The document outlines strategies for managing insecticide resistance, defined as a heritable change in pest populations leading to ineffective control measures. Key management principles include moderation, saturation, and multiple attack strategies, which aim to delay resistance development by using diverse and integrated approaches. Additionally, it discusses techniques such as insecticide rotation, use of synergists, and incorporation of insect hormones to enhance effectiveness and sustainability of pest control methods.

1. Welcome
Welcome
Insecticide Resistance Management
Insecticide Resistance Management
Strategy
Strategy
Course In-charge
Dr.Bhuvaneswari
Course In-charge
Dr.Bhuvaneswari
Professor
Professor
Department of Agri.Entomology
Department of Agri.Entomology
CPPS,TNAU
CPPS,TNAU

2. What is “Insecticide resistance” ?
 A heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population
that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to
achieve the expected level of control when used according to
the label recommendation for that pest species
 A heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population
that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to
achieve the expected level of control when used according to
the label recommendation for that pest species
(IRAC)
(IRAC)

3. Insecticide
application
Insecticide
application
GGeennee
Repetition of the
same chemical .
Repetition of the
same chemical .
Heritability of the
activated gene
Heritability of the
activated gene
Progeny
IInnsseecctt
Genome of the
insect
Genome of the
insect

4. Mechanism of development o Mechanism of development off iinnsseeccttiicciiddee RReessiissttaannccee
Pre-adoptive
factor
Pre-adoptive
factor
Natural
selection
Natural
selection

5. Resistance management ?
Can we control or
management ?
IIRRMM
The goal of resistance management is to delay
evolution of resistance in pests.

6. Principles of the insecticide resistance
management
  1.Management by moderation.
  2.Management by saturation.
  3.Management by multiple attack.
(Curtis et al.,1993)

7. 1.Management by Moderation.
Recognizes:
It attempts to preserve susceptibility genes are a
valuable resource by limiting the chemical selection
pressure that is applied.
Infrequent applications,
Non-persistent chemicals
Preservation of refugia.
Insect-resistant varieties,
Improved timing of planting and harvesting
Encouragement of biological controls.
Recognizes:
It attempts to preserve susceptibility genes are a
valuable resource by limiting the chemical selection
pressure that is applied.
Infrequent applications,
Non-persistent chemicals
Preservation of refugia.
Insect-resistant varieties,
Improved timing of planting and harvesting
Encouragement of biological controls.

8. rrrr RRRR
r r R R
Rr
rrrr
Heterozygous
population
Rr
rr
Susceptible
population

9. 2.Management 2.Management bbyy SSaattuurraattiioonn
 The term "saturation" does not imply saturation of the
environment with pesticides.
 It is intended to indicate saturation of the insect's defenses
by means of on-target dosages that are high enough to
overcome resistance.
 This approach has more merit during the early stages of
selection when resistance genes are rare, existing mainly in
the heterozygous state.
 The term "saturation" does not imply saturation of the
environment with pesticides.
 It is intended to indicate saturation of the insect's defenses
by means of on-target dosages that are high enough to
overcome resistance.
 This approach has more merit during the early stages of
selection when resistance genes are rare, existing mainly in
the heterozygous state.

10. Formulations that could deliver high dosages on-target
Formulations that could deliver high dosages on-target
include
include
Microencapsulation
Attractants
Baited targets
causing insecticide uptake at rates that are lethal to
heterozygotes.
Microencapsulation
Attractants
Baited targets
causing insecticide uptake at rates that are lethal to
heterozygotes.

11.  These can attract the insects
and with the high doses they
will die including the
resistance

12. 3.Management by multiple attack
 The multiple attack strategy is based on the premise that
control can be achieved through the action of several
independently acting stresses, including insecticides, each
exerting selection pressure that is below the level which could
lead to résistance.
 The multiple attack strategy is based on the premise that
control can be achieved through the action of several
independently acting stresses, including insecticides, each
exerting selection pressure that is below the level which could
lead to résistance.

