Fertilized fish eggs are known as Fish seeds. In simple words, they are the baby fishes used for seeding new Ponds in fisheries. Fish seed transportation is a process by which transfer of fish seed from the hatchery or place of collection to the rearing ponds.
Generalized and specific definition of pond and the types relating their size, use, construction method were illustrated. Besides the culture system of fish and aquatic organisms and their types were also described.
Fertilized fish eggs are known as Fish seeds. In simple words, they are the baby fishes used for seeding new Ponds in fisheries. Fish seed transportation is a process by which transfer of fish seed from the hatchery or place of collection to the rearing ponds.
Generalized and specific definition of pond and the types relating their size, use, construction method were illustrated. Besides the culture system of fish and aquatic organisms and their types were also described.
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous speciesAshish sahu
The exotic varieties of fish have been found to encroach the natural water bodies and adversely affect the indigenous fish species. ... Owing to extensive practice of composite culture, three fast growing exotic fishes are introduced along with the three Indian major carps.
A short description about magur fish.The walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) is a species of freshwater airbreathing catfish native to Southeast Asia, but also introduced outside its native range where it is considered an invasive species. It is named for its ability to "walk" across dry land, to find food or suitable environments. While it does not truly walk as most bipeds or quadrupeds do, it has the ability to use its pectoral fins to keep it upright as it makes a wiggling motion with snakelike movements.[2] This fish normally lives in slow-moving and often stagnant waters in ponds, swamps, streams and rivers, flooded rice paddies or temporary pools which may dry up
A SEMINAR ON INDUCING AGENTS OF HYPOPHYSATIONKartik Mondal
The precise combination of environmental factors required for maturation, ovulation and spawning.
However, quite often, under farm conditions, the requisite environmental factors are either not available or do not persist for sufficient length of time for spontaneous maturation to occur.
The pioneering discovery of B.A. Houssay (1931) and Von Ihering (1935, 1937, Argentina) that fishes can be induced to spawn by injecting pituitary homogenates has somewhat mitigated the problem.
The principal advantage of this technique, referred to in aquaculture parlance as “Hypophysation.”
The transfer of fish seed from the hatchery or place of collection to the rearing pond is called transport of fish seed. The seed fish include fry and fingerlings.
Salient biological characteristics of some selected carps: imran nagarihn FreeStyle Corp.
A very large group of fish native to Europe and Asia.
Carp is a common name for various species of freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae.
They have been introduced to various locations around the world.
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous speciesAshish sahu
The exotic varieties of fish have been found to encroach the natural water bodies and adversely affect the indigenous fish species. ... Owing to extensive practice of composite culture, three fast growing exotic fishes are introduced along with the three Indian major carps.
A short description about magur fish.The walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) is a species of freshwater airbreathing catfish native to Southeast Asia, but also introduced outside its native range where it is considered an invasive species. It is named for its ability to "walk" across dry land, to find food or suitable environments. While it does not truly walk as most bipeds or quadrupeds do, it has the ability to use its pectoral fins to keep it upright as it makes a wiggling motion with snakelike movements.[2] This fish normally lives in slow-moving and often stagnant waters in ponds, swamps, streams and rivers, flooded rice paddies or temporary pools which may dry up
A SEMINAR ON INDUCING AGENTS OF HYPOPHYSATIONKartik Mondal
The precise combination of environmental factors required for maturation, ovulation and spawning.
However, quite often, under farm conditions, the requisite environmental factors are either not available or do not persist for sufficient length of time for spontaneous maturation to occur.
The pioneering discovery of B.A. Houssay (1931) and Von Ihering (1935, 1937, Argentina) that fishes can be induced to spawn by injecting pituitary homogenates has somewhat mitigated the problem.
The principal advantage of this technique, referred to in aquaculture parlance as “Hypophysation.”
The transfer of fish seed from the hatchery or place of collection to the rearing pond is called transport of fish seed. The seed fish include fry and fingerlings.
Salient biological characteristics of some selected carps: imran nagarihn FreeStyle Corp.
A very large group of fish native to Europe and Asia.
Carp is a common name for various species of freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae.
They have been introduced to various locations around the world.
