The document discusses file handling in Python. It describes text files and CSV files, how to read from and write to these file types in Python. It provides pseudocode and Python code examples to open, read, and write data from text and CSV files, then close the files. The key steps are to open the file, read or write data, then close the file.

1. FILE HANDLING
Higher Computing Science

2. TEXT FILES
• A text file is a sequential file which stores text.
• Reading from a file sequentially means starting at the beginning, and
reading all of the information right up to the end of the file.
• Normally this information would be stored in a variable.

3. READ TEXT FILE
Pseudocode:
OPEN “about_python.txt”
RECEIVE text FROM “about_python.txt”
SEND text TO DISPLAY
CLOSE “about_python.txt”

4. READ TEXT FILE
Python:

5. READ TEXT FILE
Text file:
Output:

6. WRITE TEXT FILE
Pseudocode:
CREATE “computing_companies.txt”
OPEN “computing_companies.txt”
SEND “Microsoft were formed in 1975.” TO “computing_companies.txt”
SEND “Apple were formed in 1976.” TO “computing_companies.txt”
CLOSE “computing_companies.txt”

7. WRITE TEXT FILE
Python:

8. WRITE TEXT FILE
Output as text file:

9. CSV FILES
• A CSV file is a sequential file.
• CSV stands for Comma Separated Values.
• Data is read (or written) starting at the beginning of the file.
• Files are structured as columns and rows.

10. READ CSV FILE
Pseudocode:
OPEN “olympics.csv”
RECEIVE reader FROM “olympics.csv”
FOR EACH row IN reader
SEND “ Games ” & row[0] & “ held in ” & row[1] & “, ” & row[2]
TO DISPLAY
END FOR
CLOSE “olympics.csv”

11. READ CSV FILE
Python:

12. READ CSV FILE
Output:

13. WRITE CSV FILE
Pseudocode:
INITIALISE games array
INITIALISE cities array
INITIALISE years array
OPEN “olympics.csv”
REPEAT WITH counter 5 TIMES
SEND games[counter] & cities[counter] & years[counter]
TO “olympics.csv”
END FOR
CLOSE “olympics.csv”

14. WRITE CSV FILE
Python:

15. WRITE CSV FILE
Output as CSV file: