the repeated use of the same chemical which has the same mode of action that leads to the loss of insect sensitivity and also heritable change would occur in the genome nothing but resistance that means the population not able to control with the normal dose need to develop resistant management strategies
It gives elaborative description on Insecticide resistance, how it develops, mechanisms of insecticide resistance in insects, traditional and modern approach in resistance management
It gives elaborative description on Insecticide resistance, how it develops, mechanisms of insecticide resistance in insects, traditional and modern approach in resistance management
This presentation emphasizes development of resistance in insects against insecticides with different mechanisms and metabolic pathways along with some research findings. it also includes resistance management with different strategies.
Role of Synergists in Resistance ManagementJayantyadav94
Any chemical which in itself is not toxic to insects as dosages used, but when combined with an insecticide greatly enhances the toxicity of insecticide is known as synergist. Process of activation is synergism. Helps in penetration and stabilization of insecticides, and prevents the detoxification of insecticides
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
Content:
Introduction
Importance of Host Plant Resistance
Historical perspectives
Advantages and Disadvantages of HPR
Mechanisms of Resistance
Adaptation of Resistance in Plant to Insect
Morphological
Anatomical
Biochemical
Assembly of plant species - Gene Pool
Behavior in Relation to Host Plant Factor
Climate change embraces a range of natural and anthropogenic environmental changes. According to Inter governmental Panel on Climate Change • “Change in climate over time, either due to natural variability or as a result of human activity”. •
“A change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.”
Release of large numbers of insectary reared natural enemies with the goal of “augmenting” natural enemy populations or “inundating” pest populations with natural enemies.
Biological control (from the ecological viewpoint) is, “the action of parasites, predators, or pathogens in maintaining another organism's population density at a lower average than would occur in their absence.”
This presentation emphasizes development of resistance in insects against insecticides with different mechanisms and metabolic pathways along with some research findings. it also includes resistance management with different strategies.
Role of Synergists in Resistance ManagementJayantyadav94
Any chemical which in itself is not toxic to insects as dosages used, but when combined with an insecticide greatly enhances the toxicity of insecticide is known as synergist. Process of activation is synergism. Helps in penetration and stabilization of insecticides, and prevents the detoxification of insecticides
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
Content:
Introduction
Importance of Host Plant Resistance
Historical perspectives
Advantages and Disadvantages of HPR
Mechanisms of Resistance
Adaptation of Resistance in Plant to Insect
Morphological
Anatomical
Biochemical
Assembly of plant species - Gene Pool
Behavior in Relation to Host Plant Factor
Climate change embraces a range of natural and anthropogenic environmental changes. According to Inter governmental Panel on Climate Change • “Change in climate over time, either due to natural variability or as a result of human activity”. •
“A change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.”
Release of large numbers of insectary reared natural enemies with the goal of “augmenting” natural enemy populations or “inundating” pest populations with natural enemies.
Biological control (from the ecological viewpoint) is, “the action of parasites, predators, or pathogens in maintaining another organism's population density at a lower average than would occur in their absence.”
biological weed control ,what is bio-control of weed ,how biological control of weed works ,advantage of biological weed control ,methods and agents of biological weed control
Integrated Pest Management: a holistic approach to managing pestsAshu
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a holistic approach to managing pests that combines biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools. It aims to minimize the impact of pests on agriculture while promoting environmental sustainability. IPM focuses on prevention, monitoring, and control to reduce reliance on pesticides. This approach considers the ecosystem as a whole, including beneficial organisms, to maintain a balanced environment. By integrating various strategies, IPM helps farmers optimize pest control while minimizing negative effects on human health and the environment.
Sites to visit for more information:
https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/integrated-pest-management-ipm-principles
https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/integrated-pest-management-ipm-principles
https://ppqs.gov.in/divisions/integrated-pest-management/ipm-glance
https://lgpress.clemson.edu/publication/biological-control-strategies-in-integrated-pest-management-ipm-programs/
In this presentation I am explaining the different reproductive strategies in Insects and fitness, clutch size, reproductive competition in parasitoids
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY-NAIK
1. Welcome
Welcome
Insecticide Resistance Management
Insecticide Resistance Management
Strategy
Strategy
Course In-charge
Dr.Bhuvaneswari
Course In-charge
Dr.Bhuvaneswari
Professor
Professor
Department of Agri.Entomology
Department of Agri.Entomology
CPPS,TNAU
CPPS,TNAU
2. What is “Insecticide resistance” ?
A heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population
that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to
achieve the expected level of control when used according to
the label recommendation for that pest species
A heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population
that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to
achieve the expected level of control when used according to
the label recommendation for that pest species
(IRAC)
(IRAC)
3. Insecticide
application
Insecticide
application
GGeennee
Repetition of the
same chemical .
