- Radiography plays an important role in forensic odontology for identification purposes. Teeth are highly resistant to destruction and decomposition, allowing identification even under extreme circumstances.
- The main aspects of forensic odontology that utilize radiography include identification, age estimation, sex determination, and analysis of bite marks. Radiography techniques must be adapted for postmortem use, accounting for factors like the density of remains.
- Comparative analysis of antemortem and postmortem dental radiographs is the primary method of identification. Age can be estimated based on stages of tooth development and calcification visible in radiographs.
IDEAL IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS RELATED TO THE RADIATION BEAM
FACTORS RELATED TO THE OBJECT
FACTORS RELATED TO THE TECHNIQUE
FACTORS RELATED TO RECORDING OF THE ROENTGEN IMAGE OF THE OBJECT
DARK/ LIGHT IMAGE IDEAL IMAGE
IDEAL QUALITY CRIETRIA
this contains the occlusal radiography methods for both maxillary and mandibular different occusal radiographic techniques, principles, classification, indications
IDEAL IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
FACTORS RELATED TO THE RADIATION BEAM
FACTORS RELATED TO THE OBJECT
FACTORS RELATED TO THE TECHNIQUE
FACTORS RELATED TO RECORDING OF THE ROENTGEN IMAGE OF THE OBJECT
DARK/ LIGHT IMAGE IDEAL IMAGE
IDEAL QUALITY CRIETRIA
this contains the occlusal radiography methods for both maxillary and mandibular different occusal radiographic techniques, principles, classification, indications
brief description about CONTENTS Introduction Principles of panoramic imaging Image layer Panoramic machines Panoramic film Patient positioning Interpreting the panoramic imaging INDICATION Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References
3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
10. PANORAMIC UNIT
11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
12. PARTS OF PANORAMIC UNITS a. x-ray tube head b. head positioner: chin rest notched bite block forehead rest lateral head support c. exposure controls
13. X-RAY TUBE HEAD: • Similar to intraoral x-ray tube head • Each has a filament to produce electrons and a target to produce x-rays • Collimator is a lead plate with narrow vertical slit • Narrow x-ray beam emerges from collimator minimize patient exposure to radiation
1
Hey Guys, this presentation is all that a BDS graduate needs to know. A very basic yet important facts about CBCT.
Stay Safe
Regards
Battisi - Dr. Jasmine Singh
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
brief description about CONTENTS Introduction Principles of panoramic imaging Image layer Panoramic machines Panoramic film Patient positioning Interpreting the panoramic imaging INDICATION Advantages Disadvantages Conclusion References
3. INTRODUCTION • Panoramic imaging also called pantomography is a technique for producing a single tomographic image of facial structures that includes both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches and their supporting structures . • This is a curvilinear variant of conventional tomography.
4. PRINCIPLES OF PANORAMIC IMAGE FORMATION • Patero and Numata - describe the principles of panoramic radiography • based on the principle of reciprocal movement of x-ray source and an image receptor around a central point or plane called the image layer, in which the OBJECT of image is located. • OBJECT in front or behind this image are not clearly captured because of their movement relative to the centre of rotation of the receptor and the x-ray source.
5. The film and x-ray tubehead move around the patient in opposite directions in panoramic radiography
6. ROTATION CENTER The pivotal point or axis around which the cassette carrier and tube head rotate is termed rotation center Three basic rotation center used in panoramic radiography Double centre rotation Triple centre rotation moving centre rotation The location and number of rotational centers INFLUENCE size and shape of focal trough
7. IMAGE LAYER • Also known as focal trough • It is a three dimensional curved zone where the structures lying within this layer are reasonably well defined on final panoramic image. • The structures seen on a panoramic image are primarily those located within image layer. • OBJECTSoutside the image layer are blurred magnified are reduced in size. Even distorted to the extent of not being recognizable. • This shape of image layer varies with the brand of equipment used.
