Mutagenesis is the process by which the genetic information
of an organism is changed in a stable manner.
The term ‘mutation breeding’ has become popular as it
draws attention to deliberate efforts of breeders and
the specific techniques they have used in creating and
harnessing desired variation in developing elite breeding
lines and cultivated varieties.
Mutagenesis is the process by which the genetic information
of an organism is changed in a stable manner.
The term ‘mutation breeding’ has become popular as it
draws attention to deliberate efforts of breeders and
the specific techniques they have used in creating and
harnessing desired variation in developing elite breeding
lines and cultivated varieties.
1. STABILITY OF MALE STERILE LINES - ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE ON STERILITY - EGMS - TYPES AND INFLUENCE ON THEIR EXPRESSION, GENETIC STUDIES.
2. PHOTO SENSITIVE GENETIC MALE STERILITY AND ITS USES IN HETEROSIS BREEDING
3. TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE GENETIC MALE STERILITY AND ITS USES IN HETEROSIS BREEDING
1. STABILITY OF MALE STERILE LINES - ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE ON STERILITY - EGMS - TYPES AND INFLUENCE ON THEIR EXPRESSION, GENETIC STUDIES.
2. PHOTO SENSITIVE GENETIC MALE STERILITY AND ITS USES IN HETEROSIS BREEDING
3. TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE GENETIC MALE STERILITY AND ITS USES IN HETEROSIS BREEDING
INTRODUCTION
Several method of employed for preservation and extension of self life of fish ranging from primitive drying/smoking to freezing and freez drying. Another important step forward is the development of technology for transportation of live fish. A notable and conceptual difference from all these method is utilization of ionizing radiation for food preservation.
Preservation of foods using ionizing radiation is called irradiation. Preservation of food by irradiation is on of the truly peaceful uses of atomic energy irradiation of foods has been found useful and effective to:
• Inhibit sprouting or reducing weight losses in vegetable such as potato, onion etc. during storage.
• Delay the ripening of fruits.
• Kill insect pests in fruits, grains or spices.
• Reduce or eliminate food spoiling microorganisms in meat and seafood products.
Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) is a combined tool of plant mutagenesis and DNA Biology to investigate useful mutations at Genomic level. First time used for cotton improvement.
What Remains to be Discovered: Unlocking the Potential of Modern BiosciencesSIANI
Presented at the workshop "Moving Africa Towards a Knowledge based Bio-economy: How can Sweden assist?" organised by the SIANI Bio-economy Expert Group. More at: http://www.siani.se/news/siani-bioeconomy-expert-group-business
Strain improvement technique (exam point of view)Sijo A
The development of industrial strains, that can tolerate cultural environment and produces the desired metabolite in large amount from wild type strain is called strain improvement.
The rate of production is controlled by genome of an organism.
Hence the rate of production can be increased by inducing necessory changes in genome of the organism. Hence it is also called genetic improvement of microbial strain.
One of the earliest crops recognized by man is Cowpea, it is a pulse generally improved and cultivated all over the world (Aveling,1999).
The legume provides essential protein while the leaves are used as a nourishing vegetable.
Mutation Induction for Improvement of Banana (Musa Spp). "Berangan Cv. Intan-...paperpublications3
Abstract: In vitro mutation induction by using gamma ray at 20, 30, 40 and 60Gy was used to generate variability in triploid banana "Berangan cv. Intan (AAA), so as to provide the opportunity to select plants with desirable characters such as early fruiting and short stature. Mutation frequency increased with increased dosage whereas, survival and capacity to regenerate decreased with increased doses. Time to initiation varied from 4-8 weeks for gamma-irradiated materials compared to 2-3 weeks in the control. It appeared that the higher the dose, the longer it took for shoot initiation. The exposure of shoot-tip meristem pieces to radiation doses produced wide variation in growth and morphogenetic performance. Mutagenic treatments induced 2 to 3- fold increases in variability in both quantitative and qualitative traits at different stages, in vitro; at nursery and field. For the field-grown plants; the proportion varied from 2.9% for the control plants to 16.8% for 60 Gy and 20.1% for 40 Gy-treatments, while for treatments at 20 and 30 Gy variations was at 18% and 19.2%, respectively. The frequency of variants was highest in 40 Gy followed by 30 Gy and 20 Gy, while it was very low in 60 Gy except for plant stature (dwarfism or stunted growth). Earliness to flowering variants were recorded at 20, 30 and 40 Gy at low frequencies (0.6%, 0.7% and 1.7%) respectively, while none was observed for 60 Gy treatments. As in vitro mutation induction could create genetic variability as well as many undesirable variants, it is highly desirable to integrate in vitro mutation with a selection system that can screen for large mutagen treated population. The useful variants recorded for earliness to flowering were selected for 30 and 40 Gy treatments. 40 Gy showed high frequency in earliness as compared with 20 and 30 Gy., which came to flowering as early as 6 – 6.5 months compared to 7-8 months for control. The useful dwarf, which considered as desirable traits, showed a balance of height and girth.