Repetition of the
same chemical .
Heritability of the
activated gene
Heritability of the
activated gene
Progeny
IInnsseecctt
Genome of the
insect
Genome of the
insect
4. Mechanism of development o Mechanism of development off iinnsseeccttiicciiddee RReessiissttaannccee
Pre-adoptive
factor
Pre-adoptive
factor
Natural
selection
Natural
selection
5. Resistance management ?
Can we control or
management ?
IIRRMM
The goal of resistance management is to delay
evolution of resistance in pests.
6. Principles of the insecticide resistance
management
1.Management by moderation.
2.Management by saturation.
3.Management by multiple attack.
(Curtis et al.,1993)
7. 1.Management by Moderation.
Recognizes:
It attempts to preserve susceptibility genes are a
valuable resource by limiting the chemical selection
pressure that is applied.
Infrequent applications,
Non-persistent chemicals
Preservation of refugia.
Insect-resistant varieties,
Improved timing of planting and harvesting
Encouragement of biological controls.
Recognizes:
It attempts to preserve susceptibility genes are a
valuable resource by limiting the chemical selection
pressure that is applied.
Infrequent applications,
Non-persistent chemicals
Preservation of refugia.
Insect-resistant varieties,
Improved timing of planting and harvesting
Encouragement of biological controls.
8. rrrr RRRR
r r R R
Rr
rrrr
Heterozygous
population
Rr
rr
Susceptible
population
9. 2.Management 2.Management bbyy SSaattuurraattiioonn
The term "saturation" does not imply saturation of the
environment with pesticides.
It is intended to indicate saturation of the insect's defenses
by means of on-target dosages that are high enough to
overcome resistance.
This approach has more merit during the early stages of
selection when resistance genes are rare, existing mainly in
the heterozygous state.
The term "saturation" does not imply saturation of the
environment with pesticides.
It is intended to indicate saturation of the insect's defenses
by means of on-target dosages that are high enough to
overcome resistance.
This approach has more merit during the early stages of
selection when resistance genes are rare, existing mainly in
the heterozygous state.
10. Formulations that could deliver high dosages on-target
Formulations that could deliver high dosages on-target
include
include
Microencapsulation
Attractants
Baited targets
causing insecticide uptake at rates that are lethal to
heterozygotes.
Microencapsulation
Attractants
Baited targets
causing insecticide uptake at rates that are lethal to
heterozygotes.
11. These can attract the insects
and with the high doses they
will die including the
resistance
12. 3.Management by multiple attack
The multiple attack strategy is based on the premise that
control can be achieved through the action of several
independently acting stresses, including insecticides, each
exerting selection pressure that is below the level which could
lead to résistance.
The multiple attack strategy is based on the premise that
control can be achieved through the action of several
independently acting stresses, including insecticides, each
exerting selection pressure that is below the level which could
lead to résistance.
13.
14.
15. IRM - principles
1.Management by
moderation.
2.Management by
saturation.
3.Management by
the multiple attack.
Short environmental
persistance.
less frequent of
application.
Use of more dosages of
insecticides to kill all
the population including
heterozygous
individuals
Insecticide mixture
Development of the
newer molecules
16. Insecticide Resistance MMaannaaggeemmeenntt SSttrraatteeggyy
GGeenneerraall IIRRMM ssttrraatteeggiieess BBtt ccrrooppss
HHoouussee hhoolldd ppeessttss aanndd vveeccttoorrss
I
III
II
17. II.. GGeenneerraall IIRRMM ssttrraatteeggiieess
1.Rotation of the insecticides.
2.Use of synergists.
4.Mixtures and alternations.
5.Negatively correlated insecticides.
6.Development of newer insecticides.
7.Use of insect pheromones.
8.Use of insect hormones.
9.Use of Integrated Approach (IPM).
1.Rotation insecticides.
2.Use of synergists.
4.Mixtures alternations.
5.Negatively correlated insecticides.
6.Development of newer insecticides.
7.Use of insect pheromones.
8.Use of insect hormones.
9.Use of Integrated Approach (IPM).
18. 1.ROTATION 1.ROTATION OOFF TTHHEE IINNSSEECCTTIICCIIDDEESS
Insecticide rotation.