15. IRM - principles
1.Management by
moderation.
2.Management by
saturation.
3.Management by
the multiple attack.
Short environmental
persistance.
less frequent of
application.
 Use of more dosages of
insecticides to kill all
the population including
heterozygous
individuals
Insecticide mixture
Development of the
newer molecules

16. Insecticide Resistance MMaannaaggeemmeenntt SSttrraatteeggyy
GGeenneerraall IIRRMM ssttrraatteeggiieess BBtt ccrrooppss
HHoouussee hhoolldd ppeessttss aanndd vveeccttoorrss
I
III
II

17. II.. GGeenneerraall IIRRMM ssttrraatteeggiieess
1.Rotation of the insecticides.
2.Use of synergists.
4.Mixtures and alternations.
5.Negatively correlated insecticides.
6.Development of newer insecticides.
7.Use of insect pheromones.
8.Use of insect hormones.
9.Use of Integrated Approach (IPM).
1.Rotation insecticides.
2.Use of synergists.
4.Mixtures alternations.
5.Negatively correlated insecticides.
6.Development of newer insecticides.
7.Use of insect pheromones.
8.Use of insect hormones.
9.Use of Integrated Approach (IPM).

18. 1.ROTATION 1.ROTATION OOFF TTHHEE IINNSSEECCTTIICCIIDDEESS
 Insecticide rotation.
 The same insecticide should not used for a long time
particularly when resistance has been detected.
 Insects resistant to one insecticide may not be resistant to
another.
 After a time lag the lost susceptibility to the first insecticide
returns.
 Insecticide rotation.
 The same insecticide should not used for a long time
particularly when resistance has been detected.
 Insects resistant to one insecticide may not be resistant to
another.
 After a time lag the lost susceptibility to the first insecticide
returns.

19. 11sstt yyeeaarr //11sst t sseeaassoonn
RReessuulltteedd p plloott
2nd year /2nd season
IInnsseeccttiicciiddee AA
IInnsseeccttiicciiddee BB
RReessuulltteedd p plloott
22nndd yyeeaarr // 22nndd sseeaassoonn

20. INSECT RESISTANT
INSECTICIDE IRM INSECTICIDES
Tufted Apple
Bud Moth
 GUTHION
 IMIDAN
 INTREPID
 SPINTOR
 AVAUNT
 DANITOL
 Bacillus
thuringiensis
EExxaammppllee::

21. STRATEGY:
STY. YEAR 1st Generation 2nd Generation
STRATEG
Y
STRATEG
Y
1 ST Year Intrepid
Avaunt, SpinTor, Danitol or B. thuringiensis
should be used against the first generation the
following year
2ND Year
STRATEG
Y
STRATEG
Y
1 ST Year Intrepid Avaunt, SpinTor,
Danitol,
B. thuringiensis.
2ND Year
Avaunt, SpinTor,
Danitol, B.
thuringiensis.
Intrepid
Intrepid

22. 22..UUssee ooff SSyynnggeerrggiissttss
 Resistance to insecticides in insects develops due to their ability to
degrade the insecticides into inactive compounds by detoxifying
enzymes .
 To ovecome this resistance compounds that can block the action of
the detoxifying enzymes should be added to the insecticides.
 These inhibitory compounds we called synergists allow the
insecticide to function normaly only by blocking their inhibitory
enzymes and do not in reality enhance the potency of the insectiides
 Eg:Piperonylcyclone when mixed with DDT prevents its
detoxification to DDE in the resisitant strain house flies and these
keeps them susceptible to DDT.
 Resistance to insecticides in insects develops due to their ability to
degrade the insecticides into inactive compounds by detoxifying
enzymes .
 To ovecome this resistance compounds that can block the action of
the detoxifying enzymes should be added to the insecticides.
 These inhibitory compounds we called synergists allow the
insecticide to function normaly only by blocking their inhibitory
enzymes and do not in reality enhance the potency of the insectiides
 Eg:Piperonylcyclone when mixed with DDT prevents its
detoxification to DDE in the resisitant strain house flies and these
keeps them susceptible to DDT.

