loader and linker are both system software which capable of loads the object code, assembled by an assembler, (loader) and link a different kind of block of a huge program. both software works at the bottom of the operation (i.e. closer to the hardware). in fact, both have machine dependent and independent features.
loader and linker are both system software which capable of loads the object code, assembled by an assembler, (loader) and link a different kind of block of a huge program. both software works at the bottom of the operation (i.e. closer to the hardware). in fact, both have machine dependent and independent features.
A simple document emphasizing the reasons behind evolution of .Net technology and how it simplified the yester-decade's technology issues. This document is simplified and teaches a lame man as why & how .net framework gained importance and how it is ruling the roost.
Topics Covered:
Linker: Types of Linker:
Loaders : Types of loader
Example of Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Object Module
Difference between Static and Dynamic Binding
Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Program Relocatability
presentation on design of a 2 pass assembler, and variant I and variant II in the subject of systems programming. especially helpful to GTU students, CSE and IT engineers
A simple document emphasizing the reasons behind evolution of .Net technology and how it simplified the yester-decade's technology issues. This document is simplified and teaches a lame man as why & how .net framework gained importance and how it is ruling the roost.
Topics Covered:
Linker: Types of Linker:
Loaders : Types of loader
Example of Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Object Module
Difference between Static and Dynamic Binding
Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Program Relocatability
presentation on design of a 2 pass assembler, and variant I and variant II in the subject of systems programming. especially helpful to GTU students, CSE and IT engineers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdf
LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR
1. Pune Vidyarthi Griha’s
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NASHIK.
“ LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR ”
By
Prof. Anand N. Gharu
(Assistant Professor)
PVGCOE Computer Dept.
22nd Jan 2018
.
2. CONTENTS :-
1. Role of lexical analysis
2. Parsing, token, pattern, lexemes lex. Error
3. Regular def. for language construct & string
4. Sequences, comments & transition diagram for
recognition of tokens, reserved word & ident.
5. Introduction to Compiler & Interpreters
6. General model of Compiler
7. Compare compiler and interpreter
8. Use of interpreter & component of interpreter
9. Overview of Lex & YACC Specifications.
3. 3
What’s a compiler?
• All computers only understand machine language
• Therefore, high-level language instructions must be translated
into machine language prior to execution
10000010010110100100101……
This is
a program
4. 4
What’s a compiler?
• Compiler
A piece of system software that translates high-level languages
into machine language
10000010010110100100101……
Congrats!
while (c!='x')
{
if (c == 'a' || c == 'e' || c == 'i')
printf("Congrats!");
else
if (c!='x')
printf("You Loser!");
}
Compiler
gcc -o prog program.c
program.c
prog
5. Compiler
• Complier:-
• These are the system programs which will
automatically translate the High level language
program in to the machine language program
Source program
High level Lang.
Prog.
Target program /
M/C Lang. Prog.Compiler
Database
6. Types of Compiler
• Cross Assembler:-
• These are the system programs which will automatically
translate the Assembly Language program compatible with
M/C A, in to the machine language program compatible with
M/C A
Cross Assembler
Source program
Assembly Lang.
Prog. Compatible
with M/C A
Target program /
M/C Lang. Prog.
Compatible with
M/C A
M/C B
7. Types of compiler
• Cross Compiler:-
• These are the system programs which will automatically
translate the HLL program compatible with M/C A, in to the
machine language program compatible with M/C A , but the
underlying M/C is M/C B
Cross Compiler
Source program
HLL Prog.
Compatible with
M/C A
Target program /
M/C Lang. Prog.
M/C B
10. Interpreter
- It is the language translator which execute source
program line by line with out translating them into
machine language.
- It does not generate object code.