The same insecticide should not used for a long time
particularly when resistance has been detected.
Insects resistant to one insecticide may not be resistant to
another.
After a time lag the lost susceptibility to the first insecticide
returns.
Insecticide rotation.
The same insecticide should not used for a long time
particularly when resistance has been detected.
Insects resistant to one insecticide may not be resistant to
another.
After a time lag the lost susceptibility to the first insecticide
returns.
19. 11sstt yyeeaarr //11sst t sseeaassoonn
RReessuulltteedd p plloott
2nd year /2nd season
IInnsseeccttiicciiddee AA
IInnsseeccttiicciiddee BB
RReessuulltteedd p plloott
22nndd yyeeaarr // 22nndd sseeaassoonn
21. STRATEGY:
STY. YEAR 1st Generation 2nd Generation
STRATEG
Y
STRATEG
Y
1 ST Year Intrepid
Avaunt, SpinTor, Danitol or B. thuringiensis
should be used against the first generation the
following year
2ND Year
STRATEG
Y
STRATEG
Y
1 ST Year Intrepid Avaunt, SpinTor,
Danitol,
B. thuringiensis.
2ND Year
Avaunt, SpinTor,
Danitol, B.
thuringiensis.
Intrepid
Intrepid
22. 22..UUssee ooff SSyynnggeerrggiissttss
Resistance to insecticides in insects develops due to their ability to
degrade the insecticides into inactive compounds by detoxifying
enzymes .
To ovecome this resistance compounds that can block the action of
the detoxifying enzymes should be added to the insecticides.
These inhibitory compounds we called synergists allow the
insecticide to function normaly only by blocking their inhibitory
enzymes and do not in reality enhance the potency of the insectiides
Eg:Piperonylcyclone when mixed with DDT prevents its
detoxification to DDE in the resisitant strain house flies and these
keeps them susceptible to DDT.
Resistance to insecticides in insects develops due to their ability to
degrade the insecticides into inactive compounds by detoxifying
enzymes .
To ovecome this resistance compounds that can block the action of
the detoxifying enzymes should be added to the insecticides.
These inhibitory compounds we called synergists allow the
insecticide to function normaly only by blocking their inhibitory
enzymes and do not in reality enhance the potency of the insectiides
Eg:Piperonylcyclone when mixed with DDT prevents its
detoxification to DDE in the resisitant strain house flies and these
keeps them susceptible to DDT.
24. Piperonyl Cyclone does not increase the toxicity of the DDT
in DDT susceptible houseflies , which it should do.
The reason is that in the susceptible strain the detoxifying
enzymes on which the synergist would act are missing.
The WARF of the USA has developed a substance WARF
antiresistant that can block DDT Dehydrochlorinase (the
enzyme that detoxifies the DDT in houseflies ) and thus
prevent the conversion of DDT to DDE and retain the
insects susceptiblility to this insecticide.
Piperonyl Cyclone does not increase the toxicity of the DDT
in DDT susceptible houseflies , which it should do.
The reason is that in the susceptible strain the detoxifying
enzymes on which the synergist would act are missing.
The WARF of the USA has developed a substance WARF
antiresistant that can block DDT Dehydrochlorinase (the
enzyme that detoxifies the DDT in houseflies ) and thus
prevent the conversion of DDT to DDE and retain the
insects susceptiblility to this insecticide.
25. As control agents, synergists can potentially render resistant
populations susceptible and or prevent the development of resistance.
Synergists can be less active on predators than on pests.
Synergists are among the most straightforward tools for overcoming
metabolic resistance because they can directly inhibit the resistance
mechanism itself .
Detoxification mechanisms are mixed function oxidases (MFO).
Consequently, most insecticide synergists are inhibitors of this group.
cytochrome P-450 alone.
As control agents, synergists can potentially render resistant
populations susceptible and or prevent the development of resistance.
Synergists can be less active on predators than on pests.
Synergists are among the most straightforward tools for overcoming
metabolic resistance because they can directly inhibit the resistance
mechanism itself .
Detoxification mechanisms are mixed function oxidases (MFO).
Consequently, most insecticide synergists are inhibitors of this group.
cytochrome P-450 alone.
26. Quantification Quantification ooff ssyynneerrggiissmm
SSRR
LLDD ( (leletthhaal ld doossee)) v vaaluluee o off t thhee i ninsseecctticicididee
LLDD ( (leletthhaal ld doossee)) v vaaluluee o off t thhee i ninsseecctticicididee++SSyynneerrggisistt
For the purpose of field efficacy the SR90 is the more important value
because, in most cases, at least 90% mortality is required for
acceptable control.