23. A <50%
A + S SYYNNEERRGGIISSTT

24. Piperonyl Cyclone does not increase the toxicity of the DDT
in DDT susceptible houseflies , which it should do.
The reason is that in the susceptible strain the detoxifying
enzymes on which the synergist would act are missing.
The WARF of the USA has developed a substance WARF
antiresistant that can block DDT Dehydrochlorinase (the
enzyme that detoxifies the DDT in houseflies ) and thus
prevent the conversion of DDT to DDE and retain the
insects susceptiblility to this insecticide.
Piperonyl Cyclone does not increase the toxicity of the DDT
in DDT susceptible houseflies , which it should do.
The reason is that in the susceptible strain the detoxifying
enzymes on which the synergist would act are missing.
The WARF of the USA has developed a substance WARF
antiresistant that can block DDT Dehydrochlorinase (the
enzyme that detoxifies the DDT in houseflies ) and thus
prevent the conversion of DDT to DDE and retain the
insects susceptiblility to this insecticide.

25.  As control agents, synergists can potentially render resistant
populations susceptible and or prevent the development of resistance.
 Synergists can be less active on predators than on pests.
 Synergists are among the most straightforward tools for overcoming
metabolic resistance because they can directly inhibit the resistance
mechanism itself .
 Detoxification mechanisms are mixed function oxidases (MFO).
Consequently, most insecticide synergists are inhibitors of this group.
 cytochrome P-450 alone.
 As control agents, synergists can potentially render resistant
populations susceptible and or prevent the development of resistance.
 Synergists can be less active on predators than on pests.
 Synergists are among the most straightforward tools for overcoming
metabolic resistance because they can directly inhibit the resistance
mechanism itself .
 Detoxification mechanisms are mixed function oxidases (MFO).
Consequently, most insecticide synergists are inhibitors of this group.
 cytochrome P-450 alone.

26. Quantification Quantification ooff ssyynneerrggiissmm
SSRR
LLDD ( (leletthhaal ld doossee)) v vaaluluee o off t thhee i ninsseecctticicididee
LLDD ( (leletthhaal ld doossee)) v vaaluluee o off t thhee i ninsseecctticicididee++SSyynneerrggisistt
 For the purpose of field efficacy the SR90 is the more important value
because, in most cases, at least 90% mortality is required for
acceptable control.
 For research purposes, however, the SR50 is the most meaningful value
 For the purpose of field efficacy the SR90 is the more important value
because, in most cases, at least 90% mortality is required for
acceptable control.
 For research purposes, however, the SR50 is the most meaningful value

30. CCaann hheerrbbiicciiddeess aarree aacctt lliikkee ssyynneerrggiissttss??
 Herbicides are acting as the synergists
 Eg: atrazine, simazine, monuron, and 2,4-D (2,4-
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)
 The herbicides by themselves were nontoxic.
 Among The All Atrazine was most effective
 Increasing amounts of this herbicide and constant amounts
of some insecticides, increasing mortalities of insects were
observed.
 Herbicides are acting as the synergists
 Eg: atrazine, simazine, monuron, and 2,4-D (2,4-
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)
 The herbicides by themselves were nontoxic.
 Among The All Atrazine was most effective
 Increasing amounts of this herbicide and constant amounts
of some insecticides, increasing mortalities of insects were
observed.

31. INSECTICIDE /INSECTICIDE WITH SYNERGIST
 Carbofuran (0.5 microgram)
 DDT(0.5 microgram)
 Parathion (0.35 microgram
 Diazinon (0.2 microgram)
% with atrazine
35%
36%
30%
33%
50%
When we are using without the synergist the mortality % will
be low. With synergist it observed more than 50%
When we are using without the synergist the mortality % will
be low. With synergist it observed more than 50%

32. 3.Mixtures
 Mixtures increase the level of target pest control and/or
broadening the range of pests controlled.
 Most Mixtures are not primarily used for purposes of Insect
Resistance management (IRM).
 The rotation of insecticide modes of action is considered
The most effective IRM approach.
 Insecticide mixtures may offer benefits for IRM when
appropriately incorporated into rotation strategies with
additional mode(s) of action, but generally A single
mixture should not be relied upon alone.
 Mixtures increase the level of target pest control and/or
broadening the range of pests controlled.
 Most Mixtures are not primarily used for purposes of Insect
Resistance management (IRM).
 The rotation of insecticide modes of action is considered
The most effective IRM approach.
 Insecticide mixtures may offer benefits for IRM when
appropriately incorporated into rotation strategies with
additional mode(s) of action, but generally A single
mixture should not be relied upon alone.