8. FOCAL TROUGH
9. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE OF IMAGE LAYER: Arc path Velocity of receptor and X-ray tube head Alignment of x-ray beam Collimator width The location of image layer change with extensive machine used so recalibration may be necessary if consistently suboptimal images are produced. As a position of object is moved within the image layer size and shape of image layer change.
10. PANORAMIC UNIT
11. A, Orthophos XG Plus extraoral x-ray machine. B, Orthoralix 8500 extraoral x-ray machine. C, Example of a digital panoramic system
12. PARTS OF PANORAMIC UNITS a. x-ray tube head b. head positioner: chin rest notched bite block forehead rest lateral head support c. exposure controls
13. X-RAY TUBE HEAD: • Similar to intraoral x-ray tube head • Each has a filament to produce electrons and a target to produce x-rays • Collimator is a lead plate with narrow vertical slit • Narrow x-ray beam emerges from collimator minimize patient exposure to radiation
1
Hey Guys, this presentation is all that a BDS graduate needs to know. A very basic yet important facts about CBCT.
Stay Safe
Regards
Battisi - Dr. Jasmine Singh
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Role of oral radiology in forensic dentistry [autosaved]/ oral surgery courses Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Here's an introduction to the field of Forensic Odontology; role and scope. A summary of the type of cases where the expertise of an odontologist is required. Special emphasis is given on the dental profiling.
Description of restorative dentistry and its importance in forensic applications. This includes an introduction into forensic dentistry and its applications, historical aspects of forensic dentistry, specific applications of restorative dentistry and real accident case examples.
Forensic dentistry is the complete evaluation and examination of dental evidence to aid in administration of criminal as well as civil justice.
Medicolegal significance of teeth, bite marks, dental development ( from neonates to adults and changes at old age )
Used for identification, racial significance in mass disasters, mutilated bodies, DNA analysis, toxicological analysis in cases of poisoning.
Age estimation in civil cases, solving discrepancy of age for athletes playing sports for national and international academy.
various others importance too.
Radiographic assessment in paediatric dentistryS. K.
Radiographic assessment in paediatric dentistry, a seminar prepared mainly to explain the radiography in paediatric dentistry. it includes the uses, indications, and contraindications of the most common views in paediatric dentistry. prepared by undergraduate students form International Islamic University Malaysia.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Forensic dentistry plays a major role in the identification of those individuals who cannot be identified visually or by other means.
The unique nature of our dental anatomy & the placement of custom restorations ensure accuracy when the techniques are correctly employed.
Each case presents individual challenges that have to be understood and then overcome.
As most dental evidence will disappear or degrade over time, sometimes there is only one opportunity to do it right.
Practice (not actual casework) makes for acceptable results.
Management of impacted teeth /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indi...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Similar to Role of Dental Radiography in Forensic Odontology (20)
As per AJCC 7th Ed, a pictorial review with prediction for change in future edition.
Presented at "Oral Oncology-An update" CME conducted by Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Narayana Superspecialty Hospital, Katra at Fortune Inn Riviera Hotel, Jammu on 21st Jan, 2017.
An overview of various pathological processes affecting the Jaw Bones- Maxilla and Mandible including odontogenic cysts and tumours including their radiological findings!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
3. What is Forensic Science?
• …the application of
science to those
criminal and civil
laws that are
enforced by police
agencies in a
criminal justice
system.
6. Definition of Forensic Dentistry
Forensic dentistry, or
forensic odontology, is the
application of dental and
paradental knowledge to the
solution of legal issues in
civil and in criminal matters.
7. The THEORY behind forensic
dentistry is that no two mouths
are alike (even identical twins
are different), and that teeth,
like tools, leave recognizable
marks.
9. During the U.S. Revolutionary War, none other
than Paul Revere (a young dentist) helped
identify war casualties by their bridgework.
