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1. INDIA
FEATURES
PHYSICAL

2. TOPICS
• FORMATION OF PLATES
• MOUNTAIN
• RIVERS
• NORTHERN PLAINS
• PLATEAUS OF INDIA
• COASTAL PLAINS
• INDIAN DESERTS
• ISLANDS
• QUIZ SECTION

3. Formation Of Plates
Plate tectonics pertaining to building") is a scientific
theory that describes the large-scale motion
ofEarth's lithosphere. The model builds on the concept
of continental drift which was developed during the first few
decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community
accepted the theory after the concepts of seafloor
spreading were developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
The lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet
(on Earth, the crust and upper mantle), is broken up
into tectonic plates. On Earth, there are seven or eight major
plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor
plates. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines
the type of boundary;convergent, divergent,
or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-
building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these
plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates
typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually.

4. mountains

5. The Himalayan Mountains
The Himalayas, or Himalaya, Sanskrit word literally meaning, "abode of the snow") is a mountain range in South
Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau.
The Himalayan range is home to the planet's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest. The Himalayas include over
a hundred mountains exceeding 7,200 metres (23,600 ft) in elevation. By contrast, the highest peak outside Asia – Aconcagua,
in the Andes – is 6,961 metres (22,838 ft) tall. The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of South Asia. Many
Himalayan peaks are sacred in both Buddhism and Hinduism.
Besides the Greater Himalayas of these high peaks there are parallel lower ranges. The first foothills, reaching about a
thousand meters along the northern edge of the plains, are called the Sivalik Hills or Sub-Himalayan Range. Further north is a
higher range reaching two to three thousand meters known as the Lower Himalayan or Himachal or Mahabharat Range.
The Himalayas abut or cross five countries: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Pakistan, with the first three countries having
sovereignty over most of the range.The Himalayas are bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges,
on the north by the Tibetan Plateau, and on the south by the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
Three of the world's major rivers, the Indus, the Ganges and the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra, rise in the Himalayas. While the Indus,
and the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra rise near Mount Kailash, the Ganges rises in the Indian state of Uttarkhand. Their
combined drainage basin is home to some 600 million people.

6. Karakoram
The Karakoram is situated in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir. It has more than
sixty peaks above 7,000 m (23,000 ft), including K2, the second highest peak in the world
8,611 m (28,251 ft). K2 is just 237 m (778 ft) smaller than the 8,848 m (29,029 ft) Mount
Everest. The range is about 500 km (310 mi) in length and the most heavily glaciated part
of the world outside of the polar regions. The Siachen Glacier at 76 km (47 mi) and the
Biafo Glacier at 67 km (42 mi) rank as the world's second and third-longest glaciers
outside the polar regions.Just to the west of the northwest end of the Karakoram, lies the
Hindu Raj range, beyond which is the Hindu Kush range. The southern boundary of the
Karakoram is formed by the Gilgit, Indus and Shyok rivers, which separate the range from
the northwestern end of the Himalayas.

7. Purvanchal Range
The Purvanchal hills lies in the north easternmost part of India lying near Myanmar . They are the eastern extension
of himalayas . they cover the states of assom, manipur, tripura, nagaland . meghalaya and mizorm . the garo - khasi
and jaintia hills lie in this range.
Generally Purvanchal refers to the above listed but there is also another region purvanchal in India listed here -
Purvanchal is a geographic region of north-central India, which comprises the eastern end of Uttar Pradesh state. It
is bounded by Nepal to the north, Bihar state to the east, Bagelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh state to the south,
the Awadh region of Uttar Pradesh to the west and the end of Doab (at Allahabad) in Uttar Pradesh to its
southwest.

8. Rivers

9. The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghana system has the largest catchment area of about 1,600,000 km2 (620,000 sq
mi).The Ganges Basin alone has a catchment of about 1,100,000 km2 (420,000 sq mi).The Ganges originates from the
Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand.It flows southeast, draining into the Bay of Bengal.The Yamuna and Gomti rivers also
arise in the western Himalayas and join the Ganges in the plains.The Brahmaputra originates in Tibet, China, where it
is known as the Yarlung Tsangpo River. It enters India in the far-eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh, then flows west
through Assam. The Brahmaputra merges with the Ganges in Bangladesh, where it is known as the Jamuna River.The
Chambal, another tributary of the Ganges, via the Yamuna, originates from the Vindhya-Satpura watershed. The river
flows eastward. Westward-flowing rivers from this watershed are the Narmada and Tapti, which drain into the
Arabian Sea in Gujarat. The river network that flows from east to west constitutes 10% of the total outflow.The
Godavari River at Papi HillsBhagirathi River at Gangotri, source river of the Ganges .The Western Ghats are the source
of all Deccan rivers, which include the Mahanadi River through the Mahanadi River Delta, Godavari River, Krishna
River and Kaveri River, all draining into the Bay of Bengal. These rivers constitute 20% of India's total outflow.The
heavy southwest monsoon rains cause the Brahmaputra and other rivers to distend their banks, often flooding
surrounding areas. Though they provide rice paddy farmers with a largely dependable source of natural irrigation
and fertilisation, such floods have killed thousands of people and tend to cause displacements of people in such
areas.Major gulfs include the Gulf of Cambay, Gulf of Kutch, and the Gulf of Mannar. Straits include the Palk Strait,
which separates India from Sri Lanka; the Ten Degree Channel, which separates the Andamans from the Nicobar
Islands; and the Eight Degree Channel, which separates the Laccadive and Amindivi Islands from the Minicoy Island
to the south. Important capes include the Kanyakumari (formerly called Cape Comorin), the southern tip of mainland
India; Indira Point, the southernmost point in India (on Great Nicobar Island); Rama's Bridge, and Point Calimere.