Mutation Induction for Improvement of Banana (Musa Spp.) Berangan Cv. Intan-AAApaperpublications3
Abstract: In vitro mutation induction by using gamma ray at 20, 30, 40 and 60Gy was used to generate variability in triploid banana "Berangan cv. Intan (AAA), so as to provide the opportunity to select plants with desirable characters such as early fruiting and short stature. Mutation frequency increased with increased dosage whereas, survival and capacity to regenerate decreased with increased doses. Time to initiation varied from 4-8 weeks for gamma-irradiated materials compared to 2-3 weeks in the control. It appeared that the higher the dose, the longer it took for shoot initiation. The exposure of shoot-tip meristem pieces to radiation doses produced wide variation in growth and morphogenetic performance. Mutagenic treatments induced 2 to 3- fold increases in variability in both quantitative and qualitative traits at different stages, in vitro; at nursery and field. For the field-grown plants; the proportion varied from 2.9% for the control plants to 16.8% for 60 Gy and 20.1% for 40 Gy-treatments, while for treatments at 20 and 30 Gy variations was at 18% and 19.2%, respectively. The frequency of variants was highest in 40 Gy followed by 30 Gy and 20 Gy, while it was very low in 60 Gy except for plant stature (dwarfism or stunted growth). Earliness to flowering variants were recorded at 20, 30 and 40 Gy at low frequencies (0.6%, 0.7% and 1.7%) respectively, while none was observed for 60 Gy treatments. As in vitro mutation induction could create genetic variability as well as many undesirable variants, it is highly desirable to integrate in vitro mutation with a selection system that can screen for large mutagen treated population. The useful variants recorded for earliness to flowering were selected for 30 and 40 Gy treatments. 40 Gy showed high frequency in earliness as compared with 20 and 30 Gy., which came to flowering as early as 6 – 6.5 months compared to 7-8 months for control. The useful dwarf, which considered as desirable traits, showed a balance of height and girth.
Establishment of an in vitro propagation and transformation system of Balani...PGS
This lecture was a part of Plant Genetics Seminars - PGS 2017/2018 at Assiut University. These seminars organized by Dr. Ahmed Sallam, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University
Abstract
Balanites aegyptiaca is a drought-tolerant but salt-sensitive tree species distributed in the tropical and arid lands in Africa and Asia; the seeds were used in biodiesel production. This study aimed to establish an in vitro propagation system of two B. aegyptiaca provenances from nodal and cotyledon explants. The explants were placed on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and thidiazuron (TDZ) for shoot induction. BA was significantly more effective in shoot induction from nodal explants. Three different Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (EHA105, GV3101, and LBA4404) harboring the plasmid pCAMBIA2301 containing the nptII marker and gus reporter genes were used to establish a transformation system in B. aegyptiaca. Strain GV3101 resulted in the highest survival rates and highest number of explants positive in the GUS assay. This selected A. tumefaciens strain was used to introduce pBinAR containing the sequence encoding ERD10 (early responsive to dehydration 10) to produce salt-tolerant B. aegyptiaca plants.