A short description about catla fish.presentation on catla fish.which scientific name is catla catla,cyprinus catla & gibelion catla.this fish is very important for aquaculture.the growth rate is high and culture system of this fish is very easy.This freshwater fish has a good market demand also.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, C hanna striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North - east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus . The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19 -
29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40 80%. Hatching occurred within
22 - 36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27 - 29 ° C. The percentage of hatching rate
varied from 55 - 80%. The overall breeding performance of
C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North-east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus. The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19-29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40-80%. Hatching occurred within 22-36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27-29°C. The percentage of hatching rate varied from 55-80%. The overall breeding performance of C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Article Citation:
Bilal Ahmad Paray, Haniffa MA and Manikandaraja D.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel,
Channa striatus (Bloch) under captive conditions.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 033-039.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0010.pdf
Past to present fish Seed production in India ln states, UTs and Indian major carps brood stock maintainace, breeding, maturation stages, embryonic developmental stages, fish spawn, Fry, Quality checking, Quarantine principle for seed quality.
The induced breeding of common carps (Cyprinus carpio) in BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to know the induced breeding technique of common carp verities. Scale carp (C. carpio var. communis), mirror carp (C. carpio var. specularis) and leather carp (C. carpio var. nudus) are chosen for the experiment at Ma-Fatema Fish Hatchery in Jessore from January to March, 2016. For induced breeding practice of common carps generally 1st dose of PG hormone only injected to the female brood fishes only. After 6 hours of the 1st dose, female brood fishes were injected with the 2nd dose of hormone at 4 mg PG/kg body weight and male brood fishes were injected at 2 mg PG /kg body weight for scale carp and mirror carp; 4 mg PG/kg body weight for leather carp. After 6-7 hours of injection of 2nd dose brood fishes became ready to spawn. The fertilized eggs were hatched after 42-48 hours. The mean ovulation rates were 90.01±2.55, 85.75±4.3 and 78.98±5.85 for scale carp, mirror carp and leather carp, respectively. The mean fertilization rates were 83.06±3.04, 81.54±3.61 and 79.88±5.35 for scale carp, mirror carp and leather carp, respectively. The mean hatching rates were 77.6±3.93, 76.16±2.91 and 74.59±4.65 for scale carp, mirror carp and leather carp, respectively. The mean survival rates were 73.44±4.94, 71.92±1.94 and 69.58±3.79 for scale carp, mirror carp and leather carp, respectively. This is first research work on comparative study of common carps induced breeding in Bangladesh.
Cirrhinus mrigala commonly called as Mrigal, is a specie of freshwater fish found in rivers, lakes, ponds and South Asia including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. It is an important food fish. The fish has streamlined body with a silver grey coloration and a deeply forked tail.
Biodiversity Status of Fishes from Vettathukadavu, Kayamkulam Backwater, Keralapaperpublications3
Abstract: The fishes are one of the most important, vertebrate, provided rich protein sources for human and several animals and important elements in the economy of many countries. Fish diversity essentially represents the fish faunal diversity. The survey was undertaken during the period from February 2016 to july 2016 in the region of Vettathukadavu, in Kayamkulam backwater, Kerala. The major objective of this study was to find out the biodiversity status of fishes in the Vettathukadavu region of Kayamkulam backwater, Kerala. Conservation status of fishes was assessed by IUCN Conservation status. The Survey of the studied stretch of backwater were resulted in recording of 25 fish species belonging to 6 orders and 15 familes. Of the 25 species reported during the study, 15 are least concern, 1 is critically endangered, 1 is vulnerable, 6 species are not evaluated and 2 species are not reported in IUCN Red.
Keywords: Icthyofauna, Biodiversity, IUCN, Endangered.
