The document discusses methods for estimating age from examining bones and teeth. It outlines stages of life and characteristics like appearance of ossification centers. Key points for determining age from various bones are provided, like the appearance of ossification centers in the first year and closure of epiphyseal plates from ages 14-23. Ages of legal importance in Egypt are also listed, such as 6 years for education and 18 years for marriage and criminal responsibility.

1. Age determination Dr. Enas El Taftazani Prof. of Forensic medicine and Toxicology

2. I ntroduction Why we need to learn how to estimate age ? So age can be determined by four main criteria: Teeth examination. Secondary sexual characters Ossification centers. General development in children Bone examination

3. Stages of life and their main characteristics Intrauterine life (during pregnancy) By ultra sonography and date of the last menstrual period From 0-15 days (neonatal period) By umbilical stump examination From 15 days - 2 years (Infancy period) By primary dentition

4. From 2- 6 years Closure of metopic suture Appearance of ossific centers From 6-12 years Secondary dentition Stages of life and their main characteristics Childhood period: rapid dental and bony growth and development

5. From 12- 18 (Adolescence period) Closure of epiphysial plates Adulthood Early stage: bone remodeling and maintenance Late stage: bone wear and tear Stages of life and their main characteristics

7. Appearance of ossific centers after birth

8. Appearance of ossific centers after birth

16. Appearance of ossific centers after birth 1 year : head of humerus ,femur and tibia . 2 years : lower radius and tibia. 3 years ; Patella. 4 years ; upper fibula ,greater trochanter of femur. 5 years lower fibula 6 years ;head of radius ,lower ulna.calcanium

17. Below1 year as ossific center of the head of femur not appeared .

19. Below 2 years (no ossific centre in the wrist)

20. Ossific centre at lower radius = 2 years

21. What is the age ? > 1 year(ossific center at head of femur <4years no ossific center of greater trochanter

22. What is the age ? Above 2 years. Ossific center of lower radius

24. Determination of age by bone examination - Sternum

25. What is the age? < 15 y (non-united segments)

26. Determination of age by bone examination – Epiphyseal closure

27. Determination of age by bone examination – Epiphyseal closure

28. Age from upper limb examination 1)At the wrist and shoulder joint (lower ends of radius and ulna and head of the humerus) 19-20 years. 2) At the elbow region: trochlea and capitulum (14 years)- trochlea and capitulum + lower end of the humerus (15years) 3)Lat.epicondyle and head of ulna(17 years). 4)Med epicondyles and the head of the radius (18years) 5)Metacarpals and phalanges (16 y in females and 18 years in males).

32. What is the age ? >17 y (completely developed elbow)

33. What is the age ? >19 years (united head of humerus)

34. What is the age ? <19 (not united head of humerus with the body)

35. What is the age ? >20-21years ( closed lower ends of radius and ulna)

36. What is the age ? < 20-21 ( non united lower ends of radius and ulna)

37. Less than18 ys

38. What is the age ? < 2 years < 2 y (no ossifc center of ulna ,< 18 y in female < 18 in males

39. What are the ages? Less than18 more than18 less than18

40. What is the age? More than20-21 more than20-21

41. Determination of age by bone examination – Epiphyseal closure

42. Age from lower limb examination 1) Lesser trochanter (16y )-----Greater trochanter (17y) ------ Head of the femur (18y). 2) Lower end of the femur + shaft (21y). 3) Upper end of the tibia +shaft (21y). 4) Lower end of the tibia +shaft (18 y). By foot examination ossific center appears at calcanium at 6 years and union of epiphysis at the calcanium at 14 years ,so examining only this bone gives us a range of 8 years

43. What is the age ? >18 years (united head of femur)

44. What is the age? above18ys

45. What is the age? <21 knee

46. What is the age? >21 y

47. What is the age ? > 19 y ( ankle closed)

48. What is the age ? > 19 y ( ankle closed). Notice the calcaneus

49. What are the ages ? above18 below18

50. What is the age ? <14 y (not united epiphysis of calcaneus)

51. What are the ages ?

52. What is the age? >14(calcaneus) and < 18 y (opened lower ends of tibia and fibula)

53. Age from hip bone examination: Two pubic rami of the hip (6y) Suture at the acetabulum (15y). Ischeal tuberosity with the ischium (21y). Iliac crest with the ilium (23y).

54. What is the age? >23 y (iliac crest)

55. What is the age ? From4-6 Open ischial ramus(less than6) >4years (ossific center at greater trochanter) <15years (opened triradiate suture)

56. > 18 y (head of femur)<23 opened iliac crest >23 y (iliac crest)

57. What is the age ? >4 y (ossific center at greater trochanter)<15 y (triradiate suture is opened )

58. What is the age? <23 y (non-united iliac crest)

59. Ages of legal importance in Egypt: 6 years . Age of education. First molar and pubic ramus 7 years Age of discrimination Central incisors. 10 years In case of divorce father claims his son. Second premolar)

60. Ages of legal importance in Egypt: 12 years : In case of divorce father claims his daughter Second molar This low has been changed ,where the custody of the mother ends at 15 years for both son and daughter ,at which they are allowed to choose their custodian till age of21 for son or marriage for daughter. how can you estimate age of 15?

61. Ages of legal importance in Egypt: 14 years: Under this age the child cannot commit the crime of rape. Also under this age child work is not legal . Union of the trochlea and capitulum. 15 years: The child is considered partially responsible i.e. trial in front of juvenile court Union of trochlea and capitulum with lower end of humerus.+acetabular suture union

62. Ages of legal importance in Egypt: 16years: Age of legal marriage in females-identity card) Metecarpals in females. 18 years: Legal marriage in males ---legal age for consent----- governmental employment---- driving license ----- Full criminal responsibility-------Voting. Metacarpals with their bodies 21 years: Civil rights X - ray knee

63. Ages of legal importance in Egypt: 30 years Member of people assembly Sagittal suture. 35 years Legal age of the president of the public 60 years: Age of pension Union of body and manubrium of sternum

64. Post test Ques. 1 Write the estimated age for the following: Pic.1

65. Ques 2 Above 21

66. Quest. 3 Less than 21

67. Quest 4 above18

68. Quest. 5 Less than18

69. Quest.6 Above 2 years Ossific centre of lower radius

70. Quest.7 Which is older a or b? Less than18 Above 20-21 Closed Lower Radius& Lower ulna

71. Quest.8 For more precise age estimation for the pic a I need to ask for x ray: Knee Ankle Elbow pelvis

72. Quest.9 For more precise age estimation for the pic b I need to ask for x ray: Sternum Knee Shoulder hip

73. Quest 10 Suggest which picture is older a or b and why? Below1 year(absent ossific centre of head of femur Between1-6 Above 1 year(ossific center of head femur) Less Than6 ys Opened Pubic ramus