An attempt was made to study the Cytogenetical effects of gamma rays and ethyl methane sulphonate on meiotic chromosomal abnormalities in two cultivars viz., PKV-1 and JS-335. The most frequently observed aberrations in meiosis were univalents, trivalent, multivalents chromosomal fragments, desynapsis of chromosome, laggards, and clumping of chromosomes etc. The physical mutagens were more effective than chemical mutagens. The effect of gamma-rays and ethyl methane sulphonate shows chlorophyll mutations such as Chlorina, Xantha, Albina, and Alboviridis in an M2 generation in both the cultivars. Cultivar JS-335 shows more pronounced effect than cultivar PKV-1. Gamma-rays recorded maximum macro mutations as compared to chemical mutagens (EMS). The frequency and spectrum of morphological mutation indicated that variety JS-335 was more sensitive than PKV-1. Different response of the two varieties to various mutagens was noticed. Key-words- Gamma radiation, EMS, Chromosomal aberrations, Mutagens, Chlorophyll mutation
Detection of transgenic canola (Roundup Ready® - Monsanto)claudio iannetta
Determination of a validation protocol, based on
established European Union methods, for the detection
of transgenic canola (Roundup Ready® - Monsanto) in
seed samples using molecular techniques
Flow Cytometric Analysis for Ploidy and DNA Content of Banana Variants Induce...paperpublications3
Abstract: Nuclear DNA content of mutated banana plants was determined by using flow cytometric techniques. It is a powerful tool for large scale screening of ploidy levels. Nuclei were isolated from young leaves from (banana mutants & Glycine plants) supplemented with Propidium- iodide (PI) and RNAse. "Glycine max" used as internal reference standard for identifying the nuclear DNA content by FCM. For ploidy estimation DAPI was used. The results showed differences in DNA content between variants indicating the effect of gamma-irradiation on the genotype of these plants. Variants of short plant stature or stunted growth showed great differences in DNA content compared to control (non-irradiated). The phenotypic variations observed at high doses were likely due to changes in the DNA sequences at the chromosomal level. Nuclear DNA contents decreased with an increase of gamma-dose from 20 Gy to 60 Gy. However, there were no significant differences between DNA content at 20 Gy and 30 Gy and also between 40 Gy and 60 Gy, while they were differed significantly from the control. The results showed no significant differences in ploidy level between all samples used (3n); while all selected mutants (variants) showed differences in DNA content.
Centre of innovation, Agricultural College and Research Institute,MaduraiSenthil Natesan
Establishment Central Instrumentation facility with the cost of 6.03 crore to take up multidisciplinary research project at AC&RI,Madurai. The analytical platform includes UP-HPLC for amino acid analysis, XRF for micronutrient analysis and GC-MS for metabolic profiling. The imaging facilities like upright, inverted and Florence microscope established for imaging pathogen & Insects. The molecular biology lab with real time PCR will help for the gene expression studies.
The agriculture sector employs nearly half of the workforce in the country. However, it contributes to 17.5% of the GDP (at current prices in 2015-16).Agriculture sector’s contribution has decreased from more than 50% of GDP in the 1950s to 15.4% in 2015-16 (at constant prices). This slides discuss about Indian agriculture status and problems and solutions.
paper presented during the National seminar on Challanges and Innovative approaches in Crop Improvement at AC&RI, Madurai. during December 16-17, 2014 .Germplasm conservation in Oil Palm by Dr P. Murugesan Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research
Improvement of Medicinal Plants: Challenges and Innovative ApproachesSenthil Natesan
Paper Presented during the National seminar on Challenges and Innovative approaches in crop improvement held at AC&RI, Madurai , TNAU by
Dr.P. Manivel, Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi-387310, Anand, Gujarat
Genomics platform for agriculture-CAT lectureSenthil Natesan
The popular lecture for the undergraduate students of agriculture to know about the application of biotechnology in agriculture science graduates. Some of the major break through inventions how it impact on agriculture research and development
Castor is an oilseed plant which is earning attention on researchers in recent days. Because of this, the gemplasms of ancient varieties were now recovered and grown in trial fields for getting genetically superior variety.
As a result, in Castor and Tapioca research station there a variety named YRCH (Yethapur Ricinus Communis Hybrid) with all desired traits which are essential for a plant both phenotypically and genetically was developed.
Triacylglycerols produced by plants are one of the most energy-rich and abundant forms of reduced carbon available from nature. Given their chemical similarities, plant oils represent a logical substitute for conventional diesel, a non-renewable energy source. However, as plant oils are too viscous for use in modern diesel engines, they are converted to fatty acid esters. Apart from seed oil vegetative tissue is potential source as bio mass for biofuel production, taking 15 tonnes per hectare as an average dry matter yield for a perennial grass, an oil content of 20– 25% by weight will produce about 3400 l of biodiesel (Heaton et al., 2004). There is growing interest in engineering green biomass to expand the production of plant oils as feed and biofuels. Here, we show that PHOSPHOLIPID: DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE1 (PDAT1) is a critical enzyme involved in triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis in leaves. Overexpression of PDAT1 increases leaf TAG accumulation, leading to oil droplet overexpansion through fusion. Ectopic expression of oleosin promotes the clustering of small oil droplets. Coexpression of PDAT1 with oleosin boosts leaf TAG content by up to 6.4% of the dry weight without affecting membrane lipid composition and plant growth. PDAT1 overexpression stimulates fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and increases fatty acid flux toward the prokaryotic glycerolipid pathway (Julian at al..2013). First, an Arabidopsis thaliana gene diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) coding for a key enzyme in triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis, was expressed in tobacco under the control of a strong ribulose-biphosphate carboxylase small subunit promoter. This modification led to up to a 20-fold increase in TAG accumulation in tobacco leaves and translated into an overall of about a twofold increase in extracted fatty acids (FA) up to 5.8% of dry biomass in Nicotiana tabacum cv Wisconsin, and up to 6% in high-sugar tobacco variety NC-55 ( Andrianovet al 2010). Therefore Biotechnology has important and perhaps critical part to play in large-scale development of Biodiesel.
