The document summarizes the insect nervous system. It describes how the nervous system is responsible for coordinating the insect's behavior through axonic and synaptic conduction between neurons. The central nervous system contains a brain and ventral nerve cord with ganglia. Sensory neurons detect stimuli and motor neurons transmit signals to muscles. Neurotransmitters and insecticides can act on different targets in the synaptic cleft to disrupt signaling. In summary, the insect nervous system allows for coordinated behavior through transmission of electrical impulses between neurons in the central nervous system and to muscles.
Here I would like to inform you on physiology of impulse transmission in insects. I hope this would increase your understanding -------------------------------------------------
Orthoptera is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts and crickets, including closely related insects such as the katydids and wetas. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts and close relatives; and Ensifera – crickets and close relatives.
its all about respiratory system of insects, arrangement and position of spiracles system. Types of different respiratory systems in aquatic insects.
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
Thrips (order Thysanoptera) are minute (mostly 1 mm long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. Entomologists have described approximately 6,000 species.
UROTRANSMITTERS-NEUROMODULATORS
More than 50 chemical substances
1.Small molecules with rapid effects
Stored in axonal vesicules
Effect on postsynaptic membrane approx. 1 ms, -opening of ion channels,
Brief inactivation, recycled, fromed in the body of neurons
Class I. ACH
Class II. Amines : NA, A, Dopamin, serotonin, histamin
Class III. Aminoacids: GABA, Glycin, Glutamate, Aspartate
Class IV. NO
2. NEUROPEPTIDES,prolonged effects, are integral part of protein molecules
In neuronal bodies, are fromed in the bodies and compose the vesicules inside of them,
then they are brought to the axonal terminals with longlasting effect (hours -days)
Modulates the expression of genes
A.Hypothalamic releasing hormones
B.Pituitary peptides: beta-endorfin, MSH, Prolactin, GH, vasopresin, oxytocin,
ACTH, LH, TSH
C. Peptides operating in GIT and brain:Leucin, enkefalin, methionin
substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon
D. From other tissues: angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carnosin, calcitonin, sleep peptides Peptides operating in GIT and brain:Leucin, enkefalin, methionin
substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon
D. From other tissues: angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carnosin, calcitonin, sleep peptides you are operating in GIT and brain:Leucin, enkefalin, methionin
substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon
D. From other tissues: angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carnosin, calcitonin, sleep peptides you
Here I would like to inform you on physiology of impulse transmission in insects. I hope this would increase your understanding -------------------------------------------------
Orthoptera is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts and crickets, including closely related insects such as the katydids and wetas. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts and close relatives; and Ensifera – crickets and close relatives.
its all about respiratory system of insects, arrangement and position of spiracles system. Types of different respiratory systems in aquatic insects.
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
Thrips (order Thysanoptera) are minute (mostly 1 mm long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. Entomologists have described approximately 6,000 species.
UROTRANSMITTERS-NEUROMODULATORS
More than 50 chemical substances
1.Small molecules with rapid effects
Stored in axonal vesicules
Effect on postsynaptic membrane approx. 1 ms, -opening of ion channels,
Brief inactivation, recycled, fromed in the body of neurons
Class I. ACH
Class II. Amines : NA, A, Dopamin, serotonin, histamin
Class III. Aminoacids: GABA, Glycin, Glutamate, Aspartate
Class IV. NO
2. NEUROPEPTIDES,prolonged effects, are integral part of protein molecules
In neuronal bodies, are fromed in the bodies and compose the vesicules inside of them,
then they are brought to the axonal terminals with longlasting effect (hours -days)
Modulates the expression of genes
A.Hypothalamic releasing hormones
B.Pituitary peptides: beta-endorfin, MSH, Prolactin, GH, vasopresin, oxytocin,
ACTH, LH, TSH
C. Peptides operating in GIT and brain:Leucin, enkefalin, methionin
substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon
D. From other tissues: angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carnosin, calcitonin, sleep peptides Peptides operating in GIT and brain:Leucin, enkefalin, methionin
substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon
D. From other tissues: angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carnosin, calcitonin, sleep peptides you are operating in GIT and brain:Leucin, enkefalin, methionin
substance P, gastrin, cholecystokinin, VIP, neurotensin, insulin, glucagon
D. From other tissues: angiotensin II, Bradykinin, Carnosin, calcitonin, sleep peptides you
a quick visual understanding of what actually nervous tissue is made up of at cellular level its functions nerve cell types chemical synapse detailed structure of neuron
Invertebrates are not ‘simple animals’, but they are indeed
masters of economy: their small nervous systems contain
many fewer nerve cells than those of even the tiniest
vertebrates, yet these animals solve all of the same survival
problems, can live in highly organized societies and can
communicate complex messages. The goal of this article is
to outline general features of the nervous systems of
invertebrates, and to begin to ask how these tiny
information-processing systems drive such diverse behaviour.
