The agriculture sector employs nearly half of the workforce in the country. However, it contributes to 17.5% of the GDP (at current prices in 2015-16).Agriculture sector’s contribution has decreased from more than 50% of GDP in the 1950s to 15.4% in 2015-16 (at constant prices). This slides discuss about Indian agriculture status and problems and solutions.
Contents:
Introduction
Definition of Green Revolution
History of Green Revolution
Methods used in Green Revolution
Basic Elements in Method of Green Revolution
Causes of Green Revolution
Effects of Green Revolution
Result/ Evaluation of Green Revolution
Advantages of Green Revolution
Limitations of Green Revolution
About 75% people are living in rural areas and are still dependent on Agriculture.
About 43% of India’s geographical area is used for agricultural activity.
Agriculture continues to play a major role in Indian Economy.
Provides food to more than 1 billion people
Produces 51 major crops
Contributes to 1/6th of the Export Earnings
Contents:
Introduction
Definition of Green Revolution
History of Green Revolution
Methods used in Green Revolution
Basic Elements in Method of Green Revolution
Causes of Green Revolution
Effects of Green Revolution
Result/ Evaluation of Green Revolution
Advantages of Green Revolution
Limitations of Green Revolution
About 75% people are living in rural areas and are still dependent on Agriculture.
About 43% of India’s geographical area is used for agricultural activity.
Agriculture continues to play a major role in Indian Economy.
Provides food to more than 1 billion people
Produces 51 major crops
Contributes to 1/6th of the Export Earnings
India is considered as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Agriculture is the mother of any economy, whether it is rich or poor. Much of its influence is on the other sectors of economy - industry and service. India is the second largest in farm output. Hence, India’s economic security continues to be predicated upon the agriculture sector, and the situation is not likely to change in the near future. Even today, the share of agriculture in employment is about 49% of the population, as against around 75% at the time of independence. In the same period, the contribution of agriculture and allied sector to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has fallen from 61% to 17% in 2015-16. Around 51% of India’s geographical area is already under cultivation as compared to 11% of the world average. China with lesser cultivable land produces double the food grains, i.e. 607 million tons in 2015 -16 as compared with India’s 252 million tons in 2015-16. The present cropping intensity of 136% has registered an increase of only 25% since independence. Further, rain fed dry lands constitute 65% of the total net sown area. There is also an unprecedented degradation of land (107 million ha) and groundwater resource, and also fall in the rate of growth of total factor productivity. This deceleration needs to be arrested and agricultural productivity has to be doubled to meet growing demands of the population by 2050. Natural resource base of agriculture, which provides for sustainable production, is shrinking and degrading, and is adversely affecting production capacity of the ecosystem. However, demand for agriculture is rising rapidly with increase in population and per capita income and growing demand from industry sector. There is, thus, an urgent need to identify severity of problem confronting agriculture sector to restore its vitality and put it back on higher growth trajectory. The problems, however, are surmountable, particularly when new tools of science and technology have started offering tremendous opportunities for application in agriculture. However, the country recorded impressive achievements in agriculture during three decades since the onset of green revolution in late sixties. This enabled the country to overcome widespread hunger and starvation; achieve self-sufficiency in food; reduce poverty and bring economic transformation in millions of rural families. The situation, however, started turning adverse for the sector around mid-nineties, with slowdown in growth rate of output, which then resulted in stagnation or even decline in farmers’ income leading to agrarian distress, which is spreading and turning more and more serious. This Paper attempts to focus attention on Issues, Challenges and Government policies of Indian Agriculture in the context of Globalization.