Teeth are highly resistant to destruction and
decomposition, so dental identification can be
made under extreme circumstances.(1600ºC)
It was used on Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun at
the end of World War II, the New York City
World Trade Center bombing, the Waco
Branch Davidien siege, and numerous airplane
crashes and natural disasters.
Identification by teeth is not new.
10. THE MAIN ASPECTS OF FORENSIC
ODONTOLOGY INCLUDE:
1. Dental identification
2. Age estimation
3. Sex determination
4. Role in mass disasters
5. Role in domestic violence, abuse and
neglect
6. Identification of bite marks
7. Blood group determination
8. Recent advances: DNA typing, computer
assisted dental identification, , digital
analysis of bite marks, digital autopsy
11. METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION
1. Comparative Dental Identification
2. Reconstructive Postmortem Dental
Profiling
3. DNA Profiling
13. Radiography may have to be carried out in
the field or at the scene of autopsy.
This may require certain modifications in
the normal procedures followed, requiring
the operator to adapt techniques to
individual cases and here the ability to
think laterally is an essential requirement
of the forensic odontologist.
14. EXPOSURE TIME FOR BITE-WINGS AND
PERIAPICAL VIEWS
TIME
kVp mAs Anode-film
distance (cm)
D-speed film
(s)
E-speed
(s)
50 7.5 10 0.5 0.25
60 10 20 0.6 0.3
70 10 20 0.3 0.15
80 15 40 1.0 0.5
15. EXPOSURE TIME FOR OCCLUSAL
TECHNIQUES
kVp mAs Anode-film
distance (cm)
TIME
(s)
50 7.5 20 1.0
60 10 30 1.0
70 10 30 0.5
80 15 40 0.75
16. EXPOSURE TIME FOR MAXILLOFACIAL
VIEWS
View kVp Time
(s)
mAs
PA, Townes
Jaws 65 0.3 30
Lateral
Jaws 55 0.3 30
Vault 0.6 60
OM 65-75 0.3 30
17. Density of the object: Ranges from
• very low density specimens due to
fire,
• or perhaps remains of an early fetus,
• through specimen in varying stages of
decalcification,
• to waterlogged skull at the other
extreme.
18. X-ray apparatus and the X-ray beam:
Ideally variable kVp apparatus is
recommended.
Kilovoltage:
Low kilovoltages are essential for
specimens such as early fetus and can be
an advantage for dry dental specimens.
For fresh, complete skull is to be
radiographed, kilovoltages of 65-75 kVp
are to be preferred.
19. Milliamperage:
Dental apparatus operates with a low
milliamperage to allow for easy movement
of the tube head.
Time is not a problem in the forensic field
as the object will not move and the
exposure timer can simply be reactivated.
Distance:
If a large field of irradiation is required to
cover a larger specimen, then the anode-
object distance must be increased.
Field of irradiation:
An X-ray apparatus with an adjustable
diaphragm should be used.
20. AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
1. Tape measure
2. Radiographic measure
3. Rigid, clear plastic surface
4. Plastic foam pads of different shapes
5. Sand bags, dental wax and cotton rolls,
for fine immobilization.
6. Plastic bags and rubber gloves
7. ‘R’ and ‘L’ lead letters
8. Small manual processor for field work.
21.
22. ANTEROPOSTERIOR VIEW
Place the cassette, protected by plastic
under the skull and position the tube as far
away as possible from the cadaver.
The X-ray beam should be parallel to the
orbitomeatal line, so in most cases the X-
ray tube should be angled downwards
from the vertex.
23.
24. LATERAL VIEWS
Place the cassette supported by sand
bags parallel to the sagittal plane.
Raise the skull above the table, insert a
polystyrene foam pad or wooded block
underneath.
Turn the X-ray tube head so the X-ray
beam is parallel to the floor and centered
over the skull towards the cassette.
27. OBLIQUE LATERAL VIEW
The cadaver is rotated so that the
premolar or molar region is obliquely
placed- enough to allow the tube head to
be angled upward and forward from the
lateral position.