Vaccines have been revolutionary for the prevention of infectious diseases. Despite worldwide immunization of children against the six devastating diseases, 20% of infants are still left un-immunized; responsible for approximately two million unnecessary deaths every year, especially in the remote and impoverished parts of the globe. This is because of the constraints on vaccine production, distribution and delivery. One hundred percent coverage is desirable, because un-immunized populations in remote areas can spread infections and epidemics in the immunized safe areas, which have comparatively low herd immunity. For some infectious diseases, immunizations either do not exist or they are unreliable or very expensive. Immunization through DNA vaccines is an alternative but is an expensive approach, with disappointing immune response. Hence the search is on for cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socio-culturally readily acceptable vaccines and their delivery systems. As Hippocrates said, Let thy food be thy medicine, scientists suggest that plants and plant viruses can be genetically engineered to produce vaccines against diseases such as dental caries; and life-threatening infections like diarrhea, AIDS, etc (Lal et al., 2007)
Cellular signal transduction pathways under abiotic stressSenthil Natesan
Abiotic stresses, especially cold, salinity and drought, are the primary causes of crop loss worldwide. Plant adaptation to environmental stresses is dependent upon the activation of cascades of molecular networks involved in stress perception, signal transduction, and the expression of specific stress-related genes and metabolites. Plants have stress-specific adaptive responses as well as responses which protect the plants from more than one environmental stress. There are multiple stress perception and signaling pathways, some of which are specific, but others may cross-talk at various steps (Knight & knight ,2001).Many cold induced pathways are activated to protect plants from deleterious effects of cold stress, but till date, most studied pathway is ICE-CBF-COR signaling pathway (Miura and Furumoto,2013 ) . The Salt-Overly-Sensitive (SOS) pathway, identified through isolation and study of the sos1, sos2, and sos3 mutants, is essential for maintaining favorable ion ratios in the cytoplasm and for tolerance of salt stress (shi .et al ,2002). Both ABA-dependent and -independent signaling pathways appear to be involved in osmotic stress tolerance (Nakashima and shinozaki, 2013) .ROS play a dual role in the response of plants to abiotic stresses functioning as toxic by-products of stress metabolism, as well as important signal transduction molecules and the ROS signaling networks can control growth, development, and stress response ( Mahajan,s and Tuteja, 2005) .
Genotyping by Sequencing is a robust,fast and cheap approach for high throughput marker discovery.It has applications in crop improvement programs by enhancing identification of superior genotypes.
TNAU CRMD - A Customer Relationship Management datahouse for TNAUSenthil Natesan
Every great business starts with a great relationship. Every great relationship starts with You.
The strategy for establishing, developing and maintaining these relationships is CRM. (Customer Relationship Management).
The system that support this strategy is TNAU CRMD software.
TNAU CRMD offers unrivalled flexibility to design CRM applications and processes based on our needs.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
3. Sources of natural variations
Spontaneous mutation
Occurs in the absence of a
mutation causing agent
Induced mutation
Originates from an
exposure to a mutagenic
agent.
Sudden heritable change in characters of an organism
5. Radiation: Energy in the form of particles or
electromagnetic waves`
Ionizing Radiation: Radiation with sufficient energy to
remove an electron from an atom or molecule.