India is considered as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Agriculture is the mother of any economy, whether it is rich or poor. Much of its influence is on the other sectors of economy - industry and service. India is the second largest in farm output. Hence, India’s economic security continues to be predicated upon the agriculture sector, and the situation is not likely to change in the near future. Even today, the share of agriculture in employment is about 49% of the population, as against around 75% at the time of independence. In the same period, the contribution of agriculture and allied sector to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has fallen from 61% to 17% in 2015-16. Around 51% of India’s geographical area is already under cultivation as compared to 11% of the world average. China with lesser cultivable land produces double the food grains, i.e. 607 million tons in 2015 -16 as compared with India’s 252 million tons in 2015-16. The present cropping intensity of 136% has registered an increase of only 25% since independence. Further, rain fed dry lands constitute 65% of the total net sown area. There is also an unprecedented degradation of land (107 million ha) and groundwater resource, and also fall in the rate of growth of total factor productivity. This deceleration needs to be arrested and agricultural productivity has to be doubled to meet growing demands of the population by 2050. Natural resource base of agriculture, which provides for sustainable production, is shrinking and degrading, and is adversely affecting production capacity of the ecosystem. However, demand for agriculture is rising rapidly with increase in population and per capita income and growing demand from industry sector. There is, thus, an urgent need to identify severity of problem confronting agriculture sector to restore its vitality and put it back on higher growth trajectory. The problems, however, are surmountable, particularly when new tools of science and technology have started offering tremendous opportunities for application in agriculture. However, the country recorded impressive achievements in agriculture during three decades since the onset of green revolution in late sixties. This enabled the country to overcome widespread hunger and starvation; achieve self-sufficiency in food; reduce poverty and bring economic transformation in millions of rural families. The situation, however, started turning adverse for the sector around mid-nineties, with slowdown in growth rate of output, which then resulted in stagnation or even decline in farmers’ income leading to agrarian distress, which is spreading and turning more and more serious. This Paper attempts to focus attention on Issues, Challenges and Government policies of Indian Agriculture in the context of Globalization.
Major agricultural problems of india and various government initiativesVaishali Sharma
this ppt. comprises or all the major problems in agricultural sector in india by the farmers and various government initiatives taken by government for the sake of agricultural sector in year of 2016-17.
At 179.9 million hectares, India holds the second largest agricultural land in the world. A majority of the Indian population relies on agriculture for employment and livelihood. Steady investments in technology development, irrigation infrastructure, emphasis on modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies are the major factors contributing to agriculture growth.
The country has today emerged as a major player in the global agriculture market. Agriculture accounts for 14 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) and about 11 per cent of India’s total exports; it is also an essential link in the supply chain of the manufacturing sector and at the same time constitutes a big market for industrial products. Currently, India is the world's largest rice exporter and second in terms of wheat exports. Horticulture exports have also seen good growth. India's agro exports during 2013–14 touched US$ 45 billion as against US$ 25 billion in 2011–12.
The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation under the Ministry of Agriculture is the nodal organisation responsible for development of the agriculture sector in India. The organisation is responsible for formulation and implementation of national policies and programmes aimed at achieving rapid agricultural growth through optimum utilisation of land, water, soil and plant resources of the country.
STATUS OF HYBRID RICE BREEDING IN INDIA & ABROADVishal Pandey
Hybrids have the potential of yielding 15-20% more than the best pureline variety grown under similar conditions in Rice by exploiting the phenomenon of hybrid vigour or heterosis
In view of rapidly increasing population and declining natural resources, Hybrid rice is one of the most important and practically feasible technologies for increasing food-grain production, ensuring food security and boosting farmers income.
To further reduce the cost of hybrid rice seeds, Improvement in hybrid rice seed production technology is needed
Hybrid rice seed production technology is labour and knowledge intensive
There is a need for developing Hybrids suited to rainfed lowland as well as of longer duration to replace longer duration mega inbred varieties
Centre of innovation, Agricultural College and Research Institute,MaduraiSenthil Natesan
Establishment Central Instrumentation facility with the cost of 6.03 crore to take up multidisciplinary research project at AC&RI,Madurai. The analytical platform includes UP-HPLC for amino acid analysis, XRF for micronutrient analysis and GC-MS for metabolic profiling. The imaging facilities like upright, inverted and Florence microscope established for imaging pathogen & Insects. The molecular biology lab with real time PCR will help for the gene expression studies.
paper presented during the National seminar on Challanges and Innovative approaches in Crop Improvement at AC&RI, Madurai. during December 16-17, 2014 .Germplasm conservation in Oil Palm by Dr P. Murugesan Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research
Improvement of Medicinal Plants: Challenges and Innovative ApproachesSenthil Natesan
Paper Presented during the National seminar on Challenges and Innovative approaches in crop improvement held at AC&RI, Madurai , TNAU by
Dr.P. Manivel, Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi-387310, Anand, Gujarat
Genomics platform for agriculture-CAT lectureSenthil Natesan
The popular lecture for the undergraduate students of agriculture to know about the application of biotechnology in agriculture science graduates. Some of the major break through inventions how it impact on agriculture research and development
Castor is an oilseed plant which is earning attention on researchers in recent days. Because of this, the gemplasms of ancient varieties were now recovered and grown in trial fields for getting genetically superior variety.