In the mortuary the cadaver must be
raised with a radiolucent substance such
as wood or plastic foam.
28.
29.
30. Skull placed on the inclined wooden plane
adapted to the chassis holder of the
teleradiography x-ray machine to make lateral
oblique radiographs of the mandible for angle
and body
31. Lateral oblique radiograph of a mandible
for angle and body obtained with the same
positioning as the previous figure
32. TOWNES TECHNIQUE
• This view is taken for the neck of the
condyles.
• It may be taken as a Reverse Townes
view with skull PA.
• Position of the head: Back of the head to
the film.
• Orbitomeatal line: 90o to the film.
• X-ray beam: 30o to the orbitomeatal line.
• Centering point: 5 cm above the nasion.
33.
34. OCCIPITOMENTAL TECHNIQUE
• This is a routine view taken for the
maxillary and frontal sinuses and is always
in the PA position.
• Position of the head: Orbitomeatal line 45o
to the horizontal and film-sagittal plane.
• X-ray beam: vertical.
• Centering point: 5 cm above the occipital
protuberance.
35.
36. INTRAORAL TECHNIQUES
• X-ray beam: vertical angle is varied
according to the antemortem radiograph,
in order to obtain the most plausible and
approximated comparative image.
• Support used: Han Shin positioner to hold
the film
39. • Antemortem radiographs of the deceased
which may have been taken during routine
dental treatment should be compared with
that of postmortem radiograph taken at the
time of investigations.
46. EACH PERSON ACTUALLY HAS
MORE THAN ONE AGE
• Pathologic age:
– This is related to the various conditions and
disease processes that result in deterioration of
many tissues over time.
– It can be estimated by examining factors such
as arthritic changes in the temporomandibular
joints, attritional wear of the teeth and root
dentine transparency.
47. EACH PERSON ACTUALLY HAS
MORE THAN ONE AGE
• Physiologic age:
– This is determined by natural expected changes
that occur through growth and development.
– Maturation is scaled by occurrence of one or
the sequence of multiple events that are
irreversible.
48. EACH PERSON ACTUALLY HAS
MORE THAN ONE AGE
• Chronological age:
– This is the time from birth to death.
BIRTH
DEATH
52. PRENATAL, NATAL AND POST-
NATAL AGE ESTIMATION
Radiograph of upper and lower jaws of a fetus at the
sixteenth week of intrauterine life showing the initial mineralization of
deciduous incisors
53. PRENATAL, NATAL AND POST-
NATAL AGE ESTIMATION
Diagrammatic representation of a radiograph of a
mandible of a fetus at the twenty-sixth week of intrauterine life
showing advanced mineralization in anterior teeth, outline for two
cusps of deciduous first molar, one cusp for deciduous second molar
and the crypt of permanent first molar
54. PRENATAL, NATAL AND POST-
NATAL AGE ESTIMATION
Diagrammatic representation of a radiograph of a
mandible of a fetus at the thirtieth week of intrauterine life showing
3/5 crown completion for anterior teeth, the fused cusps of deciduous
first molar, five cusps of the deciduous second molar and the crypt of
permanent first molar with no evidence of mineralization
55. PRENATAL, NATAL AND POST-
NATAL AGE ESTIMATION
Diagrammatic representation of a radiograph of the
mandible of a newborn fetus showing the completely fused
cusps for deciduous first and second molar, and within the
crypt of permanent first molar there is evidence of one mesial
cusp tip
56. PRENATAL, NATAL AND POST-
NATAL AGE ESTIMATION
• Stages by Kraus and Jordan:
Kraus and Jordan studied the early
mineralization in various deciduous teeth
as well as in the permanent first molar.
The development is described in ten
stages, denoted by Roman numerals from
I to X; the IXth stage includes three stages
and the Xth stage includes five stages.