33. What should be followed What should be followed ffoorr mmiixxiinngg ooff tthhee iinnsseeccttiicciiddeess??
 Individual insecticides selected for use in mixtures should be highly
effective and be applied at the rates at which they are individually
registered for against the target species.
 Mixtures with components having the same IRAC mode of action
Classification are not recommended for IRM.
 When using mixtures, consider any known cross-‐resistance issues
between the individual components for the targeted pest/s.
 Mixtures become less effective if resistance is already developing to
one or both active ingredients, but they may still provide pest
management benefits.
 Individual insecticides selected for use in mixtures should be highly
effective and be applied at the rates at which they are individually
registered for against the target species.
 Mixtures with components having the same IRAC mode of action
Classification are not recommended for IRM.
 When using mixtures, consider any known cross-‐resistance issues
between the individual components for the targeted pest/s.
 Mixtures become less effective if resistance is already developing to
one or both active ingredients, but they may still provide pest
management benefits.

34.  The IRM benefits of an insecticide mixture are greatest if the two
components have similar periods of residual insecticidal activity.
 The IRM benefits of an insecticide mixture are greatest if the two
components have similar periods of residual insecticidal activity.
 Mixtures of insecticides with unequal periods of residual insecticide
activity may offer an IRM benefit for the period where both
insecticides are active.
 Mixtures of insecticides with unequal periods of residual insecticide
activity may offer an IRM benefit for the period where both
insecticides are active.

35. Example:
A mixture of two insecticides and independent action has
been suggeted as a counter measure for the resistance.
Eg. A BHC – DDT mixture against malaria mosquitoes (BHC
is for DDT resistant survivors and DDT is for BHC resistant
survivors).
However in such cases it takes the a much shorter time for the
insects to turn the resistant to both the compounds than what it
would take if they are used separately
A mixture of two insecticides and independent action has
been suggeted as a counter measure for the resistance.
Eg. A BHC – DDT mixture against malaria mosquitoes (BHC
is for DDT resistant survivors and DDT is for BHC resistant
survivors).
However in such cases it takes the a much shorter time for the
insects to turn the resistant to both the compounds than what it
would take if they are used separately

36. 4. Negatively correlated i 4. Negatively correlated innsseeccttiicciiddeess ((ccrroossss rreessiissttaannccee))
It has been observed that resistance to one insecticide leads
to the enhanced susceptibility to another insecticide.
 Cyclodiene resistant boll weevils are found to be
susceptible to Malathion and DDT resistant houseflies also
susceptible to Malathion and such a combinations be
discovered and used.
 Cyclodiene resistant boll weevils are found to be
susceptible to Malathion and DDT resistant houseflies also
susceptible to Malathion and such a combinations be
discovered and used.

37. 5.USE OF INSECT HORMONES IN INSECTICIDE
5.USE OF INSECT HORMONES IN INSECTICIDE
RESISTANT MANAGEMENT
RESISTANT MANAGEMENT
  Just as pheromones modulate insect
behaviour, hormones regulate growth and
reproduction in insects.
  Both these processes can be interfered with
by providing exogenous hormones at wrong
times that is when they are not needed by the
insect system .

38. 6. Developing newer compounds – It should be a
continuous process to have more and more
substitutions or alternates.
6. Developing newer compounds – It should be a
continuous process to have more and more
substitutions or alternates.
  There should be a constant attempt to search
for newer insecticides.
  This will make a large number of insecticides
available for substitution when particular
insecticides fails t kill.