As a result, in Castor and Tapioca research station there a variety named YRCH (Yethapur Ricinus Communis Hybrid) with all desired traits which are essential for a plant both phenotypically and genetically was developed.
Triacylglycerols produced by plants are one of the most energy-rich and abundant forms of reduced carbon available from nature. Given their chemical similarities, plant oils represent a logical substitute for conventional diesel, a non-renewable energy source. However, as plant oils are too viscous for use in modern diesel engines, they are converted to fatty acid esters. Apart from seed oil vegetative tissue is potential source as bio mass for biofuel production, taking 15 tonnes per hectare as an average dry matter yield for a perennial grass, an oil content of 20– 25% by weight will produce about 3400 l of biodiesel (Heaton et al., 2004). There is growing interest in engineering green biomass to expand the production of plant oils as feed and biofuels. Here, we show that PHOSPHOLIPID: DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE1 (PDAT1) is a critical enzyme involved in triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis in leaves. Overexpression of PDAT1 increases leaf TAG accumulation, leading to oil droplet overexpansion through fusion. Ectopic expression of oleosin promotes the clustering of small oil droplets. Coexpression of PDAT1 with oleosin boosts leaf TAG content by up to 6.4% of the dry weight without affecting membrane lipid composition and plant growth. PDAT1 overexpression stimulates fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and increases fatty acid flux toward the prokaryotic glycerolipid pathway (Julian at al..2013). First, an Arabidopsis thaliana gene diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) coding for a key enzyme in triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis, was expressed in tobacco under the control of a strong ribulose-biphosphate carboxylase small subunit promoter. This modification led to up to a 20-fold increase in TAG accumulation in tobacco leaves and translated into an overall of about a twofold increase in extracted fatty acids (FA) up to 5.8% of dry biomass in Nicotiana tabacum cv Wisconsin, and up to 6% in high-sugar tobacco variety NC-55 ( Andrianovet al 2010). Therefore Biotechnology has important and perhaps critical part to play in large-scale development of Biodiesel.
Vaccines have been revolutionary for the prevention of infectious diseases. Despite worldwide immunization of children against the six devastating diseases, 20% of infants are still left un-immunized; responsible for approximately two million unnecessary deaths every year, especially in the remote and impoverished parts of the globe. This is because of the constraints on vaccine production, distribution and delivery. One hundred percent coverage is desirable, because un-immunized populations in remote areas can spread infections and epidemics in the immunized safe areas, which have comparatively low herd immunity. For some infectious diseases, immunizations either do not exist or they are unreliable or very expensive. Immunization through DNA vaccines is an alternative but is an expensive approach, with disappointing immune response. Hence the search is on for cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socio-culturally readily acceptable vaccines and their delivery systems. As Hippocrates said, Let thy food be thy medicine, scientists suggest that plants and plant viruses can be genetically engineered to produce vaccines against diseases such as dental caries; and life-threatening infections like diarrhea, AIDS, etc (Lal et al., 2007)
Cellular signal transduction pathways under abiotic stressSenthil Natesan
Abiotic stresses, especially cold, salinity and drought, are the primary causes of crop loss worldwide. Plant adaptation to environmental stresses is dependent upon the activation of cascades of molecular networks involved in stress perception, signal transduction, and the expression of specific stress-related genes and metabolites. Plants have stress-specific adaptive responses as well as responses which protect the plants from more than one environmental stress. There are multiple stress perception and signaling pathways, some of which are specific, but others may cross-talk at various steps (Knight & knight ,2001).Many cold induced pathways are activated to protect plants from deleterious effects of cold stress, but till date, most studied pathway is ICE-CBF-COR signaling pathway (Miura and Furumoto,2013 ) . The Salt-Overly-Sensitive (SOS) pathway, identified through isolation and study of the sos1, sos2, and sos3 mutants, is essential for maintaining favorable ion ratios in the cytoplasm and for tolerance of salt stress (shi .et al ,2002). Both ABA-dependent and -independent signaling pathways appear to be involved in osmotic stress tolerance (Nakashima and shinozaki, 2013) .ROS play a dual role in the response of plants to abiotic stresses functioning as toxic by-products of stress metabolism, as well as important signal transduction molecules and the ROS signaling networks can control growth, development, and stress response ( Mahajan,s and Tuteja, 2005) .
