The document discusses the language processing system in computers. It states that high-level languages written by programmers are converted to binary machine language in multiple steps. First, a compiler converts source code into assembly language, then an assembler converts assembly code into object code. A linker links all code components and a loader loads the executable machine code into memory to be executed. Compilers check for errors and convert the entire program at once, while interpreters translate code line-by-line and require the source code during execution.

1. BY
S.SUDHAA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR,
SELVAMM ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE ,
NAMAKKAL

2.  Computers are a balanced mix of software and hardware.
Hardware is just a piece of mechanical device and its
functions are being controlled by a compatible software.
Hardware understands instructions in the form of electronic
charge, which is the counterpart of binary language in
software programming. Binary language has only two
alphabets, 0 and 1.
 To instruct, the hardware codes must be written in binary
format, which is simply a series of 1s and 0s. It would be a
difficult and cumbersome task for computer programmers
to write such codes, which is why we have compilers to
write such codes.

3.  We have learnt that any computer system is made of
hardware and software. The hardware understands a
language, which humans cannot understand. So we
write programs in high-level language, which is easier
for us to understand and remember.
 These programs are then fed into a series of tools and
OS components to get the desired code that can be used
by the machine. This is known as Language Processing
System.

5.  The high-level language is converted into binary language in
various phases. A compiler is a program that converts high-
level language to assembly language. Similarly,
an assembler is a program that converts the assembly language
to machine-level language.
 Let us first understand how a program, using C compiler, is
executed on a host machine.
 User writes a program in C language (high-level language).
 The C compiler, compiles the program and translates it to
assembly program (low-level language).
 An assembler then translates the assembly program into
machine code (object).
 A linker tool is used to link all the parts of the program
together for execution (executable machine code).
 A loader loads all of them into memory and then the program is
executed.
 Before diving straight into the concepts of compilers, we
should understand a few other tools that work closely with
compilers.

6. Compiler:
It is a translator which takes input i.e., High-Level
Language, and produces an output of low-level
language i.e. machine or assembly language.
 A compiler is more intelligent than an assembler it
checks all kinds of limits, ranges, errors, etc.
 But its program run time is more and occupies a
larger part of memory. It has slow speed because a
compiler goes through the entire program and then
translates the entire program into machine codes.

8.  An interpreter is a program that translates a
programming language into a
comprehensible language. –
 It translates only one statement of the
program at a time.
 Interpreters, more often than not are smaller
than compilers.

9. COMPILER INTERPRETER
Compiler scans the whole program in one
go.
Translates program one statement at a
time.
As it scans the code in one go, the errors
(if any) are shown at the end together.
Considering it scans code one line at a
time, errors are shown line by line.
Main advantage of compilers is it’s
execution time.
Due to interpreters being slow in
executing the object code, it is preferred
less.
It converts the source code into object
code.
It does not convert source code into object
code instead it scans it line by line
It does not require source code for later
execution.
It requires source code for later execution.
Eg. C, C++, C# etc Python, Ruby, Perl, SNOBOL, MATLAB, etc.

10.  Any program written in a high level
language is known as source code .
Before it can be run, source code must
first be translated into a form which a
computer understands - this form is
called object code. A translator is a
program that converts source code into
object code..