Title: Biodiversity Status of Fishes from Vettathukadavu, Kayamkulam Backwater, Kerala
Author: Remya.R, Dr. S.Amina
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
Prospectives and Problems of Conservation, Development and Management of Clam...ijtsrd
Bhatye estuary, Ratnagiri is known for its mussel and clam fishery. Clam fishery is primarily supported by Meretrix meretrix, Katelysia opima and Paphia laterisulea. The clam fishery lasts for about 8 – 10 months. During lean period of open sea fishery, it provides protein rich food and livelihood to local population... Its shells are utilized as raw material in lime and cement cottage industries. Considering its food and economic value they are over exploited. In the present study, economic and food value of clams, clam fishery, management and conservation aspects are discussed. Sanjay Kumbhar "Prospectives and Problems of Conservation, Development and Management of Clam Resource in the Bhatye Estuary Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30593.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30593/prospectives-and-problems-of-conservation-development-and-management-of-clam-resource-in-the-bhatye-estuary-ratnagiri-maharashtra-india/sanjay-kumbhar
Pen Farming in A Small River: Its Impact on Fish Production and Economic Cond...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Present study was conducted in the river Chota Bhagirathi in Malda district of West Bengal to assess the productivity of fish-pens and its impact on economic condition of the pen farmers. Fifteen pen farmers were selected for the study and their age ranged from 25-40 yrs. Among them 53.33% were 31-35 yrs old and 33.33% were within 36-40 yrs. Individual pen farming area varied from 3.0 ha to > 6.0 ha in the river Chota Bhagirathi. According to the size, pens were categorized into three groups: small pen (3.0-4.5 ha), medium pen (4.6-6.0 ha) and big pen (> 6.0 ha). Small pen farmers contributed 40.00%, medium pens 33.33% and big pens 26.67% of the total pen farming area in the river. The lease amount of pens varied according to pen area. Maximum fish production achieved from P1 (3281 kg/ha/year), P7 (3333 kg/ha/year), P8 (3444 kg/ha/year), P9 (3225 kg/ha/year) and P10 (3279 kg/ha/year) compared with other pens. P1 (Rs. 1,14,474 ha/year) earned highest profit and P8 (Rs. 1,06,771 ha/year) was second highest among 15 pens. Among the selected pen farmers, 73.33% were from non-fisherman community and only 26.67% from original fisherman folk.
ABSTRACT- The many exotic species introduction has been causing chaos in biological world as they turned in to invasive species by making interspecific competition stronger mentioned by Darwin in theory of natural selection. Effect of Parthenium spp. of plant and Clarias gariepinus of fish in India has been one of the problems in the same terms. In the present study we have noted the effect of a new exotic animal emu Dromaius novaehollandiae, fish Clarias gariepinus and plant Parthenium spp. collectively in the region, indicating its effect on other life forms because of absence of natural predators for the same.
Key-words- Exotic species, Invasive species, Emu, Clarias gariepinus, Parthenium spp., Dromaius novaehollandiae
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. INTRODUCTION
Catla catla is commonly known as catla.
There are several local names of Catla fish in India – They are bhakur, boassa,
chepti, katla, tambra (Hindi, marathi),botcha (Telgu), katla, thoppu meen
(Tamil), katla (Kannada), Karnatka, katla (Malyalam), pla kra ho (Bengali),
thambra (Gujarati).
Prepared by: Dr Anukriti Nigam
4. * Catla was first Recorded in 1822 as
Cyprinus catla by Hamilton Buchanan.
Habit and Habitat
Catla catla is a planktivorous carp.
Preferably feeding on zooplankton.
It is fresh water surface feeder.
Distribution
It is predominant in Asia: Pakistan, India,
Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar.
Prepared by: Dr Anukriti Nigam
5. Catla - Natural food and feeding habits
Catla is a surface feeder.
Feeding preferences and nutritional requirements change
according to the developemental stage.
Maximum feeding activity is seen during the morning
hours (6.00 to 9.00)
Larvae of Catla show positive selection for cladocerans,
copepods and nauplii.
Larvae starts feeding after 4 days of hatching on
Brachionus sp., Ceriodaphnia sp..
Feeds on large sized prey once the mouth gap increases.
Fingerlings feeds on planktonic algae, vegetable debris
along with larger size zooplankton.
Adults predominantly feeds on the surface and in mid-water.
They are planktivorous and show a preference for
zooplankton Prepared by: Dr Anukriti Nigam
6. Catla – Growth(Fastest growing fish)
The average size of freshly hatched catla larvae is
4.7 mm .
After 5, 10 and 15 days may reach an average size
of 9, 15.6 and 27 mm, respectively
Growth dependents on the density of the fishes
stalked.
It is rapid (7 to 10 cm per month) and allometric (W
= 0.0069 L3.201, r = 0.999; length range: 23–91 cm,
weight range: 175–12, 000 g) (Ahmed et al., 2003).
Prepared by: Dr Anukriti Nigam
7. Prominent/Identifying characters
Lips prominent and thick.
Lower jaw with a movable articulation at the symphysis but
without a prominent knob
Brbles absent .
Dorsal fin is long inserted above tip of pectoral fin with 17-19
rays and without any spine, (Jayaram, 1981).
Prepared by: Dr Anukriti Nigam
8. External caracters
Body Colouration -grayish on the dorsal side and silvery on the
lateral and ventral side.
