RIVERS

2. 1. Ganges River
2. Godavari River
3. Narmada River
4. Yamuna River
5. Indus River
6. Mahanadi River
7. Kaveri River
8. Tapti River
9. Krishna River

3. 10. Bhagirathi River
11. Sutlej River
12. Padma River
13. Ghaghara River
14. Beas River
15. Koshi River
16. Chenab River
17. Jhelum River
18. Betwa River

4. 19. Gomti River
20. Damodar River
21. Tungabhadra River
22. Indravati River
23. Bhima River
24. Lohit River
25. Kabini river
26. Son River
27. Ramganga River

5. 28. Koyna River
29. Ghataprabha River
30. Luni River
31. Arkavati River
32. Ken River
33. Sabarmati River
34. Noyyal River
35. Tunga River
36. Shyok River

6. 37. Amaravati River
38. Penna River
39. Musi River
40. Ravi River
41. Alaknanda River
42. Chambal River
43. Hooghly River

8. • The Ganges, also Ganga is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through the nations of
India and Bangladesh. The 2,525 km (1,569 mi) river rises in the western Himalayas in the
Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North
India into Bangladesh, where it empties into the Bay of Bengal. It is the third largest river in
the world by discharge.
• The Ganges was ranked as the fifth most polluted river of the world in 2007. Pollution
threatens not only humans, but also more than 140 fish species, 90 amphibian species and
the endangered Ganges river dolphin. The levels of fecal coliform from human waste in the
waters of the river near Varanasi are more than 100 times the Indian government's official
limit. The Ganga Action Plan, an environmental initiative to clean up the river, has been a
major failure thus faro corruption, lack of technical expertise, poor environmental planning,
and lack of support from religious authorities.

10. • The Godavari is the second longest river in India after the river Ganges having its source at
Triambakeshwar, Maharashtra. It starts in Maharashtra and flows east for 1,465 kilometres
(910 mi) emptying into Bay of Bengal draining the Indian states Maharashtra (48.6%),
Telangana (18.8%), Andhra Pradesh (4.5%), Chhattisgarh (10.9%), Madhya Pradesh
(10.0%), Odisha (5.7%), Karnataka (1.4%) and Puducherry (Yanam) through its extensive
network of tributaries. Measuring up to 312,812 km2 (120,777 sq mi), it forms one of the
largest river basins in the Indian subcontinent, with only the Ganges and Indus rivers
having a drainage basin larger than it in India.. In terms of length, catchment area and
discharge, the Godavari river is the largest in peninsular India and had been dubbed as the
'Dakshina Ganga' – the South Ganges river.
• The river has been revered in Hindu scriptures since many millennia and continues to
harbor and nourish rich cultural heritages. However, in the past few decades, the river has
been abused with relentless construction of barrages and dams. The river delta, supporting
729 persons/km2 – nearly twice the density average for the nation, has been categorized as
having substantial risk to greater risk of flooding with rising sea levels

12. • The Narmada, also called the Rewa, is a river in central India and the fifth
longest river in the Indian subcontinent. It is the third longest river that flows
entirely within India, after the Godavari, and the Krishna. It is also known as
"Life Line of Madhya Pradesh" for its huge contribution to the state of Madhya
Pradesh in many ways. It forms the traditional boundary between North India
and South India and flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km (815.2 mi) before
draining through the Gulf of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea, 30 km (18.6 mi)
west of Bharuch city of Gujarat.
• It is one of only three major rivers in peninsular India that run from east to
west (longest west flowing river), along with the Tapti River and the Mahi
River. It is one of the rivers in India that flows in a rift valley, flowing west
between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges. The other rivers which flow through
rift valley include Damodar River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti.

14. • The Yamuna , sometimes called the Jamuna or Jumna , is the longest and the second largest
tributary river of the Ganges (Ganga) in northern India. Originating from the Yamunotri
Glacier at a height of 6,387 metres on the south western slopes of Banderpooch peaks in the
uppermost region of the Lower Himalaya in Uttarakhand, it travels a total length of 1,376
kilometres (855 mi) and has a drainage system of 366,223 square kilometres (141,399 sq mi),
40.2% of the entire Ganges Basin, before merging with the Ganges at Triveni Sangam,
Allahabad, the site for the Kumbha Mela every twelve years. It is the longest river in India
which does not directly flow to the sea.
• The water of Yamuna is of "reasonably good quality" through its length from Yamunotri in
the Himalayas to Wazirabad in Delhi, about 375 kilometres (233 mi), where the discharge of
waste water through 15 drains between Wazirabad barrage and Okhla barrage renders the
river severely polluted after Wazirabad. One official describes the river as a "sewage drain"
with biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values ranging from 14 to 28 mg/l and high
coliform content.