Genotyping by Sequencing is a robust,fast and cheap approach for high throughput marker discovery.It has applications in crop improvement programs by enhancing identification of superior genotypes.
TNAU CRMD - A Customer Relationship Management datahouse for TNAUSenthil Natesan
Every great business starts with a great relationship. Every great relationship starts with You.
The strategy for establishing, developing and maintaining these relationships is CRM. (Customer Relationship Management).
The system that support this strategy is TNAU CRMD software.
TNAU CRMD offers unrivalled flexibility to design CRM applications and processes based on our needs.
At Taste Of Middle East, we believe that food is not just about satisfying hunger, it's about experiencing different cultures and traditions. Our restaurant concept is based on selecting famous dishes from Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan, and other Arabic countries to give our customers an authentic taste of the Middle East
Roti Bank Hyderabad: A Beacon of Hope and NourishmentRoti Bank
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Piccola Cucina is regarded as the best restaurant in Brooklyn and as the best Italian restaurant in NYC. We offer authentic Italian cuisine with a Sicilian touch that elevates the entire fine dining experience. We’re the first result when someone searches for where to eat in Brooklyn or the best restaurant near me.
Key Features of The Italian Restaurants.pdfmenafilo317
Filomena, a renowned Italian restaurant, is renowned for its authentic cuisine, warm environment, and exceptional service. Recognized for its homemade pasta, traditional dishes, and extensive wine selection, we provide a true taste of Italy. Its commitment to quality ingredients and classic recipes has made it a adored dining destination for Italian food enthusiasts.
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In the heart of Singapore, where tradition meets modernity, He embarks on a culinary adventure that transcends borders. His mission? Ang Chong Yi Exploring the Cultural Heritage and Identity in Singaporean Cuisine. To explore the rich tapestry of flavours that define Singaporean cuisine while embracing innovative plant-based approaches. Join us as we follow his footsteps through bustling markets, hidden hawker stalls, and vibrant street corners.
Ang Chong Yi Navigating Singaporean Flavors: A Journey from Cultural Heritage...
Indian agriculture
1. Indian Agriculture : A way
forward
Dr.Senthil Natesan, Project Director, Centre of Innovation,
AC&RI,Madurai, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India
2.
3. Status of Agriculture in India
• India is among the top producers of
several crops such as wheat, rice,
pulses, sugarcane and cotton.
• It is the highest producer of milk and
second highest producer of fruits and
vegetables. In 2013, India contributed
25% to the world’s pulses production,
the highest for any one country, 22% to
the rice production, 13% to the wheat
production and 25% of the total
quantity of cotton produced, besides
being the second highest exporter of
cotton for the past several years
• Agricultural growth has been fairly
volatile over the past decade, ranging
from 5.8% in 2005-06 to 0.4% in 2009-
10 and -0.2% in 2014-15.
5. Agriculture contribution to GDP
• The agriculture sector
employs nearly half of the
workforce in the country.
However, it contributes to
17.5% of the GDP (at current
prices in 2015-16).
• Agriculture sector’s
contribution has decreased
from more than 50% of GDP
in the 1950s to 15.4% in
2015-16 (at constant prices).
6. Agriculture exports and imports status
• Major commodities imported to
India are pulses, edible oils, fresh
fruits and cashew nuts.
• Major commodities exported by
India are rice, spices, cotton, meat
and its preparations, sugar, etc.
• Over the past few decades, the
share of agricultural imports in
total imports has increased from
2.8% in 1990- 91 to 4.2% in 2014-
15, whereas the share of
agricultural exports has reduced
from 18.5% to 12.7%.
