The document discusses the role of vitamin D in preventing cancer. It provides an overview of vitamin D, its functions, and how it may prevent cancer development. Studies show vitamin D supplementation reduces risks of cancers like breast, colon, and prostate by 30-50%. However, randomized controlled trials are still needed to confirm potential preventative effects suggested by observational studies. Future research on vitamin D's cancer prevention properties holds promise.
D is for Debacle - The Sun, Vitamin D, 25(OH)D and HealthIvor Cummins
The Story of Vitamin D, and the Debacle of Human Health Impact that has unfolded over the past 50 years, as we allowed the population necessary levels to collapse. For individuals, parents, families, mothers - don't miss this understanding - this is probably the most important single factor for your health and longevity.
D is for Debacle - The Sun, Vitamin D, 25(OH)D and HealthIvor Cummins
The Story of Vitamin D, and the Debacle of Human Health Impact that has unfolded over the past 50 years, as we allowed the population necessary levels to collapse. For individuals, parents, families, mothers - don't miss this understanding - this is probably the most important single factor for your health and longevity.
Vitamin D
forms of vitamin D
difference between vitamin D2 and vitamin D3
Metabolism of vitamin D
Dietary requirement of vitamin D
Functions of vitamin D
Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency
All About Vitamin D
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VITAMIN E (MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY) BY P.RAVI SANKAR. [INTRODUCTION,STRUCTURES O...Dr. Ravi Sankar
VITAMIN E (MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY) BY P.RAVI SANKAR. [INTRODUCTION,STRUCTURES OF TOCOPHEROLS,CHEMISTRY OF VITAMIN E,RECOMMENDED DAILY INTAKE,DIETARY SOURCES ANS SUPPLEMENTS, PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE RO IMPORTANCE,USES OF VITAMIN E, SIDE EFFECTS/ADVERSE EFFECTS, VITAMIN E PREPARATIONS
Vitamin D
forms of vitamin D
difference between vitamin D2 and vitamin D3
Metabolism of vitamin D
Dietary requirement of vitamin D
Functions of vitamin D
Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency
All About Vitamin D
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VITAMIN E (MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY) BY P.RAVI SANKAR. [INTRODUCTION,STRUCTURES O...Dr. Ravi Sankar
VITAMIN E (MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY) BY P.RAVI SANKAR. [INTRODUCTION,STRUCTURES OF TOCOPHEROLS,CHEMISTRY OF VITAMIN E,RECOMMENDED DAILY INTAKE,DIETARY SOURCES ANS SUPPLEMENTS, PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE RO IMPORTANCE,USES OF VITAMIN E, SIDE EFFECTS/ADVERSE EFFECTS, VITAMIN E PREPARATIONS
Recently, the results of the secondary analysis of VITAL research data were published in JAMA Network Open, a subsidiary of the Journal of the American Medical Association. Data shows that taking vitamin D is associated with a lower overall risk of developing advanced (metastatic or fatal) cancer, and weight can affect the association between them.
Increased vitamin d intake may protect against early onset colorectal cancerDoriaFang
More vitamin D intake (mainly from dietary sources) may help prevent young-onset colorectal cancer or precancerous colon polyps. Therefore, intake of more vitamin D is expected to be a prevention strategy for colorectal cancer for adults under 50.
Vitamin D Part 3-Vitamin D in Diseases and Dose RecommendationsHANISH BABU
Vitamin D in Diseases and Dose Recommendations is part 3 of 3 of the Webinar series on Vitamin D in Health and Disease by Dr Hanish Babu, MD.
2 Major Text Books, more than 250 Journal references and reference from dozens of Videos on Vitamin D from experts world over and 4 months of intensive research has gone into the preparation of these talks.
As a service to the public health, these presentations are free to use for educational purposes, with proper acknowledgements.