16. • The Indus River also called Sindhū or Abāsīn, is a major south-flowing river in South Asia. It
is the namesake of the modern nation of India. The total length of the river is 3,610 km
(1,988mi) which makes it one of the longest rivers in Asia. Originating in the western part of
Tibet in the vicinity of Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar, the river runs a course
through Ladakh, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and then flows along the
entire length of Punjab to merge into the Arabian Sea near the city of Thatta in Sindh. It is
the longest river and national river of Pakistan.
• The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2 (450,000 sq mi). Its estimated
annual flow stands at around 243 km3 (58 cu mi), twice that of the Nile River and three
times that of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers combined, making it the twenty-first largest
river in the world in terms of annual flow. The Zanskar is its left bank tributary in Ladakh.
In the plains, its left bank tributary is the Chenab which itself has four major tributaries,
namely, the Jhelum, the Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej. Its principal right bank tributaries
are the Shyok, the Gilgit, the Kabul, the Gomal, and the Kurram. Beginning in a mountain
spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayas, the river supports ecosystems of
temperate forests, plains and arid countryside.

18. • The Mahanadi is a major river in East Central India. It drains an area of
around 141,600 square kilometres (54,700 sq mi) and has a total course of 858
kilometres (533 mi).The river flows through the states of Chhattisgarh and
Odisha.
• Like many other seasonal Indian rivers, the Mahanadi too is a combination of
many mountain streams and thus its precise source is impossible to pinpoint.
However its farthest headwaters lie 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from Pharsiya village
442 metres (1,450 ft) above sea level south of Nagri town in Dhamtari district
of Chhattisgarh.The hills here are an extension of the Eastern Ghats and are a
source of many other streams which then go on to join the Mahanadi

20. • The Kaveri (or Cauvery in English) is a large Indian river. The origin of the river is at
Talakaveri, Kodagu in Karnataka, flows generally south and east through Karnataka and
Tamil Nadu and across the southern Deccan plateau through the southeastern lowlands,
emptying into the Bay of Bengal through two principal mouths in Poompuhar, Tamil Nadu.
• The Kaveri basin is estimated to be 81,155 square kilometres (31,334 sq mi) with many
tributaries including the Shimsha, Moyar River, the Hemavati, the Arkavati, Honnuhole,
Lakshmana Tirtha, Kabini, Bhavani River, the Lokapavani, the Noyyal and the Amaravati
River. The river's basin covers four states and Union Territories, as follows: Tamil Nadu,
43,856 square kilometres (16,933 sq mi); Karnataka, 34,273 square kilometres (13,233 sq mi);
Kerala, 2,866 square kilometres (1,107 sq mi), and Puducherry, 160 square kilometres (62 sq
mi). Rising in southwestern Karnataka, it flows southeast some 800 kilometres (500 mi) to
enter the Bay of Bengal. In Mandya district it forms the island of Shivanasamudra, on either
side of which are the scenic Shivanasamudra Falls that descend about 100 metres (330 ft).
The river is the source for an extensive irrigation system and for hydroelectric power. The
river has supported irrigated agriculture for centuries and served as the lifeblood of the
ancient kingdoms and modern cities of South India.

22. • The Tapi River (or Taptee) flows in central India from east to
west, between the Godavari and Narmada rivers.It flows
through Surat, and is crossed by the Magdalla ONGC Bridge.
• The river is supposedly named after the goddess Tapti, the
daughter of Surya, the Sun god, who according to legend
founded the Kuru Dynasty when she married King
Samvarna.