Fins colour –blackish over all but pectoral, ventral and anal fins have
orange tings at the base.
Body shape - deeply notched,dorsal profile more convex than that of
ventral , stout .
Scales – cycloid ,except on mouth and head present through out.
Eyes –large , placed in front half of head with three orbital margins.
Mouth -wide, upturned with prominent protruding lower jaw.
Snout - bluntly rounded. Some pores are visible on the snout.
Lips- thick, fringed.
Head -large and broad. Length of head ranges from 4.1cms to 4.7cms
and height of body from 3cms to 3.5cms in total length.
Prepared by: Dr Anukriti Nigam
9. Other features
Catla is fleshy and noted for its delicacy and valued very
high in the market.
It is one of the most productive food fish in India.
It is one of the fastest growing fish in the country it grows
up to 182 cm in total length.
Barbells absent.
Dorsal fin is long commences slightly in advance of the
ventral fin, it is inserted above the tip of pectoral fin with
1-19 rays.
Pectoral fin is located slightly behind the ventral fin.
Caudal fin is forked. Simple rays non-osseous.
Prepared by: Dr Anukriti Nigam
10. Fin formula of Catla catla
D.18 ,P.19 ; V.9; A.8; C.19; L.I. 40-42;
L.tr.7.5-5, (Gupta and Gupta, 2006).
Prepared by: Dr Anukriti Nigam
11. Breeding
Catla attains sexual maturity at an average age of two
years and an average weight of 2 kg.
Catla breed during the monsoon season in rivers.
It responds well to hypophysation.
Under captive conditions during the breeding season the
dorsal surface of the pectoral fin of the males becomes
rough and on applying gentle pressure on the belly milt
oozes freely from the genital papilla.
Female has a soft, round, bulging belly and a swollen,
pinkish genital opening.
Prepared by: Dr Anukriti Nigam
12. Other Details:-
In India, mostly three different types of ponds are used for
carp culture , they are nursery ponds (0.02–0.05 ha, water
depth 1.0–1.5 m), rearing ponds (0.05–0.1 ha, water depth
1.5–2.0 m) and stalking pond (0.1–2.0 ha, water depth 2–3 m).
To enhance the production of fish food organisms , liming and
fertilization of rearing ponds at regular intervals is essential .
Lime is applied at the rate of 250-300 kg/ha in three equal
monthly instalments. The first dose is applied one week prior
to stocking of fry (Jhingran 1991).
Both organic and inorganic fertilizers can be used.
Cattle-dung is used at a rate of 2 500 kg/ha in four equal
instalments.
The initial dose is applied 14 days prior to stocking of fry.
Prepared by: Dr Anukriti Nigam
13. Continued……
Inorganic fertilizers like urea (100 kg/ha) or ammonium
sulphate (200 kg/ha) and single super phosphate (100
kg/ha) or triple super phosphate are applied at a rate of 35
kg/ha in 3 equal instalments during the rearing period.
On second day after stocking the first instalment of
inorganic fertilizers is applied and thereafter at monthly
intervals, alternating with organic fertilizers (CIFRI,
1985).
It is important to avoid fertilization during algal blooms in
the pond.
The application of Azolla in fish ponds at the rate of 40
tonnes/ha/year fulfils all nutrient requirements for
intensive carp culture.
Prepared by: Dr Anukriti Nigam
14. Catla - Supplemental feeds & feeding
Catla is fed supplementary diets using combinations rice
bran, various de-oiled seed cakes, fishmeal, etc.
Other alternative feeds are mixtures of powdered aquatic
insects, prawn and cow peas, fishmeal and groundnut
oilcake. Feed is normally spread once a day over the pond
in the morning .
Once the fish attains the desired characters t is stocked and
then sold in the market.
Prepared by: Dr Anukriti Nigam
Catla is a surface feeder.
Feeding preferences and nutritional requirements change according to the developemental stage.
Maximum feeding activity is seen during the morning hours (6.00 to 9.00)
Larvae of Catla show positive selection for cladocerans, copepods and nauplii.
Larvae starts feeding after 4 days of hatching on Brachionus sp., Ceriodaphnia sp..
Feeds on large sized prey once the mouth gap increases .they shift towards larger size prey like Daphnia spp. and active Mesocyclops sp.
Fingerlings consume some planktonic algae, vegetable debris along with larger size zooplankton.
Adults feed mainly on the surface and in mid-water. Adults are also planktivorous and show a preference for zooplankton