57. AGE ESTIMATION IN CHILDREN
AND ADOLESCENTS
• Schour and Masseler method
• Moorees, Fanning and Hunt method
• Demirjian, Goldstein and Tanner method
• Nolla’s method and
• age estimation using open apices
58. SCHOUR AND MASSLER METHOD
• In 1941, Schour and Masseler studied the
development of deciduous and permanent
teeth, describing 21 chronological steps
from 4 months to 21 years of age and
published the numerical development
charts for them.
59.
60.
61. MOORES, FANNING AND HUNT
METHOD
• In this method, the dental development
was studied in the 14 stages of
mineralization for developing single and
multirooted permanent teeth and the mean
age for the corresponding stage was
determined.
64. DEMIRJIAN, GOLDSTEIN AND
TANNER METHOD
• Demirjian, Goldstein and Tanner rated
seven mandibular permanent teeth in the
order of second molar (M2), first molar
(M1), second premolar (PM2), first
premolar (PM1), canine (C), lateral
incisors (I2) and central incisor (I1) and
determined eight stages (A to H) of tooth
mineralization together with stage zero for
nonappearance.
65.
66. DEMIRJIAN, GOLDSTEIN AND
TANNER METHOD
• The stages are the indicators of dental
maturity of each tooth.
• The differences in the dental development
between males and females are not
usually apparent until the age of 5 years.
• Each stage of mineralization is given a
score which provides an estimate of dental
maturity on a scale of 0–100 on percentile
charts.
• The maturity scores (S) for all the teeth are
added and the total maturity score may be
converted directly into a dental age as per
the standard table given or they are
substituted in regression formula.
68. NOLLA’S METHOD
• Nolla evaluated the mineralization of
permanent dentition in ten stages.
• The method can be used to assess the
development of each tooth of the maxillary
and mandibular arch.
• The radiograph of the patient is matched
with the comparative figure.
• After every tooth is assigned a reading, a
total is made of the maxillary and
mandibular teeth and then the total is
compared with the table given by Nolla.
69.
70.
71. AGE ESTIMATION IN
ADULTS
Volume
assessment of
teeth
Pulp-to-
tooth ratio
method by
Kvaal
Coronal
pulp cavity
index
Development of
third molar
Harris &
Nortje
method
Van
Heerden
system
72. METHOD BY KVAAL ET AL
• In this method, pulp-to tooth ratio were
calculated for six mandibular and maxillary
teeth, such as maxillary central and lateral
incisors; maxillary second premolars;
mandibular lateral incisor; mandibular
canine; and the first premolar.
73. METHOD BY KVAAL ET AL
• Using intraoral periapical radiographs,
pulp-root length (R), pulp-tooth length (P),
tooth-root length (T), pulp-root width at
cemento-enamel junction (A), pulp-root
width at mid-root level (C) and pulp-root
width at midpoint between levels C and A
(B) for all six teeth were measured.
74. METHOD BY KVAAL ET AL
Diagram of premolar
showing measurement
sites:
Pulp root length (R),
pulp-tooth length (P),
tooth-root length (T),
pulp root width at cemento-
enamel junction (A),
pulp-root width at midroot
level (C) and
pulp-root width at midpoint
between level C and A
(B)
75. METHOD BY KVAAL ET AL
• Mean value of all ratios excluding T
(M),mean value of width ratio B and C (W)
and mean value of length ratio P and R (L)
were substituted in the given formula.
76. CORONAL PULP CAVITY INDEX
Panoramic radiography was used to
measure:
• The length(mm)of the tooth crown (CL,
coronal length) and
• the length (mm) of the coronal pulp cavity
(CPCH, coronal pulp cavity height or
length)
77. CORONAL PULP CAVITY INDEX
Coronal length (CL) and coronal pulp
cavity height or length (CPCH) for premolar
and molar teeth
78. CORONAL PULP CAVITY INDEX
• The tooth-coronal index(TCI) was
computed for each tooth and regressed on
the real age of the sample.