39. 77.. SSppoott sspprraayyiinngg
 By treating border rows only (for pests that migrate into
your planting from outside) and localized "hot spots" where
pest numbers are over the action threshold.
 You leave large areas unsprayed for susceptible pests to
survive.
 These areas can be treated at a later date, if thresholds are
reached.
 By treating border rows only (for pests that migrate into
your planting from outside) and localized "hot spots" where
pest numbers are over the action threshold.
 You leave large areas unsprayed for susceptible pests to
survive.
 These areas can be treated at a later date, if thresholds are
reached.

40. 8. INTEGRATED APPROACH:
 An integrated approach to the control of insect
pests will reduce the application of the insecticides
which in turn will lower insecticides pressure on
the insects under such a condition genes governing
resistance may not get activated or may take a
longer time to do so and keep resistance postponed
for some time
 An integrated approach to control of insect
pests will reduce the application of the insecticides
which in turn will lower insecticides pressure on
the insects such a condition genes governing
resistance not get activated or take a
longer do so for some time

41. Crop
production
Crop
production
Less
resistance
Less
resistance
 Cultural control
 Biological control
 Mechanical control
 Legal control
 Cultural control
 Biological control
 Mechanical control
 Legal control
 Chemeical control
 Physical control
 Chemeical control
 Physical control
IIPPMM
In the IPM we are doing the less dumping
of the insecticides
Need based application
Avoiding the resistance developed
-insecticides
Recommended dosage
In the IPM we are doing the less dumping
of the insecticides
Need based application
Avoiding the resistance developed
-insecticides
Recommended dosage

42. 99.. PPHHEERROOMMOONNEESS RROOLLEE
Pheromones regulate the insect behaviour.
By using of the sex pheromones insects could be driven to
poison baits and they will die.
By providing the aggregation pheromones they could be
driven to the wrong host plants where they would starve
and die.
To evaluate the insecticide resistance in the field.
Pheromones regulate the insect behaviour.
By using of the sex pheromones insects could be driven to
poison baits and they will die.
By providing the aggregation pheromones they could be
driven to the wrong host plants where they would starve
and die.
To evaluate the insecticide resistance in the field.

43. DDBBMM IIRRMM SSTTRRAATTEEGGYY

44. IRM STRATEGY FOR DBM

45.  Secure® or Success® use from 1 Sep until 31 Jan.
 Regent®, Proclaim® or Avatar ® use from 1 Feb until 31
Aug.
 Labels of new products place a limit on the number of
applications to be used. If further control is required on one
planting, different groups from within the same window
should be rotated.
 It is important to monitor crops regularly for DBM.
 Do not use mixtures of insecticides for controlling DBM.
 Use of the biological insecticide, Bt, in the early stages of
crop development is encouraged.
 Good crop hygiene, such as use of clean seedlings and the
prompt working in of harvested crops, will reduce your
DBM problems.

47. IIII..BBtt ccrrooppss

48. Refugia strategy
PRINCIPLE

61. IRM STRATEGY FOR
LEPIDOPTERA
IRM STRATEGY FOR
LEPIDOPTERA

62. III. Vectors aanndd hhoouusseehhoolldd ppeessttss..

63. 1.Fine scale 1.Fine scale mmoossaaiicc ssttrraatteeggyy
Spatially separated applications of different compounds
against the same insect constitute a “mosaic” approach to
resistance management.
by using two insecticides in different dwellings within the
same village.
This creates the potential for insects within a single
generation to come into contact with both insecticides, and
would reduce the rate of resistance selection, provided that
multiple resistance within the vector population was extremely
rare.
If such a fine scale mosaic is to be used, careful records of
which insecticide was used in each house are essential
Spatially separated applications of different compounds
against the same insect constitute a “mosaic” approach to
resistance management.
by using two insecticides in different dwellings within the
same village.
This creates the potential for insects within a single
generation to come into contact with both insecticides, and
would reduce the rate of resistance selection, provided that
multiple resistance within the vector population was extremely
rare.
If such a fine scale mosaic is to be used, careful records of
which insecticide was used in each house are essential