Radiation
6. The spontaneous emission of radiation by unstable atoms
Radioactivity
Paper
Alpha Particles
Beta Particles
Gamma rays
Concrete
7. APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION IN AGRICULTURE AND FOOD
Genetic
improvement
of crop plants
Control of
Insect pest
(SIT)
Fertilizer
use
efficiency
study
Preservation
of
Agricultural
produce
8. Genetic improvement of crops using radiation in Agriculture
Radiation
Gammacell Irradiator
Genetic variation
Parent Mutant
New variety
Induction of genetic variability
22. Simulated water stress
method in the field
Susceptible Tolerant
Long tap root mutant
Long root mutant - mungbean
Long root mutant (71 cm)
Samrat (control) (19.5 cm)
25. The raffinose family
oligosaccharides (RFOs), such
as raffinose, stachyose and
verbascose, are synthesized
from sucrose by the
subsequent addition of
galactose moieties donated by
galactinol.
Indigestible in human and monogastric
animals as they lack α-galactosidase
Flatulence causing sugars
26. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Sucrose Raffinose Stachyose Verbascose Ajugose Total RFOs
Oligosaccharide(mg/gseedmeal)
TU94-2
TU43-1
TU55-1
TU 51
TU 1-820-1-5
P
P
P
(Parent)
Genotype /
Sugar Total RFO (mg/g)
TU 94-2 58.3
TU 1-820-1-5 43.2
TU 43-1 26.6
TU 51 41.8
TU 55-1 36.5
P
29. Trombay Mung varieties
TMB 37
Popular in Madhya Pradesh and
Uttar Pradesh, Early maturing
for summer seasons,
TJM-3
High Yielding & resistant to
PM, YMV & Rhizoctonia root rot
diseases
TM96-2
High yielding, PM resistant
& suitable for rice fallows.
30. Black gram varieties
TAU 1: TAU1 is very popular in Maharashtra covering
maximum black gram area
TU 94-2: Resistant to Yellow Mosaic Virus. Andhra
Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu
31. Released for Maharashtra, WB, Rajasthan and Karnataka
Trombay groundnut variety, TAG 24 for commercial cultivation
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Record yield Most of the
farmers
National
average
Podyieldintonnes/hectare
TAG 24 yield realization on farmers' fields
32. Large seed size in groundnut
Mutant varieties with large seed size which can mature in
shorter time 110-120 days.
TKG-19A, TPG-41, TLG-45, TDG-39
TPG-41
Matures in 115-120 days
High oleic acid (62%)
Seed dormancy of 25 days
33. Defined objective
Use of efficient mutagens.
Seed material
Pure seed, (12-14% moisture content)
LD50 and appropriate dose: one appropriate, second a
little less and third a little more dose
M1 generation
M2 Large population (plant to row)
Rapid screening procedure
The key to the success of a mutation breeding
34. Successes in plant mutation breeding
3218 registered mutant varieties
in 214 plant species
Majority (> 80%) have been developed by nuclear techniques
Most are food security crops
Legumes 492
Others 378
Cereals 1589
Flowers 642
Oil crops 110
Successes in plant mutation breeding
35. Total Number : 3218 Asia: 1937 (60%)
China (810)
India (329)
Russian Federation (216)
Netherland (176)
Mutant Variety Database
36. Mutant cultivars released in India
Total 329 ( 48 crop species)
Group Species No. of mutants % of
total
Cereals 6 71 23.6
Legumes 10 49 16.3
Oil crops 5 33 11.0
Industrial 4 24 8.0
Vegetables 8 11 3.6
Ornamentals 9 102 33.9
Other 6 11 3.6
37. Type of radiation No. of mutants % of
total
Gamma rays 910 64.5
x-rays 311 22.0
gamma chronic 61 4.3
fast neutrons 48 3.4
thermal neutrons 22 1.6
other 59 4.2
Total by radiations 1411 100.0
Mutant varieties developed with
different types of radiation (World)
Source: IAEA
38. New mutagens for crop improvement
Why do we need new mutagens?
What are the new mutagens?
Space radiation
Electron beam radiation
Ion beam radiation
40. New mutagens: Electron and Ion beam radiation
Electrons /Positively charged ions are accelerated at a
high speed (around 20–80%of the speed of light) and
used to irradiate target cells.
As a physical mutagen, ion beams are similar to other
forms of radiation such as X-rays, γ-rays, and
electrons.
It is different from X-rays, γ-rays in that ion beams
have much higher linear energy transfer (LET)
Source: Accelerators
41. Particle accelerators are machines, which are capable of
producing beams of electrically charged particles of kinetic
energy ranging from several hundreds of keV to thousands
of MeV
ION BEAM: cyclotron particle accelerator
44. Ion Beam X-Rays, γ rays
etc.
