediately, line by line. (Interpreted code
generally run more slowly)
(c) A Compiler is a computer program that translates a
high-level language into machine language. Compiler
translates entire programming statement of a program
into machine language, save it in an object code file
and then executes it later.
15. Study Case: Microsoft Visual Basic
Visual Basic programming language uses both an
interpreter and a compiler. The programmer can use the
interpreter during program development. When the
program is complete and error free, the programmer can
compile the program so it runs faster when it is placed into
production for users to execute.
16. 1.5 BASIC ELEMENTS IN PROGRAMMING
(A) CONSTANT
(B) VARIABLE
CONSTANT differences VARIABLES
Constant retain their Characteristics Variables can change
value during program their value during
execution program execution
const PI = 3.142 examples Dim Name as String
Const GRAVITY = 9.8 Dim Score as Integer
Const WAGE = 5.5 Dim Mark as Integer
17. 1.6 DATA TYPES
(a) Boolean (b) Integer (c) Double
(d) String (e) Date
Data type determines the type of data a variable can store,
for example a number or a character.
DATA TYPES EXPLANATION
Integer Integer data type contains any whole number
(Number) value that does not have any frictional part
Examples: Age, Mark and Temperature.
17, 85 and -5
Double Double data type contains any decimal number
(Number) value that has a fractional part.
Examples: Wages, Fees and Weight
RM 3500.45, RM 33.00, 33.3 kg
18. DATA TYPES EXPLANATION
String String data type contains a sequence of
(Text) character.
Examples: Name, Address and IC Number.
Ahmad, Jalan 2 Taman Permata, 850306-02-
5264
Boolean Boolean data type contains either a true or
(Logical Value) false value.
Examples: Paid (school fee), Result, Passed and
Married (Marital Status)
If Not Paid then msgbox(“Please pay
immediately)
If Passed then msgbox(“Good”)
Date Date data type contains date and time value.
Examples: DOB, Date of payment, Time
7/8/91, 2-Sept-2007, 12:24 AM
19. 1.7 MATHEMATICAL AND LOGICAL OPERATORS
Operator is a symbol or notation that tells a computer to
perform certain actions or operation.
MATHEMATICAL MEANING
OPERATOR LOGICAL MEANING
OPERATOR
+ Plus
And And Operator
- Minus
Or Or Operator
* Multiply
Not Not Operator
/ Divide
20. Comparison Operator or Relational Operator
COMPARISON MEANING
OPERATOR
> Greater Than
< Less Than
= Equal
<> Not
<= Less Than or Equal
21. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MATHEMATICAL
AND LOGICAL OPERATOR
Mathematical Differences Logical
Mathematical Logical operators are
operators are notations notations that tell the
that tell the computer computer to perform
to perform Function logical operations such
mathematical check the status of two
operations such as Boolean values
addition, subtraction,
multiplication and
division
+, -, *, / Symbol And, Or, Not
22. 1.8 SEQUENCE CONTROL STRUCTURE AND SELECTION
CONTROL STRUCTURE
SEQUENCE CONTROL SELECTION CONTROL
STRUCTURE STRUCTURE
A sequence control structure A selection control structure will
executes statement one by execute statements based on
one in linear order certain conditions
Programmer uses sequence Programmer uses selection
control structure when control structure when he/she
he/she want to execute code want to implement decision
line by line making process in the program
The program does not use The program has to use the
the decision symbol decision symbol
23. SEQUENCE CONTROL SELECTION CONTROL
STRUCTURE STRUCTURE
False
Action 1 Condition
Action 2
True
Action 3 Action 2 Action 1
Sequence Control Structure Selection Control Structure
24. SEQUENCE CONTROL SELECTION CONTROL
STRUCTURE STRUCTURE
Example 1: Example 1:
Dim marks as integer If marks > 50 then
Input “Please enter marks”; Print “Passed”
mark else
Example 2: Print “Failed”
Dim no1 as integer End If
Dim no2 as integer Example 2:
no = 4 If answer = no1 + no2 Then
no = 6 Print “Excellent”
Print “Addition” Else
Print “Number 1”; no1 Print “Please, Try Again”
Print “Number 2”; no2 End if
Input “Your answer”;
answer
25. 1.9 FLOW CHART
SYMBOLS NAMES EXPLANATION
Terminal Use to show the
Begin or End beginning or end of a
program
Flowline Use to connect symbols
and indicate the
sequences of operation
Input or output Use to show either an
(Print/Display) input operation(e.g an
input from the user) or an
output operation (e.g
print or display messages)
26. 1.9 FLOW CHART
SYMBOLS NAMES EXPLANATION
Process Use to show a process to
(Formula) be carried out (e.g.