For research purposes, however, the SR50 is the most meaningful value
For the purpose of field efficacy the SR90 is the more important value
because, in most cases, at least 90% mortality is required for
acceptable control.
For research purposes, however, the SR50 is the most meaningful value
27.
28.
29.
30. CCaann hheerrbbiicciiddeess aarree aacctt lliikkee ssyynneerrggiissttss??
Herbicides are acting as the synergists
Eg: atrazine, simazine, monuron, and 2,4-D (2,4-
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)
The herbicides by themselves were nontoxic.
Among The All Atrazine was most effective
Increasing amounts of this herbicide and constant amounts
of some insecticides, increasing mortalities of insects were
observed.
Herbicides are acting as the synergists
Eg: atrazine, simazine, monuron, and 2,4-D (2,4-
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)
The herbicides by themselves were nontoxic.
Among The All Atrazine was most effective
Increasing amounts of this herbicide and constant amounts
of some insecticides, increasing mortalities of insects were
observed.
31. INSECTICIDE /INSECTICIDE WITH SYNERGIST
Carbofuran (0.5 microgram)
DDT(0.5 microgram)
Parathion (0.35 microgram
Diazinon (0.2 microgram)
% with atrazine
35%
36%
30%
33%
50%
When we are using without the synergist the mortality % will
be low. With synergist it observed more than 50%
When we are using without the synergist the mortality % will
be low. With synergist it observed more than 50%
32. 3.Mixtures
Mixtures increase the level of target pest control and/or
broadening the range of pests controlled.
Most Mixtures are not primarily used for purposes of Insect
Resistance management (IRM).
The rotation of insecticide modes of action is considered
The most effective IRM approach.
Insecticide mixtures may offer benefits for IRM when
appropriately incorporated into rotation strategies with
additional mode(s) of action, but generally A single
mixture should not be relied upon alone.
Mixtures increase the level of target pest control and/or
broadening the range of pests controlled.
Most Mixtures are not primarily used for purposes of Insect
Resistance management (IRM).
The rotation of insecticide modes of action is considered
The most effective IRM approach.
Insecticide mixtures may offer benefits for IRM when
appropriately incorporated into rotation strategies with
additional mode(s) of action, but generally A single
mixture should not be relied upon alone.
33. What should be followed What should be followed ffoorr mmiixxiinngg ooff tthhee iinnsseeccttiicciiddeess??
Individual insecticides selected for use in mixtures should be highly
effective and be applied at the rates at which they are individually
registered for against the target species.
Mixtures with components having the same IRAC mode of action
Classification are not recommended for IRM.
When using mixtures, consider any known cross-‐resistance issues
between the individual components for the targeted pest/s.
Mixtures become less effective if resistance is already developing to
one or both active ingredients, but they may still provide pest
management benefits.
Individual insecticides selected for use in mixtures should be highly
effective and be applied at the rates at which they are individually
registered for against the target species.
Mixtures with components having the same IRAC mode of action
Classification are not recommended for IRM.
When using mixtures, consider any known cross-‐resistance issues
between the individual components for the targeted pest/s.
Mixtures become less effective if resistance is already developing to
one or both active ingredients, but they may still provide pest
management benefits.
34. The IRM benefits of an insecticide mixture are greatest if the two
components have similar periods of residual insecticidal activity.
The IRM benefits of an insecticide mixture are greatest if the two
components have similar periods of residual insecticidal activity.
Mixtures of insecticides with unequal periods of residual insecticide
activity may offer an IRM benefit for the period where both
insecticides are active.
Mixtures of insecticides with unequal periods of residual insecticide
activity may offer an IRM benefit for the period where both
insecticides are active.
35. Example:
A mixture of two insecticides and independent action has
been suggeted as a counter measure for the resistance.
Eg. A BHC – DDT mixture against malaria mosquitoes (BHC
is for DDT resistant survivors and DDT is for BHC resistant
survivors).
However in such cases it takes the a much shorter time for the
insects to turn the resistant to both the compounds than what it
would take if they are used separately
A mixture of two insecticides and independent action has
been suggeted as a counter measure for the resistance.
Eg. A BHC – DDT mixture against malaria mosquitoes (BHC
is for DDT resistant survivors and DDT is for BHC resistant
survivors).