13. 13
• Any compiler must perform two major tasks
o Analysis of the source program
o Synthesis of a machine-language program
Structure of Compiler
Compiler
Analysis Synthesis
14. Structure of Compiler
14
Scanner Parser
Semantic
Routines
Code
Generator
Optimizer
Source
Program Tokens Syntactic
Structure
Symbol and
Attribute
Tables
(Used by all Phases of The Compiler)
(Character
Stream)
Intermediate
Representation
Target machine code
15. Structure of Compiler
15
Scanner Parser
Semantic
Routines
Code
Generator
Optimizer
Source
Program Tokens Syntactic
Structure
Symbol and
Attribute
Tables
(Used by all
Phases of
The Compiler)
Scanner (Lexical Analysis)
The scanner begins the analysis of the source program
by reading the input, character by character, and
grouping characters into individual words and symbols
(tokens)
RE ( Regular expression )
NFA ( Non-deterministic Finite Automata )
DFA ( Deterministic Finite Automata )
LEX
(Character
Stream)
Intermediate
Representation
Target machine code
16. Structure of Compiler
16
Scanner Parser
Semantic
Routines
Code
Generator
Optimizer
Source
Program Tokens Syntactic
Structure
Symbol and
Attribute
Tables
(Used by all
Phases of
The Compiler)
Parser (Syntax Analysis)
Given a formal syntax specification (typically as a
context-free grammar [CFG] ), the parse reads tokens
and groups them into units as specified by the
productions of the CFG being used.
As syntactic structure is recognized, the parser either
calls corresponding semantic routines directly or builds a
syntax tree.
CFG ( Context-Free Grammar )
BNF ( Backus-Naur Form )
GAA ( Grammar Analysis Algorithms )
(Character
Stream)
Intermediate
Representation
Target machine code
17. Structure of Compiler
17
Scanner Parser
Semantic
Routines
Code
Generator
Optimizer
Source
Program
(Character
Stream)
Tokens Syntactic
Structure
Intermediate
Representation
Symbol and
Attribute
Tables
(Used by all
Phases of
The Compiler)
Semantic Routines
Perform two functions
Check the static semantics of each construct
Do the actual translation
The heart of a compiler
Syntax Directed Translation
Semantic Processing Techniques
IR (Intermediate Representation)
Target machine code
18. Structure of Compiler
18
Scanner Parser
Semantic
Routines
Code
Generator
Optimizer
Source
Program Tokens Syntactic
Structure
Symbol and
Attribute
Tables
(Used by all
Phases of
The Compiler)
Optimizer
The IR code generated by the semantic routines is
analyzed and transformed into functionally equivalent but
improved IR code
This phase can be very complex and slow
Peephole optimization
loop optimization, register allocation, code scheduling
Register and Temporary Management
Peephole Optimization
(Character
Stream)
Intermediate
Representation
Target machine code
54. Lex
lex is a program (generator) that generates lexical analyzers, (widely
used on Unix).
It is mostly used with Yacc parser generator.
Written by Eric Schmidt and Mike Lesk.
It reads the input stream (specifying the lexical analyzer ) and
outputs source code implementing the lexical analyzer in the C
programming language.
Lex will read patterns (regular expressions); then produces C code
for a lexical analyzer that scans for identifiers.
54
56. Lex
◦ A simple pattern: letter(letter|digit)*
Regular expressions are translated by lex to a computer
program that mimics an FSA.
This pattern matches a string of characters that begins with a
single letter followed by zero or more letters or digits.
56
57. Lex
Some limitations, Lex cannot be used to recognize nested
structures such as parentheses, since it only has states and
transitions between states.
So, Lex is good at pattern matching, while Yacc is for more
challenging tasks.
57
62. Lex
Whitespace must separate the defining term and the associated expression.
Code in the definitions section is simply copied as-is to the top of the generated
C file and must be bracketed with “%{“ and “%}” markers.
substitutions in the rules section are surrounded by braces ({letter}) to
distinguish them from literals.
62
63. Yacc
Theory:
◦ Yacc reads the grammar and generate C code for a parser .
◦ Grammars written in Backus Naur Form (BNF) .
◦ BNF grammar used to express context-free languages .
◦ e.g. to parse an expression , do reverse operation( reducing the
expression)
◦ This known as bottom-up or shift-reduce parsing .
◦ Using stack for storing (LIFO).
63
65. Yacc
• Input to yacc is divided into three sections.
... definitions ...
%%
... rules ...
%%
... subroutines ...
65
66. Yacc
The definitions section consists of:
◦ token declarations .
◦ C code bracketed by “%{“ and
“%}”.
◦ the rules section consists of:
BNF grammar .
the subroutines section consists of:
◦ user subroutines .
66
67. yacc& lex in Together
• The grammar:
program -> program expr | ε
expr -> expr + expr | expr - expr | id
• Program and expr are nonterminals.
• Id are terminals (tokens returned by lex) .
• expression may be :
o sum of two expressions .
o product of two expressions .
o Or an identifiers
67