7. Land holding and farm credit
• Access to agricultural credit is linked to the holding
of land titles. Farmers having small land holding
unable to access institutionalized credit
• Farmers with land holdings of less than a hectare
primarily borrow from informal sources of credit
such as moneylenders (41%), whereas those with
land holdings of two or more hectares primarily
borrow from banks (50% or more).
8. Fertilizer consumption and subsidy
• The average consumption of
fertilizers increased from 106 kg
per ha in 2005-06 to 128 kg per
ha in 2012-13 in comparison with
China which consumes 396 kg per
ha.
• Allocations for fertilizer subsidy
have been increasing at an annual
rate of11.4% between 2000 and
2016. Of these subsidy allocated
for 2017-18, Rs 49,768 crore has
been allocated for subsidy on
urea. 2017-18, Rs 70,000 crore as
been allocated for fertilizer
subsidy, which is the second
biggest expenditure
12. Latest research on archaeological sites of the ancient Indus Civilisation, which
stretched across what is now Pakistan and northwest India during the Bronze
Age, has revealed that domesticated rice farming in South Asia .Domesticated
rice, but also millet and the tropical beans urad and horsegram, and used
radiocarbon dating to provide the first absolute dates for Indus multi-
cropping: 2890-2630 BC for millets and winter pulses, 2580-2460 BC for
horsegram, and 2430-2140 BC for rice
Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2016-11-rice-farming-india-older-
thought.html#jCp
History of Rice cultivation in India
13. Above, a comparative timeline for the origins of agriculture and
associated technologies in various parts of the Old World. Drawn
by Dr. Chris Stevens as part of the ComPAg project
15. SN – Southern Neolithic
ON – Orissa Neolithic
GN – Middle Ganges
EH – Early harappa
SC - Sourastra
Zones of early farming Neolithic/ Chalcolithic culture areas
16. Roots of Indian Agriculture
• Wild progenetors of number of important
cultivated crops in abundance gives
evidence of early crop domestication in
india
• Archeological evidences proves that
around 3500-3000 BCE horse gram, mung
bean, and urd bean were cultivated
during pre harappan period
• But civilisation is suspected to have
started 7000 BC
• By around 2500 BC, India had fully formed
urban culture – Indus valley civilization –
largest bronze age civilization in the world
• Domestication and agricultural origin -
South India, Orissa, the Middle Ganges,
Saurashtra, and the Himalayan foothills of
the Punjab region.
17. Crops originated in India
South Deccan
centre
Vigna radiata,
Macrotyloma
uniflorum,
Brachiaria
ramosa and
Setaria verticillata
Orissa Centre
Oryza sativa, Cajanus
cajan, Macrotyloma
uniflorum, Vigna radiata
and Vigna mungo
Saurashtra Centre
Panicum sumatrense,
Brassica ramose,
Panicum sumatrense,
Himalayan foothills
Centre
Vigna aconitifolia,
Panicum sumatrense
Middle ganges centre
Oryza sativa, Paspalum
scrabiculatum,
Cucurbita sp.
22. Agriculture during British period
• Spices and plantation crops invited
East India Company to India
• Commercialisation of agriculture
initiated
• Tremendous increase in the
cultivation of cash crops
• Deadly famines
• Established botanical gardens at
Calcutta (1786), Saharanpur (1817)
and Dapooree (1828)
• In 1905, the Imperial Agricultural
Research Institute (IARI) was
established at Pusa
• Railway networking increased the
transport and export of cash crops
23. Green revolution (1967-1978)
High yielding varieties, use of
fertilizers, pesticides and increased
water use efficiency
• Double / multiple cropping
system
• Seeds of superior genetics
• Proper irrigation systems
• High yielding varieties
• Use of fertilizers and pesticides
• Use of modern machinery
• Expansion of farming areas
43. Indian crop genome sequencing initiatives
Wheat ordered draft sequence of the 17-gigabase hexaploid
bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome has been produced
by sequencing isolated chromosome arms. Annotated 124,201
gene loci distributed nearly evenly across the homeologous
chromosomes and subgenomes
45. Transgenics in India
• Transgenic crops were vigorously denied due to
the myths related to GMOs
• Bt Cotton was allowed for cultivation from
2002 – Mahyco/ Mansanto
• Field trials during 2006-2013: GM events of 18
crops
• brinjal, cotton, corn , cabbage, castor,
cauliflower, chickpea, groundnut, mustard,
okra, papaya, potato, rice, rubber, sorghum,
sugarcane, tomato, watermelon
• Like all other resistant varieties, Bt cotton is
also getting susceptible to boll worms
• No GM food crop is cultivated in India as of
now, and some GM (Mustard, Brinjal) crops
shall be permitted for cultivation in near future
47. Looking at the opportunities in the Farm
sector from an investor’s standpoint
48. Improving farm productivity
• Developing farm-specific, data-driven diagnostics to
determine soil health and help to improve soil health
like soil amendments.