Mutagen type Physical Physical
Linear energy
transfer (LET)
High Low
LET 10–1000
keV/µm or higher
0.2 keV/µm
Relative biological
effectiveness
High Low
Large DNA alteration
(DSB & deletion)
High Low
Dose rate High (2x105
Gy/sec.)
Low
(10Gy/sec.)
Mutation frequency & Higher Lower
spectrum
Ion Beam Vs Gamma rays
45. LET is the energy deposited to target
material when an ionizing particle passes
through it.
dE is the average energy locally imparted
to the medium.
dx : distance traversed in the medium
Linear Energy Transfer (LET)
46. Different kinds of radiation have
different energy transfer pattern.
Equal doses of different types of
radiation do not produce equal
biological effect.
1 Gy of neutron produces a greater biological effect than 1 Gy
of gamma rays.
The difference lie in the pattern of energy transfer
Relative Biological Effect (RBE)
For low LET » RBE proportional to LET
For high LET » RBE maximum
Over kill effect
47. The optimal LET
The average separation in ionizing events produced by
sparsely ionizing radiation e.g. X-ray is ̴50 A.
LET of 100 keV/µm is optimal in terms of producing
biological effect. Ionizing event=diameter of DNA
double helix leading to double strand breaks (DSBs).
More free radicals are created in short span of time,
which are distributes closely in space.
48. Mutation induced by Ion Beams
48
Energy deposition Irradiation to cell
・ ・・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・ ・・
g-rays: low LET radiation
spur (~3nm)
300nm
g-rays: 2,000 spurs/Gy
Nucleus
Ion beams: high LET radiation Carbon ions: 4 tracks/Gy
Core
(~3nm) Nucleus
Can ion beams cause different mutation?
Ion-beam induced mutation for plant breeding
1. High mutation rate :Small samples & spaces for screening
2. Broad mutation spectrum :Producing new varieties and mutants
3. Minimum No. of DNA damage :Pinpoint-breeding without bad
characters
51. Rice breeding suitable for low nitrogen input
- for a solution to eutrophication -
New Varieties
Low-nitrogen-fertilizer
grown rice mutant var.
Original var.
“Akino-uta”
52. Food safely & security:
development of low-cadmium Koshihikari rice
コシヒカリ lcd-kmt1
WT:
Koshihikari
Low-cadmium
mutant variety
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2012)
コシヒカリ lcd-kmt1WT: Koshihikari
Low-cadmium
mutant variety
WT: Koshihikari
Low-cadmium
mutant variety
Field A
(High Cd)
Field B
(High Cd)
Field C
(High Cd)
GrainCd
Maximum
allowed Cd
concent.
Conclusive evidences
1. The same yield and good taste as
original Koshihikari
2. Three independent mutants on the
same gene
(1) One base deletion
(2) Large deletion (277 kbp)
(3) Insertion of transposon (433 bp)
Ion beam breeding is definitely
suitable for staple grain !
53. OrnamentalsModel plants
Low-nitrogen-
fertilizer grown rice
Crops
Novel mutants and varieties induced by ion beams
Trees & fruit
Melon with good
growth in low
temperature
Oyster mushroom
with new character
UV-B resistant
Frilled flower
Flavonoid accumulation
Bacterial-Leaf-Blight
resistant rice
Blast resistant rice
Potato Virus Yellow
resistant tobacco
Yellow Mosaic Virus
resistant barley
Carnation with new
flower color/shape
New flower-color
chrysanthemum
Osteospermum with
new pastel coloration
Ficus with high NO2
assimilation
Chrysanthemum with
reducing axillary buds
53
Hyper-
Yeast producing higher
amount of ethyl caproate
Microorganism
Wax –rich conifer
Thornless mutant of
Yuzu (Citrus junos)
Protease high-producing
Aspergillus
High temperature
resistant rizobium
54. Spectrum and frequency of mutants induced
by electron and ion bean irradiation (India)
Rice
Black gram
1 ?
2?
3?
4?
1 ?
2?
3?
4?
55. Induced mutation stay as an efficient plant breeding
method towards improvement of legumes .
Electron / Ion beams can be utilized as a novel
mutagen to generate new mutants for basic research
and to create new varieties as novel genetic resources.
Mutation induction is producing mutation grids for
gene discovery and gene function analyses an
invaluable resource for genomics, reverse and forward
genetics.
Conclusion