79. THIRD MOLAR DEVELOPMENT BY
HARRIS AND NORTJE
They gave five stages of third molar root
development with corresponding mean
ages and mean length:
• Stage 1 (cleft rapidly enlarging—one-third
root formed, 15.8+1.4 years, 5.3+2.1 mm);
• Stage 2 (half root formed, 17.2+1.2 years,
8.6+1.5 mm);
• Stage 3 (two-third root formed, 17.8+1.2
years, 12.9+1.2 mm);
• Stage 4 (diverging root canal walls, 18.5+
1.1 years, 15.4+1.9 mm);
• Stage 5 (converging root canal walls,
19.2+1.2 years, 16.1+2.1 mm)
80. Five stages of lower third molar root
development (Harris and Nortje` method)
81. VAN HEERDEN METHOD
• Van Heerden assessed the development
of the mesial root of the third molar to
determine the age.
82. AGE CHANGES IN THE MANDIBLE
At birth Two halves of mandible are united
by fibrous symphysis menti.
Deciduous sockets partly
separated.
Mandibular canal at lower border.
Mental foramen below first
deciduous molar.
Angle of mandible obtuse.
1st to 3rd postnatal
years
Two halves join.
Body elongates.
Mental foramen alters and occupies
adult direction and position.
83. AGE CHANGES IN THE MANDIBLE
Adults Alveolar and sub alveolar parts of
body are of equal depth.
The mental foramen is mid way
between upper and lower borders.
Mandibular canal runs parallel to
the mylohyoid line.
The angle of the mandible
measures about 110o
Old age Loss of teeth is a usual feature.
Alveolar part is resorbed.
Bone reduces in size.
Mandibular canal and mental
foramen are close to the upper
border of the body.
Angle of the mandible is about 140o
84. OSSIFICATION AROUND THE WRIST
JOINT
• The lower end of the radius appears at
around 2 years and that of the ulna around
6 years.
• Both unite with the shaft between 15 and
17 years in females and 17 and 20 years
in males.
• The order of appearance of ossification
centres in the carpal bones is as follows:
– Capitate 2–4 months
– Hamate 3–5 months
– Triquetral 1–3 years
– Lunate 3–4 years
– Scaphoid, trapezium and trapezoid 4–6 years
– Pisiform 8–10 years
86. Pisiform, the last carpal bone to ossify has
appeared, indicating
that the age is above 12 years. The
epiphysis of the 1st metacarpal has
not united, indicating that the age is less
than 16 years.
87. OSSIFICATION OF THE STERNUM
• The union of the four sternebrae occurs
from below upwards.
– union of 3rd and 4th sternebrae at 4–10 years
– union of the 2nd and 3rd at 11–16 years
– union of the 1st and 2nd at 15–20 years
• The xiphoid process often unites with the
body after 40 years.
• The manubrium can unite with the body
after 60–70 years but often remains
separate.
88. Lateral view of the sternum of an 18-year-
old male.
Note that while the 3rd and 4th sternebrae
have united, the 2nd and 3rd, and
the 1st and 2nd sternebrae have not
89.
90. ESTIMATION OF AGE IN OLDER
PERSONS
• An antero-posterior (Towne) view of the
skull must be used to visualize all major
sutures. This view readily shows the
sagittal, coronal and lambdoid sutures.
The same sutures can also be seen in
postero-anterior radiographs of the skull.
Both these X-rays must be advised, as
different sutures may be seen clearly in
different positions.
• The basisphenoid suture is visible in the
submento-vertex radiograph of the skull.
92. ESTIMATION OF AGE IN OLDER
PERSONS
• An X-ray of the lumbar and cervical spine
often shows lipping of the vertebrae and
the appearance of osteophytes after the
age of 40 years.
• A chest X-ray may show ossification of
costal cartilages.