24. • The Krishna River is the fourth-biggest river in terms of water inflows and river basin area
in India, after the Ganga, Godavari and Brahmaputra. The river is almost 1,300 kilometres
(810 mi) long. The river is also called Krishnaveni. It is a major source of irrigation for
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
• The Krishna river originates in the western ghats near Mahabaleshwar at an elevation of
about 1,300 metres, in the state of Maharashtra in central India. It is one of the longest rivers
in India. The Krishna river is around 1,300 km in length. The Krishna river's source is at
Mahabaleswar near the Jor village in the extreme north of Wai Taluka, Satara District,
Maharashtra in the west and empties into the Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladeevi (near
Koduru) in Andhra Pradesh, on the east coast. It flows through the state of Karnataka
before entering Telangana State. The delta of this river is one of the most fertile regions in
India and was the home to ancient Satavahana and Ikshvaku Sun Dynasty kings.
Vijayawada is the largest city on the River Krishna.

26. • The Bhāgīrathī is a turbulent Himalayan river in the Indian states of Uttarakhand, and one
of the two headstreams of the Ganges, the major river of Northern India and the holy river of
Hinduism. In Hindu mythology and culture, the Bhagirathi is considered the source stream
of the Ganges. However, in hydrology, the other headstream, Alaknanda, is considered the
source stream on account of its great length and discharge.
• The word "Bhagirathi" (Sanskrit, literally, "caused by Bhagiratha") refers to a mythological
Sagar Dynasty prince who, to gain the release of his 60,000 great-uncles from the curse of
saint Kapila, brought the goddess Ganga in the form of the river Ganges, from the heavens
to the earth. Hence, Ganges considered as daughter of Bhagiratha and Ganges also called as
Baghirathi. Bhagiratha was the king of Kosala, a kingdom in ancient India. He was a
descendent of the great King Sagara of the Suryavanshi, or Surya Dynasty. He was one of the
forefathers of Lord Rama, of the Ramayana, the epic in which Bhagiratha's tale is primarily
recounted.The story of Bhagiratha explained in Balakhanda of Ramayana.Shiva brought
Ganga river to Bindu Sarovar on request of Bhagiratha.

28. The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as Satluj River) is the longest of the five rivers that
flow through the historic crossroads region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan. The
Sutlej River is also known as Satadree.It is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River.
The waters of the Sutlej are allocated to India under the Indus Waters Treaty between India
and Pakistan, and are mostly diverted to irrigation canals in India. There are several major
hydroelectric projects on the Sutlej, including the 1,000 MW Bhakra Dam, the 1,000 MW
Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant, and the 1,530 MW Nathpa Jhakri Dam.
The Upper Sutlej Valley, called Langqên Zangbo in Tibet, was once known as the Garuda
Valley by the Zhangzhung, the ancient civilization of western Tibet. The Garuda Valley was
the centre of their empire, which stretched many miles into the nearby Himalayas. The
Zhangzhung built a towering palace in the Upper Sutlej Valley called Kyunglung, the ruins
of which still exist today near the village of Moincêr, southwest of Mount Kailash (Mount
Ti-se). Eventually, the Zhangzhung were conquered by the Tibetan Empire.

30. • The Padma is a major river in Bangladesh. It is the main distributary of the Ganges, flowing
generally southeast for 120 kilometres (75 mi) to its confluence with the Meghna River near
the Bay of Bengal.The city of Rajshahi is situated on the banks of the river.
• The Padma, Sanskrit for lotus flower, is mentioned in Hindu mythology as a byname for the
Goddess Lakshmi.
• The name Padma is given to the lower part of the course of the Ganges (Ganga) below the
point of the off-take of the Bhagirathi River (India), another Ganges River distributary also
known as the Hooghly River. Padma had, most probably, flowed through a number of
channels at different times. Some authors contend that each distributary of the Ganges in
its deltaic part is a remnant of an old principal channel, and that starting from the western-
most one, the Bhagirathi (in West Bengal, India), each distributary to the east marks a
position of a newer channel than the one to the west of it.

32. • Karnali, also called Ghaghara is a perennial trans-boundary river originating on the
Tibetan Plateau near Lake Mansarovar. It cuts through the Himalayas in Nepal and joins
the Sharda River at Brahmaghat in India. Together they form the Ghaghra River, a major
left bank tributary of the Ganges. With a length of 507 kilometres (315 mi) it is the longest
river in Nepal. The total length of Ghaghara River up to its confluence with the Ganges at
Doriganj in Bihar is 1,080 kilometres (670 mi). It is the largest tributary of the Ganges by
volume and the second longest tributary of the Ganges by length after Yamuna.
• It rises in the southern slopes of the Himalayas in Tibet, in the glaciers of Mapchachungo, at
an elevation of about 3,962 metres (12,999 ft) above sea level. The river flows south through
one of the most remote and least explored areas of Nepal as the Karnali River. The 202-
kilometre (126 mi) Seti River drains the western part of the catchment and joins the Karnali
River in Doti District north of Dundras hill. Another tributary, the 264-kilometre (164 mi)
long Bheri, rises in the western part of Dhaulagiri Himalaya and drains the eastern part of
the catchment, meeting the Karnali near Kuineghat in Surkhet.