However in such cases it takes the a much shorter time for the
insects to turn the resistant to both the compounds than what it
would take if they are used separately
36. 4. Negatively correlated i 4. Negatively correlated innsseeccttiicciiddeess ((ccrroossss rreessiissttaannccee))
It has been observed that resistance to one insecticide leads
to the enhanced susceptibility to another insecticide.
Cyclodiene resistant boll weevils are found to be
susceptible to Malathion and DDT resistant houseflies also
susceptible to Malathion and such a combinations be
discovered and used.
Cyclodiene resistant boll weevils are found to be
susceptible to Malathion and DDT resistant houseflies also
susceptible to Malathion and such a combinations be
discovered and used.
37. 5.USE OF INSECT HORMONES IN INSECTICIDE
5.USE OF INSECT HORMONES IN INSECTICIDE
RESISTANT MANAGEMENT
RESISTANT MANAGEMENT
Just as pheromones modulate insect
behaviour, hormones regulate growth and
reproduction in insects.
Both these processes can be interfered with
by providing exogenous hormones at wrong
times that is when they are not needed by the
insect system .
38. 6. Developing newer compounds – It should be a
continuous process to have more and more
substitutions or alternates.
6. Developing newer compounds – It should be a
continuous process to have more and more
substitutions or alternates.
There should be a constant attempt to search
for newer insecticides.
This will make a large number of insecticides
available for substitution when particular
insecticides fails t kill.
39. 77.. SSppoott sspprraayyiinngg
By treating border rows only (for pests that migrate into
your planting from outside) and localized "hot spots" where
pest numbers are over the action threshold.
You leave large areas unsprayed for susceptible pests to
survive.
These areas can be treated at a later date, if thresholds are
reached.
By treating border rows only (for pests that migrate into
your planting from outside) and localized "hot spots" where
pest numbers are over the action threshold.
You leave large areas unsprayed for susceptible pests to
survive.
These areas can be treated at a later date, if thresholds are
reached.
40. 8. INTEGRATED APPROACH:
An integrated approach to the control of insect
pests will reduce the application of the insecticides
which in turn will lower insecticides pressure on
the insects under such a condition genes governing
resistance may not get activated or may take a
longer time to do so and keep resistance postponed
for some time
An integrated approach to control of insect
pests will reduce the application of the insecticides
which in turn will lower insecticides pressure on
the insects such a condition genes governing
resistance not get activated or take a
longer do so for some time
41. Crop
production
Crop
production
Less
resistance
Less
resistance
Cultural control
Biological control
Mechanical control
Legal control
Cultural control
Biological control
Mechanical control
Legal control
Chemeical control
Physical control
Chemeical control
Physical control
IIPPMM
In the IPM we are doing the less dumping
of the insecticides
Need based application
Avoiding the resistance developed
-insecticides
Recommended dosage
In the IPM we are doing the less dumping
of the insecticides
Need based application
Avoiding the resistance developed
-insecticides
Recommended dosage
42. 99.. PPHHEERROOMMOONNEESS RROOLLEE
Pheromones regulate the insect behaviour.
By using of the sex pheromones insects could be driven to
poison baits and they will die.
By providing the aggregation pheromones they could be
driven to the wrong host plants where they would starve
and die.
To evaluate the insecticide resistance in the field.
Pheromones regulate the insect behaviour.
By using of the sex pheromones insects could be driven to
poison baits and they will die.
By providing the aggregation pheromones they could be
driven to the wrong host plants where they would starve
and die.
To evaluate the insecticide resistance in the field.
45. Secure® or Success® use from 1 Sep until 31 Jan.
Regent®, Proclaim® or Avatar ® use from 1 Feb until 31
Aug.
Labels of new products place a limit on the number of
applications to be used. If further control is required on one
planting, different groups from within the same window
should be rotated.
It is important to monitor crops regularly for DBM.
Do not use mixtures of insecticides for controlling DBM.
Use of the biological insecticide, Bt, in the early stages of
crop development is encouraged.
Good crop hygiene, such as use of clean seedlings and the
prompt working in of harvested crops, will reduce your
DBM problems.
63. 1.Fine scale 1.Fine scale mmoossaaiicc ssttrraatteeggyy
Spatially separated applications of different compounds
against the same insect constitute a “mosaic” approach to
resistance management.
by using two insecticides in different dwellings within the
same village.
This creates the potential for insects within a single
generation to come into contact with both insecticides, and
would reduce the rate of resistance selection, provided that
multiple resistance within the vector population was extremely
rare.