Dr Hanish Babu, MD, 2020
Vitamin D Deficiency in Association with HSCRP Linked to Obesityijtsrd
Vitamin D deficiency is gaining increasing attention for its novel association with Obesity. Studies have found that maintaining vitamin D status may reduce ones risk of developing various diseases. Background In 2010, overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3"¢4 million deaths, 3"¢9 of years of life lost, and 3"¢8 of disability-adjusted life-years DALYs worldwide. The rise in obesity has led to widespread calls for regular monitoring of changes in overweight and obesity prevalence in all populations. The treatment of obesity and cardiovascular diseases is one of the most difficult and important challenges nowadays. This paper seeks to examine the consistently reported relationship between obesity and low vitamin D concentrations in association with HSCRP, with reference to the possible underlying mechanisms. The possibility that vitamin D may assist in preventing or treating obesity is also examined and recommendations for future research are made. We tested the hypothesis that suggests Adults with severe obesity have lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels will have higher hs-CRP levels. Dr. Pushpamala Ramaiah | Dr. Ayman Johargy | Dr. Lamiaa Ahmed Elsayed | Dr. Grace Lindsey "Vitamin D Deficiency in Association with HSCRP Linked to Obesity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18479.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
1. ROLE OF VITAMIN D
IN
PREVENTION OF CANCER
PRESENTED BY:
MR. ASHWIN THOMAS, MSN
HIND COLLEGE OF NURSING,
LUCKNOW, U.P.
2. INTRODUCTION:
Among the diseases of modern times,
the term cancer has encircled the health
sectors nowadays. Because of the limited
treatment modalities available in medicine
today, the emphasis is shifting on finding a
way or ways to prevent cancers.
In that relation, recent research results
and studies are pointing towards vitamin D
as the possible aid in preventing
malignancy.
3. OVERVIEW OF VITAMIN D:
Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble
prohormones the two major forms of which
are vitamin D2 (or ergocalciferol) and
vitamin D3 (or cholecalciferol). The term
vitamin D also refers to metabolites and
other analogues of these substances.
Vitamin D3 is produced in skin exposed to
sunlight, specifically ultraviolet B radiation.
4. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN D:
Maintenance of organ systems.
Vitamin D regulates the calcium and phosphorus
levels in the blood by promoting their absorption from
food in the intestines, and by promoting re-
absorption of calcium in the kidneys. It is also
needed for bone growth and bone remodeling by
osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
In the absence of vitamin K Vitamin D can promote
soft tissue calcification.
It inhibits parathyroid hormone secretion from the
parathyroid gland.
Vitamin D affects the immune system by promoting
phagocytosis, and immunomodulatory functions.
5. VITAMIN D IN CANCER PREVENTION AND
RECOVERY:
The vitamin D hormone, calcitriol, has
been found to induce death of cancer cells.
Although the anti-cancer activity of vitamin D
is not fully understood, it is thought that these
effects are mediated through vitamin D
receptors expressed in cancer cells, and may
be related to its immunomodulatory abilities.
The anti-cancer activity of vitamin D
observed in the laboratory has prompted
some to propose that vitamin D
supplementation might be beneficial in the
treatment or prevention of some types of
cancer.
6. Vitamin D regulates the expression of genes
associated with cancers and autoimmune
disease by controlling the activation of the
vitamin D receptor (VDR), a type 1 nuclear
receptor and DNA transcription factor. Research
has indicated that vitamin D deficiency is linked
to colon cancer and more recently, to breast
cancer.
The Canadian Cancer Society recommends that
adults should consider supplementing with 1,000
IU of vitamin D per day during the fall and winter.
They base this recommendation on the growing
evidence for a link between vitamin D and a
reduced risk for colorectal, breast and prostate
cancers.
7. Cancer prevention specialists have
concluded that taking 1,000 international
units (IU) of vitamin D3 per day may lower
an individual’s risk of developing certain
cancers, including breast, colon, prostate,
and ovarian, by up to 50 percent.
8. In 2007, scientists released a study which
demonstrated a beneficial correlation
between vitamin D intake and prevention of
cancer. Drawing from a meta analysis of 63
published reports, the authors showed that
intake of an additional 1,000 international
units (IU) (or 25 micrograms) of vitamin D
daily reduced an individual's colon cancer
risk by 50%, and breast and ovarian cancer
risks by 30%. Research has also shown
a beneficial effect of high levels of calcitriol
on patients with advanced prostate cancer.
9. A randomized intervention study involving 1,200
women, published in June 2007, reports that
vitamin D supplementation (1,100 international
units (IU)/day) resulted in a 60% reduction in
cancer incidence, during a four-year clinical trial,
rising to a 77% reduction for cancers diagnosed
after the first year (and therefore excluding those
cancers more likely to have originated prior to
the vitamin D intervention).