calculation)
Decision Use to shows a decision
(If-Then-Else) (or choice) to be made.
The program should
continue along one of two
routes (e.g. if…then…else)
27. 1.9 FLOW CHART
Draw a flow chart to show how a program calculates the
area of a circle. Begin
Get length,
base, width
Volume of a cuboid =
length*base*width
Print volume
of a cuboid
End
28. Draw a flow chart to make a decision. If student has more
than 50 marks then he will pass. Begin
Get mark
False
Mark > 50
True
Print “Failed” Print “Pass”
End
29. 1.10 PSEUDO CODES
•Pseudo codes is text only sentences that describe the logic
and program flow of a computer program.
•Pseudo code assembles plain English.
•It usually does not have any specific programming language
syntax and grammar.
•Pseudo code is directly linked to the computer codes
because each pseudo code statement can often be
converted into the programming language virtually line by
line.
•There are no set of rules for writing pseudo code.
•A programmer can have his or her personalized pseudo
code.
•He or she must use consistent language and syntax in the
pseudo code, so that he or she can understand it at a later
stage.
30. Write a pseudo code to show how a program calculates the
area of a circle.
Pseudo Code
Begin
Get radius
Calculate area of a circle = ½ * PI * radius 2
Print area of circle
End
31. Draw a flow chart to make a decision. If student has more
than 50 marks then he will pass.
Pseudo Code
Begin
Get marks
If mark > 50 Then
Print “Passed”
Else
Print “Failed”
End If
End
32. 2.0 PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT PHASES
5 MAIN PHASES IN PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
• Problem Analysis
•Program Design
•Coding
•Testing & Debugging
•Documentation
33. PROBLEM ANALYSIS
1. Identify input, processing, output and data
component
2. Refer to book and website
3. Ask expert
4. Meet with system analyst and users
34. PROGRAM DESIGN
1. Divide all program activities into program
modules
2. Create solution algorithm for each program
modules (logic structure)
3. Describe the flow or steps of a program with
English statement. (pseudo code)
4. Create a pictorial diagram of the logical
sequence of a program (flowchart)
5. Design/Draw user interface
35. CODING
1. Coding a program involves translating the
solution algorithm into programming
language usually on paper.
2. Typing the code into the computer using
programming language such as Pascal, C++
and Visual Basic.
36. TESTING AND DEBUGGING
Several methods have been devised for finding
and removing logic error and syntax error.
1. Manually testing with sample data
2. The program is run through a computer,
using a translator program. Before the
program will run, it must be free of syntax
errors. Such errors will be identified by the
translator.
3. Testing by a select group of potential users.
Potential users try out the program and
provide feedback.
37. DOCUMENTATION
Documentation is important for people who may involve
with the program in the future.
Programmers: As time passes, even the creator of the
original program may not remember much about it. Other
programmers wishing to update and modify it (program
maintenance)
38. DOCUMENTATION
Activity:
1. Produce a description of the program, layouts of the
input and output records and a program listing.
2. Produce a problem definition, flow chart and pseudo
code.
3. Write comments with the program code(internal
documentation). These comments explain the
program’s purpose of the code statements within the
program.
4. Write a document for a novice users that explains how
to use or operate the program (write a user guide).