64. Spraying at homes for control of the
vectors
Spraying at homes for control of the
vectors

65. v
AA
VVIILLLLAAGGEE
HH
GG
FF
DD EE
CC
BB
II
INSECTICDE

66. summary
1.We should not take unnecessary pesticide applications
2.based on the ETL levels only we have to take the chemical
control if the pest not controlled by other practice
3.Follow the recommended dose of insecticide
4.Follow the insecticide rotations
5.Use of the insecticide mixtures
6.Negative correlated insecticides we have to use
7.Use the synergists along with the insecticides
8. Go for the spot spraying
9.Use insect growth regulators
10.Use of the pheromones
11.Give importance to the IPM practices other than the
chemical contol
12.In case of Bt crops we have to follow the refugia strategy.
13. In case of vectors and house hold pests along with general resistance
1.We should not ta ke unnecessary pesticide applications
2.based on the ETL levels only we have to take the chemical
control if the pest not controlled by other practice
3.Follow the recommended dose of insecticide
4.Follow the insecticide rotations
5.Use of the insecticide mixtures
6.Negative correlated insecticides we have to use
7.Use the synergists along with the insecticides
8. Go for the spot spraying
9.Use insect growth regulators
10.Use of the pheromones
11.Give importance to the IPM practices other than the
chemical contol
12.In case of Bt crops we have to follow the refugia strategy.
13. In case of vectors and house hold pests along with general resistance

67. Role of Agriculture Department
1.1.Go Go and and aware the the farmers about the the insecticide
insecticide
resistance resistance and and its its management
management
2.2.Give Give the recommended recommended strategies strategies that given by by the
the
IRAC IRAC for for different crops.
crops.
3.3.Follow Follow the the labels labels which which are are given given along along with with the
the
containers-containers-not not to to recommend recommend not registered registered and
and
banned banned insecticides insecticides which are responsible for the
resistance
resistance
4.4.Learn Learn the the farmers farmers how to prepare the pesticide spray
preparation preparation for that conduct conduct trainings
trainings

68. conclusion
As long as the farmers using the
chemicals injudiciously there is
problem of the resistance prevail so
we have to aware the farmers and
recommend the authorized IRM
strategies.

69. Referneces
1.Insecticide Resistance Management Strategies De ve lo pe d by the
Cro pLife Australia Inse cticide Re sistance Manag eme nt Re view Gro up .
2.Insect Resistance Management Stewardship Guide For U.S. Corn and
Cotton-Growing Areas.
3.Gene pyramiding as a Bt resistance management Strategy by
Manyangarirwa
4.Baseline Studies on Insect Resistance Management Strategy for Bt-
Cotton in Kenya BY Waturu C N,Muriuki S.J. N and Taracha C.
5.Insecticide Resistance Management Strategies
Developed by the CropLife Australia Insecticide Resistance
Management Review Group
6.Insecticide Resistance: Causes and Action-IRAC
7.Prevention and management of insecticide resistance in vectors and
pests of public health importance -IRAC
1.Insecticide Resistance Management Strategies De ve lo pe d by the
Cro pLife Australia Inse cticide Re sistance Manag eme nt Re view Gro up .
2.Insect Resistance Management Stewardship Guide For U.S. Corn and
Cotton-Growing Areas.
3.Gene pyramiding as a Bt resistance management Strategy by
Manyangarirwa
4.Baseline Studies on Insect Resistance Management Strategy for Bt-
Cotton in Kenya BY Waturu C N,Muriuki S.J. N and Taracha C.
5.Insecticide Resistance Management Strategies
Developed by the CropLife Australia Insecticide Resistance
Management Review Group
6.Insecticide Resistance: Causes and Action-IRAC
7.Prevention and management of insecticide resistance in vectors and
pests of public health importance -IRAC

70. 2.WWW.IRAC.COM
3.Elements of Economic Entomology –B.Vasantharaj david
4.Applied entomology K.P .srivastava
2.WWW.IRAC.COM
3.Elements of Economic Entomology –B.Vasantharaj david
4.Applied entomology K.P .srivastava

71. Thanks a lot
Presented by
S.srinivas naik