A brief discussion on nervous system. central nervous system its part like a short note on brain according to b.pharma 2nd semester syllabus. short note on neurones, neurotransmitter,
It is a brief account on neurons. Neurons are simply brain cells. They have the ability to process and transmit information as electrical and chemical signals.These signals between neurons occur via synapses.
In this presentation I am explaining the different reproductive strategies in Insects and fitness, clutch size, reproductive competition in parasitoids
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...
Insect nervious system and impulse transmission_S.Srinivasnaik_RAD21-25.ppt
1. TERM PAPER-I PRESENTATION
ON
INSECT NERVOUS SYSTEM AND IMPULSE
TRANSMISSION
Course In-Charge
ENTO 606
Dr.G.Sridevi, PS & Head (AINP on PR)
Dr.K.Kavitha, Senior Scientist (AINP on PR)
SABHAVAT SRINIVASNAIK
ID.No: RAD/2021-25
In-Service I Ph.D
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, RAJENDRANAGAR
PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
4. PREAMBLE
Protozoa to Chordata- highest evolved
organism- human being
A unicellular organism-single cell-
functions- less coordination
A multicellular organism-well organised
mass of matter
Contains different chemical compounds
It performs chemical activities and physical
activities
Charged organism–state of equilibrium with
its environment.
“Coordination-Insect nervous system”
Nervous system- poorly insulated current
system
Producing the harmonised behaviour by
coordinating 300 skeletal muscles
Temporal and spatial manner
Insecticides act on nervous system
Chapman,1983 & Simpson, 2013
Structural and Functional Unit: Neuron
6. INSECT NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURE-NEURON
Soma/Cell body/Perikaryon
Nucleus
Dendrite
Axon
Glial cells-N.lamella
Protoplasm
Collateral
Arborisations
Stimuli
Neurons-ganglion
Branched projections of a neuron
that conduct the impulses received
from other neural cells to the cell
body
Long slender projection of a nerve cell
that conducts nerve impulses from the
cell body to other neurons, muscles,
and organs Chapman,1983 & Simpson, 2013
10. INSECT NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTRE-SYNAPSES
i) Synaptic cleft-20-25 nm
(Chemical transmission)
Vesicles
ii) Gap junction-3.5 nm
(Direct transmission)
Post synaptic neuron
Pre synaptic neuron
Synapse
The junction between the terminal of a neuron and either another neuron or a
muscle or gland cell, over which nerve impulses pass
Electron lucent
Electron dense
Physical synapses
Functional synapses
Retinula cell of fly =200 Physical synapse
Single to many cells/
Among them one =functional
11. INSECT NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURE-GLIAL CELLS
Each neuron consist of glial cells
Synaptic contact occur where there is no glial cells
Glial cells pass nutrient materials to neurons
It reserves glycogen
Making repairs to the neurons
Ionic balance and protection- Blood Brain Barrier concept
15. CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS -STRUCTURAL BASIS
Neuron with a proximal axon & many distal dendrites
Neuron with a single axon
Neuron with a proximal axon and a long distal dendrite
1
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
16. Internuncial (association) neurons
Unipolar cells (often with several collaterals
and/or branching axons) (conduct signals
within CNS)
Motor neurons: conducts impulse from CNS
to effector organs-Efferent neurons, monopolar,
situated in the ganglia and conduct impulse
from CNS to effector organs like muscles and
glands
Afferent (sensory) neurons
Bipolar or multipolar cells have dendrites -
associated with sense organs or receptors
(carry information towards CNS).
CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS –FUNCTIONAL BASIS
17. INSECT NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nervous system divided in to three major sub-systems
1. Central nervous system (CNS)
2. Visceral nervous system (VNS)
3. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
18. INSECT NERVOUS SYSTEM-CNS
Contains double series of nerve centers (ganglia).These ganglia are connected
by longitudinal tracts of nerve fibers called connectives. Transverse tracts of
nerve fibers called commissures
19. INSECT NERVOUS SYSTEM-CNS
1.Brain
Formed by the fusion of first three
cephalic neuromeres
a) Protocerebrum
Large, innervate compound eyes
and ocelli
b) Deutocerebrum:
Found beneath protocerebrum,
innervate antennae
c) Tritocerebrum:
Bilobed, innervate labrum
Main sensory centre controlling
insect behaviour
20.
21. INSECT NERVOUS SYSTEM-CNS
3.Thoracic ganglia
4. Abdominal ganglia
Median chain of segmental ganglia beneath
oesophagus
Formed by the last three cephalic
neuromeres which innervate mandible,
maxillae and labium.
2. Sub-oesophageal ganglia
Three pairs found in the respective thoracic
segments, largest ganglia, innervate legs
and muscles.
22. (a)Dictyopterus (Coleoptera: Lycidae) and Pulex (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)
(b)Blatta (Blattodea: Blattidae) and Chironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae)
(c) Crabro and Eucera (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae and Anthophoridae)
(d)Musca,Calliphora and Lucilia ( Diptera: Muscidae and Calliphoridae)
(e)Hydrometra (Hemiptera: Hydrometridae) and Rhizotrogus (Scarabaeidae).
23. INSECT NERVOUS SYSTEM-VNS
1. Stomodeal / stomatogastric
Frontal ganglion and connected with
aorta, foregut and midgut
2. Ventral visceral
Associated with the ventral nerve cord
3. Caudal visceral
Associated with the posterior segments
of abdomen and reproductive organs
24. INSECT NERVOUS SYSTEM-PNS
Sensory neurons of the cuticular
sensory structures (the sense
organs) that receive mechanical,
chemical, thermal or visual stimuli
from an environment
All the motor neuron axons that
radiate to the muscles from the
ganglia of the CNS and visceral
nervous system
26. INSECT NERVOUS SYSTEM-IMPULSE TRANSMISSION
A nerve impulse is an electric
current that travels along
dendrites or axon due to ions
moving through voltage gated
channels in the neurons
plasma membrane
Types
1.Axonic conduction
2.Synaptic conduction
30. IMPULSE TRANSMISSION-AXONIC CONDUCTION
Resting neuron
A charge difference is maintained
Na+ is out and K+ is in
Exterior is (+) and interior is (–)
This is called resting membrane potential
Restoring neuron
K+ ions comes in (NaK ATPase)
Na+ ions goes out
So again interior become (–) and exterior become (+)
36. DIRECTION OF IMPULSE TRANSMISSION
Dendrite
receives information
Cell body
contains nucleus & organelles
Axon
transmits nerve impulse
axon terminal
transmits to next neuron
Synapse
junction between two neurons
Direction
of
nerve
impulse
43. SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
Insect nervous system is responsible for harmonised behaviour of the insect
Neuron is the structural and functional unit-Dendrites, Axons and Synapses
Glial cells are involved in Blood Brain Barrier concept
Axonic and synaptic conduction
2 types of synapses: Cholinergic and Adrenergic
Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators and Neurohormones
DDT, Synthetic pyrethroids,Oxadizines acts on Na gated channels
Cyclodienes, Carbamates, Organophosphates, Neonicotinoids, Phenyl
pyrazoles, Spinosyns, Avermectins and Formamidines acts on synaptic cleft
44. REFERENCES
Chapman, R.F.1983.The insects: structure and function, 3rd edn. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 788 pp
Pant, N.C and Swaraj Ghai. 1981. Insect physiology and anatomy, ICAR, New
Delhi
Gerald, K.2002. Cell and Molecular Biology (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.864p
Matsumura F.1986.Toxicology of insecticides, 2nd edn. Plenum, New York, 503
pp
Nation, J.L.2001. Insect physiology and biochemistry. Plenum, Boca Raton.
496 pp
Raghumoorthi,K.N.,Balasubramani,V.,Srinivasan,M.R and
Natarajan,N.2011.Insect an Introduction.222P
Scharf, M.E.2003.Neurological effects of insecticides. In:Pimental,D (ed)
Encyclopedia of pest management. Marcel-Dekker, New York.
Srivastava,R.P and Saxena,R.C.1989.Textbook of insect toxicology. Himanshu
publications.166p