This document discusses different types of computer languages: - Machine language uses binary instructions that directly interface with computer hardware but are difficult for humans to understand. - Assembly language uses mnemonic codes to represent machine language instructions, making it easier for humans. Programs must still be translated to machine language. - High-level languages are more abstract and human-readable, with statements that can be translated to machine language by compilers or interpreters, providing portability across systems.

1. A presentation on
Computer Languages

2. An artificial language designed to communicate
via giving instructions to a machine. For ex- a
computer.
It consists of a set of symbols that instructs the
h/w to perform a specific task.
These symbols are formed as instructions which
follow some rules known as syntax.
Commands are written as sets of instructions,
called programs.

4. Programs were made up of instructions written in
binary code (1s and 0s).
This is the “native” language of the computer.
Each instruction had two parts: Operation code
i.e. opcode and Operand.
Operation code (Opcode): The command
part of a computer instruction.
Operand: The address of a specific location
in the computer’s memory.
OPCODE(operation code) OPERAND(address/location)
Fig: Instruction Format

5. Advantages/Limitations
Machine dependent.
Difficult to program.
Error prone.
Difficult to program.

6. Assembly language
It’s a low level language which uses
alphanumeric codes used for the instructions.
 programs are made up of instructions written
in mnemonics.
Mnemonics: Uses convenient alphabetic
abbreviations to represent operation codes, and
symbols to represent operands.
Each instruction had two parts: Operation code,
Operand.
Because programs are not written in 1s and 0s, the
computer must first translate the program before it
can be executed.
READ num1
READ num2
LOAD num1
ADD num2
STORE sum
PRINT sum
STOP

7. Advantages/limitations
Easier to understand and use
Easier to modify.
Easier to locate and correct errors.
No worry about addresses.
Easily relocatable.
Efficiency of machine language.
Machine dependent.
Knowledge of h/w required.
Machine level coding.

8. High Level language
A programming language that enables a
programmer to write programs that are more or less
independent of a particular type of computer.
These are considered high-level because they are
closer to human languages and further from machine
languages.
hey are easier to read, write, and maintain.
Ultimately, programs written in a high-level language
must be translated into machine language by a
compiler or interpreter.

9. Advantages /limitation
Better documentation.
Easier to learn and use.
Machine independence.
Fewer errors.
Lower program preparations cost.
Easier to maintain.
Lower flexibility.