In 2006, a study at Northwest University found
that taking the U.S. RDA of vitamin D (400 IU
per day) cut the risk of pancreatic cancer by
43% in a sample of more than 120,000 people
from two long-term health surveys.
10. A 2008 study using data on over 4 million
cancer patients from 13 different countries
showed a marked difference in cancer risk
between countries classified as sunny and
countries classified as less–sunny for a
number of different cancers. Research has
also suggested that cancer patients who
have surgery or treatment in the summer
therefore make more endogenous vitamin D
and have a better chance of surviving their
cancer than those who undergo treatment in
the winter when they are exposed to less
sunlight.
11. The breast cancer study, published online in the
current issue of the Journal of Steroid
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, pooled
dose-response data and found that individuals
with the highest blood levels of 25-
hydroxyvitamin D, or 25(OH)D, had the lowest
risk of breast cancer.
New research published this month shows that
vitamin D supplementation produces an
astonishing 77 percent reduction in all cancers
in women, making it the single most effective
medicine for preventing cancer that has ever
been discovered by modern medical science.
12. Recently, research led by Kimmie Ng,
M.D., M.P.H., of the Dana-Farber Cancer
Institute has revealed that vitamin D can
improve the survival rates of people with
colorectal cancer. The findings of this study
are very significant because, in a way, they
break new ground. While previous research
had largely centered on how vitamin D levels
reduce colorectal cancer incidence, this
study has established a connection between
vitamin D levels and the survival chances of
people who have already gotten the disease.
13. FUTURE DIMENSIONS OF
DISCOVERY:
Although the cohort findings are likely to
increase enthusiasm for the cancer
prevention potential of vitamin D, inherent
limitations of observational epidemiologic
studies combined with a history of prior
disappointments with other potential chemo
preventive agents suggest caution in their
interpretation.
14. Two decades ago there was intense interest
and hope that supplementation with beta-
carotene might reduce the risk of several
cancers. Epidemiologic studies have
consistently reported that men and women with
the highest dietary intakes of beta-carotene as
well as with elevated blood levels experienced
lower risks of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and
other cancers. The zeal was crushed, however,
when randomized trials in the United States and
Finland showed increased rather than
decreased risks of lung cancer among adults
receiving beta-carotene supplements.
15. Vitamin E was similarly touted as an
inhibitor of cancer, as well as of
cardiovascular disease, but again the "gold
standard" of randomized trials failed to
confirm the preventive correlations noted in
cohort and case–control studies.
16. In each of these examples, the agents
may have demonstrated benefit with
modification of the dose, formulation, or
timing of the intervention or with longer
follow-up, but the sobering lesson is that
trends observed in non experimental
settings, including cohort studies, are not
always confirmed experimentally when
tested in randomized clinical trials.
17. Science, after all, is a continual process of
hypothesis formulation, testing, and
refinement.
Ecologic (e.g., geographic correlations)
and analytic (e.g., cohort and case–control)
studies provide the evidence-based clues to
cancer etiology, but randomized trials are
generally needed to confirm these leads and
develop effective disease prevention
strategies.
18. CONCLUSIONS:
The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention
is strongly suggested by epidemiologic
observations and potential mechanisms have
been identified by experimental studies. The
promising results from both observational and
laboratory studies should usher in a new era
of intervention studies of vitamin D and cancer
risk. Because many public health scientists
are already clamoring for higher levels of
vitamin D supplementation for bone and other
health, randomized trials of vitamin D and
cancer risk should be undertaken speedily.
19. If the promise of vitamin D holds,
a brief walk in the sun may turn
out to be a step toward cancer
prevention.
20. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Garland CF, Garland FC. (2007). Do sunlight and
vitamin D reduce the likelihood of colon
cancer? International Journal of
Epidemiology; 9:227–31.
Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Rimm EB, Hollis BW, Fuchs
CS, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC.(2008).
Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D
status and cancer incidence and mortality in
men. Journal of National Cancer Institute;
98:451–9.
Gorham ED, Lipkin M, Newmark H, Mohr SB, et al.
(2008) The role of vitamin D in cancer
prevention. American Journal of Public
Health;96:252–61.
21. Holick M F. (2007). Vitamin D. A millennium
perspective. Journal of Cellular
Biochemistry. 88:296–307.
Wactawski-Wende J, Kotchen JM, et al.(
2008).Calcium plus vitamin D
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