If such a fine scale mosaic is to be used, careful records of
which insecticide was used in each house are essential
Spatially separated applications of different compounds
against the same insect constitute a “mosaic” approach to
resistance management.
by using two insecticides in different dwellings within the
same village.
This creates the potential for insects within a single
generation to come into contact with both insecticides, and
would reduce the rate of resistance selection, provided that
multiple resistance within the vector population was extremely
rare.
If such a fine scale mosaic is to be used, careful records of
which insecticide was used in each house are essential
64. Spraying at homes for control of the
vectors
Spraying at homes for control of the
vectors
66. summary
1.We should not take unnecessary pesticide applications
2.based on the ETL levels only we have to take the chemical
control if the pest not controlled by other practice
3.Follow the recommended dose of insecticide
4.Follow the insecticide rotations
5.Use of the insecticide mixtures
6.Negative correlated insecticides we have to use
7.Use the synergists along with the insecticides
8. Go for the spot spraying
9.Use insect growth regulators
10.Use of the pheromones
11.Give importance to the IPM practices other than the
chemical contol
12.In case of Bt crops we have to follow the refugia strategy.
13. In case of vectors and house hold pests along with general resistance
1.We should not ta ke unnecessary pesticide applications
2.based on the ETL levels only we have to take the chemical
control if the pest not controlled by other practice
3.Follow the recommended dose of insecticide
4.Follow the insecticide rotations
5.Use of the insecticide mixtures
6.Negative correlated insecticides we have to use
7.Use the synergists along with the insecticides
8. Go for the spot spraying
9.Use insect growth regulators
10.Use of the pheromones
11.Give importance to the IPM practices other than the
chemical contol
12.In case of Bt crops we have to follow the refugia strategy.
13. In case of vectors and house hold pests along with general resistance
67. Role of Agriculture Department
1.1.Go Go and and aware the the farmers about the the insecticide
insecticide
resistance resistance and and its its management
management
2.2.Give Give the recommended recommended strategies strategies that given by by the
the
IRAC IRAC for for different crops.
crops.
3.3.Follow Follow the the labels labels which which are are given given along along with with the
the
containers-containers-not not to to recommend recommend not registered registered and
and
banned banned insecticides insecticides which are responsible for the
resistance
resistance
4.4.Learn Learn the the farmers farmers how to prepare the pesticide spray
preparation preparation for that conduct conduct trainings
trainings
68. conclusion
As long as the farmers using the
chemicals injudiciously there is
problem of the resistance prevail so
we have to aware the farmers and
recommend the authorized IRM
strategies.
69. Referneces
1.Insecticide Resistance Management Strategies De ve lo pe d by the
Cro pLife Australia Inse cticide Re sistance Manag eme nt Re view Gro up .
2.Insect Resistance Management Stewardship Guide For U.S. Corn and
Cotton-Growing Areas.
3.Gene pyramiding as a Bt resistance management Strategy by
Manyangarirwa
4.Baseline Studies on Insect Resistance Management Strategy for Bt-
Cotton in Kenya BY Waturu C N,Muriuki S.J. N and Taracha C.
5.Insecticide Resistance Management Strategies
Developed by the CropLife Australia Insecticide Resistance
Management Review Group
6.Insecticide Resistance: Causes and Action-IRAC
7.Prevention and management of insecticide resistance in vectors and
pests of public health importance -IRAC
1.Insecticide Resistance Management Strategies De ve lo pe d by the
Cro pLife Australia Inse cticide Re sistance Manag eme nt Re view Gro up .
2.Insect Resistance Management Stewardship Guide For U.S. Corn and
Cotton-Growing Areas.
3.Gene pyramiding as a Bt resistance management Strategy by
Manyangarirwa
4.Baseline Studies on Insect Resistance Management Strategy for Bt-
Cotton in Kenya BY Waturu C N,Muriuki S.J. N and Taracha C.
5.Insecticide Resistance Management Strategies
Developed by the CropLife Australia Insecticide Resistance
Management Review Group
6.Insecticide Resistance: Causes and Action-IRAC
7.Prevention and management of insecticide resistance in vectors and
pests of public health importance -IRAC
70. 2.WWW.IRAC.COM
3.Elements of Economic Entomology –B.Vasantharaj david
4.Applied entomology K.P .srivastava
2.WWW.IRAC.COM
3.Elements of Economic Entomology –B.Vasantharaj david
4.Applied entomology K.P .srivastava