10. Northern Plains

12. Plateaus of India

13. The Deccan Plateau is a large plateau in India, making up most of the southern part of the
country. It rises a hundred metres high in the north, and more than a kilometre high in the
south, forming a raised triangle within the familiar downward-pointing triangle of the Indian
subcontinent's coastline.
It extends over eight Indian states and encompasses a wide range of habitats, covering most
of central and southern India.
It is located between two mountain ranges, the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats. Each
rises from its respective nearby coastal plain. They almost meet at the southern tip of India.
The Deccan Plateau is separated from the Gangetic plain to the north by the Satpura and
Vindhya Ranges, which form its northern boundary.
Deccan Plateau

14. The Chota Nagpur Plateau is a plateau in eastern India, which covers
much of Jharkhand state as well as adjacent parts of Odisha, West
Bengal, Bihar and Chhattisgarh. The Indo-Gangetic plain lies to the north
and east of the plateau, and the basin of the Mahanadi River lies to the
south. The total area of the Chota Plateau is approximately 65,000
square kilometres (25,000 sq mi).
Chota Nagpur Plateau

15. Coastal Plains

16. The Eastern Coastal Plain is a wide stretch of land lying between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of
Bengal. It stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the east. The Mahanadi,
Godavari, Kaveri, and Krishna rivers drain these plains. The temperature in the coastal regions
often exceeds 30 °C (86 °F), and is coupled with high levels of humidity. The region receives both
the northeast monsoon and southwest monsoon rains. The southwest monsoon splits into two
branches, the Bay of Bengal branch and the Arabian Sea branch. The Bay of Bengal branch moves
northwards crossing northeast India in early June. The Arabian Sea branch moves northwards
and discharges much of its rain on the windward side of Western Ghats. Annual rainfall in this
region averages between 1,000 and 3,000 mm (39 and 118 in). The width of the plains varies
between 100 and 130 km (62 and 81 mi).The plains are divided into six regions—the Mahanadi
delta, the southern Andhra Pradesh plain, the Krishna-Godavari deltas, the Kanyakumari coast,
the Coromandel Coast, and sandy coastal.
The Eastern Coastal plain

17. The Western Coastal Plain is a narrow strip of land sandwiched between the
Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea, ranging from 50 to 100 km (31 to 62 mi)
in width. It extends from Gujarat in the north and extends through
Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, and Kerala. Numerous rivers and backwaters
inundate the region. Mostly originating in the Western Ghats, the rivers are
fast-flowing, usually perennial, and empty into estuaries. Major rivers
flowing into the sea are the Tapi, Narmada, Mandovi and Zuari. Vegetation is
mostly deciduous, but the Malabar Coast moist forests constitute a unique
ecoregion. The Western Coastal Plain can be divided into two parts, the
Konkan and the Malabar Coast
The Western Coastal Plain

18. The Indian Desert
The Thar Desert (Rajasthani: थार मरुधर, Hindi: थार मरुस्थल, Sindhi: ‫ريگستان‬ ‫ٿر‬,
Urdu: ‫تھر‬ َ‫صحراے‬also known as the Great Indian Desert) is a large, arid region in
the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent and forms a natural boundary
running along the border between India and Pakistan. With an area of more than
200,000 km2 (77,000 sq mi), within the Indian state of Rajasthan, covering the
districts of Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner and Jodhpur, and some region of the states
of Punjab, Haryana and Gujarat.it is the world's 9th largest subtropical desert.

19. Islands
The Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are India's two major island formations and are classified as
union territories. The Lakshadweep Islands lie 200 to 300 km (120 to 190 mi) off the coast of Kerala in the Arabian sea
with an area of 32 km2 (12 sq mi). They consist of twelve atolls, three reefs, and five submerged banks, with a total of
about 35 islands and islets.The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located between 6° and 14° north latitude and 92° and
94° east longitude. They consist of 572 isles, lying in the Bay of Bengal near the Burmese coast. They are located 1,255
km (780 mi) from Kolkata (Calcutta) and 193 km (120 mi) from Cape Negrais in Burma.The territory consists of two island
groups, the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands. The Andaman Islands consists of 204 small islands across a total
length of 352 km (219 mi). India's only active volcano, Barren Island is situated here. It last erupted in May 2005. The
Narcondum is a dormant volcano and there is a mud volcano at Baratang. Indira Point, India's southernmost land point,
is situated in the Nicobar islands at 6°45’10″N and 93°49’36″E, and lies just 189 km (117 mi) from the Indonesian island
of Sumatra, to the southeast. The highest point is Mount Thullier at 642 m (2,106 ft).Other significant islands in India
include Diu daman, a former Portuguese enclave; Majuli, a river island of the Brahmaputra; Elephanta in Bombay
Harbour; and Sriharikota, a barrier island in Andhra Pradesh. Salsette Island is India's most populous island on which the
city of Mumbai (Bombay) is located. Forty-two islands in the Gulf of Kutch constitute the Marine National Park

20. Welcome To The Quiz Section

21. 1. The plains and plateaus of India have abundance of ____________.
2. The part of Himalayas lying between Sutlej and Kali rivers is known as
_________.
3. The newer younger deposits of the flood plains are called ______________.
4. __________ is a mountain range along the western side of India.
5. The peninsular India was a part of___________.
Questions

22. Answers
1. Alluvial soil
2. Kumaon Himalaya
3. Khadar
4. Western ghats
5. Gondwanaland

23. Members group-
3
• Amir Fazil
• Vaisakh RS
• Muhammed Shefin
• Thushar A S
• Gopika R
• Gayathri A V
• Akhila B Raj
• Ansalna N