• Drones, sensors technology, and data analytics to
provide decision support to farmers and other players
in the supply chain
49. Market linkage models for farmers
• Indian agriculture is supply driven and less market-driven compared
to other markets.
• Food inflation as well as significant food waste and value loss along
the supply chain is noticed
• Opportunity for developing market linkage models for farmers with
the timely and accurate estimation of sowing and harvesting in the
context of patterns in consumer demand
50. E -platforms for farmers
• Majority of farm income is in cash, presenting an opportunity for digitizing payments to farmers
through payment gateways linked to their accounts.
• Given increasing penetration of smartphones among farmers, this could come in the form of
apps and platforms that connect farmers digitally with rest of the trade.
• Apps in vernacular languages, high on simplicity and safety, is the way to scale.
51. Supply chain models for dairy and horticulture
• Dairy and horticulture
industries are growing
faster than the grain
industry in India.
• Optimize these supply
chains for both milk and
horticulture.
• Solutions that can
preserve the quality,
reduce waste, improve
traceability, and
improve shelf-life
efficient aggregation,
transportation and
storage.
52.
53.
54.
55. Agriculture under different five year plans
I Plan (1956-1961)
- Dams and irrigation
structures
- Bhakra Dam and
Hirakud Dam
II Plan (1956-1961)
- Not much share on
agriculture
- Concentrated on heavy
industries
III Plan (1961-1966)
- Rice production
- Fertilizer industries
- dam constructions
IV Plan(1969-1974)
- Green revolution
V Plan(1974-1979)
- Self reliance in agricultural
production
56. VI Plan (1980-
1985)
- Economic
liberalization
- Increase in food
prices
VII Plan (1985-
1989)
- Agricultural
production
- Increasing the
productivity of
small and
marginal farmers
VIII Plan(1992-
1997)
- Modernisation of
industries
- Not much
importance to
agriculture
IX Plan(1997-
2002)
- Agriculture and
rural development
- Food and
nutritional security
X Plan (2002-
2007)
- Increase in forest
and tree cover
- Cleaning of
major rivers
XI Plan (2007-2012)
- Increase in agricultural
growth rate 4%
- Increase in forest cover
- Cleaning of major rivvers
XII Plan (1912-2017)
- Increase in land productivity and water use
efficiency
- Infrastructure development for storage of
agricultural products and food processing
Agriculture under different five year plans
57. Performance of Agriculture
Growth performance in agriculture %)
1950-1 to 1964-5: 2.51 (area gro. +yield gro)
1967-8 to 1980-1: 2.20 (yield gr. green revol)
1980-1 to 1990-1: 3.07 (spread of green rev)
1992-3 to 2004-5: 2.76 (reform period)
1997-8 to 2004-5: 1.60 (neglect of agri.)
2004-5 to 2010-1: 3.47 (revival of growth)
The policy, institutional and investment focus during green revolution
time helped India achieve its food self sufficiency goals.
However, now different policies are needed to focus on small holdings,
rainfed areas, women, lagging regions, rural non-farm for sustainable
agricultural transformation
58. Background on Indian Agriculture
• India ‘s population is 1.21 billion in 2011.
67% are rural. Majority are in
agriculture.
• Importance of agriculture in Indian
economy. Although it contributes only
15% of GDP, the share of workers is
about 55%.
• Marginal and small farmers dominate
• Major crops are rice, wheat, maize,
coarse cereals, groundnut, cotton,
sugarcane, fruits and vegetables
• 60% of cultivated area is rainfed as only
40% of area is under irrigation.