94. DETERMINATION OF SEX FROM
SKULL
• In general the skull of the male is larger
than that of the female.
• In male, the orbits are more square. Nasal
apertures are higher and narrower with
sharper margins. Prominent supraorbital
ridge.
• The female skull is rounded and delicately
sculpted. The forehead is usually more
vertical, supraorbital ridges are minimal in
size & more rounded than in male.
• A skull in which presence of persistent
metopic suture is present always displays
female characteristics.
95. DETERMINATION OF SEX FROM
SKULL
• There is significant difference between
male and female skull in relation to degree
of muscular marking, size of mastoid
process, supraorbital ridge, depth of the
symphysis menti, breadth of the palate,
contour of the forehead, development of
the cheek bones.
96. DETERMINATION OF SEX FROM
ANGLE OF THE MANDIBLE
• The lateral aspect of the mandible in male
frequently shows a marked roughening or
ridged appearance due to the attachment
of the masseter muscle.
• The lower border may deviate laterally to a
marked extent in the male.
• The angle of the mandible in females is
rounded and gracile in construction and
the attachment surface for masster muscle
is much smoother.
98. • It has been suggested that the enamel of
the molar teeth may extend down between
the roots in Chinese race more commonly
than in European.
• The presence of enamel pearls on the
roots of teeth may also be visible
radiographically and this might indicate a
person of Eskimo origin.
• Pulp cavity in molars of Mongoloid race is
said to be exceptionally deep and wide.
100. • Happonen RP et al(1991) recommended
use of orthopantomogram in identification
which enables visualization of the
structures of the jaws and related areas as
a single radiograph.
101. Skull placed on a wooden pole and positioned in
the panoramic x-ray machine
103. • When modern method of multisliced
computed tomography is used, the scan
time for a full body examination of a fatality
with a gunshot wound to the head is
approximately 60 seconds.
104. ADVANTAGES OF THE FORENSIC
APPLICATION OF MSCT
1. Rapid
2. Nondestructive documentation process
3. More precise than standard forensic
autopsy
4. Any new 2-D view can be easily
reconstructed from the native data set
5. 2-D MPR creates coronal, sagittal and
any other oblique views from the axial
data set
6. It is possible to reconstruct three-
dimensional views to visualize soft tissues
and bone.
105. LIMITATIONS OF THE FORENSIC
APPLICATION OF MSCT
• As there is no circulation clinically
established, use of intravenous contrast
agents is not available, preventing the
method from being used for questions like
the assessment of vascular flow and
detailed vascular morphology, tissue
perfusion, bleeding sites or tissue
differentiation.
107. • Morphological features of dental implant
depicted on radiographs may be used to
develop a dental profile of the individual
and this can narrow the search to a
smaller number of individuals, or eliminate
certain candidates by taking into account
the dental system employed.
• The matching of two sets of radiographs is
performed with postmortem periapical
radiograph of implant against the dental
implants image of various implant system
stored in the archive.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116. REFERENCES:
1. Textbook of Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology, 2nd Ed.-
Freny R. Karjodkar
2. Panchbhai AS. Dental radiographic indicators, a key to
age estimation. DMFR. 2011; 40: 199-212.
3. Aggarwal A. Estimation of age in the living: in matters
civil and criminal. J Anat. 2009; 1-17.
4. Raitz R, Fenyo-Pereira M, Hayashi AS, Melani R.
Dento-maxillo-facial radiology as an aid to human
identification. J Forensic Odonto-stomatology. 2005; 23:
2: 55-59.
5. Nicopoulou-Karayianni K, Mitsea AG, Horner K. Dental
diagnostic radiology in the forensic sciences: two case
presentations. J Forensic Odonto-stomatology. 2007;
25: 1: 12-16.
6. Chandrashekhar T, Vennila P. Role of radiology in
forensic odontology. JIAOMR. 2011; 23(3): 229-231.