• Agriculture is a ‘State Subject’. In other
words, the policies of provinces are also
important
59. Steps taken by the government
• Crop Insurance Policy
• Easy availability of capital or investment input
• Introducing the MSP policy
• Subsidy in using capital intensive technology
• Land reforms
• Institutional credit increased
• PDS & TPDS
60.
61. Scheme By Government
• Agricultural Technology Management
Agency (ATMA)
• Small Farmers Agribusiness
Consortium (SFAC)
• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee
Yojana (PMKSY)
• Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana
(PKVY)
• Agribusiness includes agrichemicals,
breeding , crop production
(farming and contract farming),farm
machinery and seed supply, as well
as marketing and retail sales. All
agents of the food and fiber value
chain and those institutions that
influence it are part of the
agribusiness system.
62. Challenges faced by Indian agriculture
One category belongs to the problems that
have been long standing. Second category
of problems is new and has been emerging
from the prevailing agricultural practices,
system, changing climate and economy.
Stagnation in Production of Major Crops:
• Production of some of the major staple
food crops like rice and wheat has been
stagnating for quite some time. This is a
situation which is worrying our agricultural
scientists, planners and policy makers. If
this trend continues, there would be a
huge gap between the demand of ever
growing population and the production
•High cost of Farm Inputs:
• Over the years rates of farm inputs have
increased manifold. Farm inputs include
fertilizer, insecticide, pesticides, HYV
seeds, farm labour cost etc. Such an
increase puts low and medium land
holding farmers at a disadvantage.
63. Challenges in Indian Agriculture
• On one hand green revolution has played a positive role in
reducing hunger from India.
• On the other hand it has also led to negative
consequences. One of which is Soil exhaustion. Soil
exhaustion means loss of nutrients in the soil from farming
the same crop over and over again. This usually happens in
the rain forest.
• The second major negative consequence of green
revolution is depletion of fresh ground water. You would
remember that areas where green revolution was
successful, it was due to the use of chemical fertilizers and
irrigation.
• Most of the irrigation in dry areas of Punjab, Haryana and
Western Uttar Pradesh was carried out by excessive use of
ground water.
• Today fresh ground water situation in these states is
alarming. In the coming few years if this type of farming
practice continues, these states are going to face water
famine.
• You can see the effect of globalisation on the farm sector
in India. All developing countries have been affected by it.
The most evident effect is the squeeze on farmer’s income
and the threat to the viability of cultivation in India.
• This is due to the rising input costs and falling output
prices. This reflects the combination of reduced subsidy
and protection to farmers. Trade liberalization exposes
these farmers to competition from highly subsidized
production in the developed world.
64. Opportunities to Agricultural Sector in India
• India is the largest manufacturer of tractors
in the world. Power tillers are gaining
popularity especially for lowland flooded
rice fields and hilly terrains.
• Manually operated tools, animal-operated
machines, and mechanical - or electrical -
operated machinery are some examples,
which are slowly increasing in demand.
• Innovation and technology in the Indian
agricultural machinery industry can take the
industry to greater heights, keeping pricing
in mind.d chin sector
• Due to India being an agricultural-based
economy, wastage is a concern and so the
government with the help of U.S. technology
is developing the cold chain sector.
• Therein lies an opportunity for those looking
to invest in this sector with improved
storage and transportation techniques.
65. • Indian economy is still agrarian, because about 55% population is directly dependent upon
agriculture.
• FPI directly targets farming sector as it attempts to create more types of products out of single
crop. This will increase demand for farmers and hence more remunerative prices
• India’s demographic dividend is much talked about and most of this lies in rural India.
• Indian youth is turning away from agriculture because of low profitability.
• FPI is perhaps best bet to seize opportunity of demographic dividend. It can give us a genre of
progressive rural entrepreneurs.
• Prosperous countryside will have multiplier positive impact on socio-economic and political
problems. In short, FPI can narrow gap between rural and urban India.
• FPI is employment intensive industry; it can be an answer to jobless growth of past decade.
• Currently, only 3 % of employment is in FPI, while in developed countries it handles 14%
population.
• Again, much of the employment will be created into rural India. This can remedy problem of
distress migration.
Food Processing Industries