34. • The Beas River also known as the Biás or Bias, is a river in north India. The river rises in the
Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows for some 470 kilometres (290 mi)
to the Sutlej River in the Indian state of Punjab.
• The river was also known as Arjikuja of the Vedas, or Vipasha to the ancient Indians, and
the Hyphasis to the Ancient Greeks.
• It is said that Beas is a misnomer for Vyasa (exchange of B with V and always truncation of
the last vowel is common in North Indian languages) and is named after Veda Vyasa, the
presiding patron of the river; he is said to have created it from its source lake, the Vyas
Kund.
• The Beas River marks the eastern-most border of Alexander the Great's conquests in 326
BC. It was one of the rivers which created problems in Alexander's invasion of India.

36. • The Koshi or Kosi River drains the northern slopes of the Himalayas in the Tibet and the
southern slopes in Nepal. From a major confluence of tributaries north of the Chatra Gorge
onwards, the Koshi River is also known as Saptakoshi for its seven upper tributaries. These
include the Tamur Koshi originating from the Kanchenjunga area in the east, Arun River
and Sun Koshi from Tibet. The Sun Koshi's tributaries from east to west are Dudh Koshi,
Bhote Koshi, Tamba Koshi and Indravati Koshi. The Saptakoshi crosses into northern Bihar
where it branches into distributaries before joining the Ganges near Kursela in Katihar
district.
• The Koshi is 720 km (450 mi) long and drains an area of about 74,500 km2 (28,800 sq mi)
in Tibet, Nepal and Bihar. In the past, several authors proposed that the river has shifted its
course for more than 133 km (83 mi) from east to west during the last 200 years. But a review
of 28 historical maps dating 1760 to 1960 revealed a slight eastward shift for a long
duration, and that the shifting was random and oscillating in nature.

38. • The Chenab River is a major river of India and Pakistan. It forms in the upper Himalayas in
the Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows through the Jammu
region of Jammu and Kashmir into the plains of the Punjab, Pakistan. The waters of the
Chenab are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty
• The river was known to Indians in the Vedic period as Chandrabhaga and as Acesines to
the Ancient Greeks. In 325 BC, Alexander the Great allegedly founded the town of
Alexandria on the Indus (present day Uch Sharif or Mithankot or Chacharan in Pakistan)
at the confluence of the Indus and the combined stream of Punjab rivers (currently known
as the Panjnad River)

40. • The Jhelum River is a river of northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. It is the westernmost
of the five rivers of Punjab, and passes through Jhelum District. It is a tributary of the
Chenab River and has a total length of about 725 kilometres (450 mi).
• The Sanskrit name of this river is Vitasta. The river's name is derived from the mythological
incident regarding the origin of the river as explained in Nilamata Purana. Goddess Parvati
was requested by sage Kasyapa to come to Kashmir for purification of the land from evil
practices and impurities of Pisachas living there. Goddess Parvati then assumed the form of
a river in the Nether World. Then Lord Shiva made a stroke with his spear near the abode of
Nila (Verinag Spring). By that stroke of the spear, Goddess Parvati came out of the Nether
World. Shiva himself named her as Vitasta. He had excavated with the spear a ditch
measuring one Vitasti (a particular measure of length defined either as a long span between
the extended thumb and little finger, or as the distance between the wrist and the tip of the
fingers, and said to be about 9 inches), through which the river - gone to the Nether World -
had come out, so she was given the name Vitasta by him.

42. • The Betwa or Betravati is a river in Northern India, and a tributary of the Yamuna. Also
known as the Vetravati, the Betwa rises in the Vindhya Range just north of Hoshangabad in
Madhya Pradesh and flows north-east through Madhya Pradesh and Orchha to Uttar
Pradesh. Nearly half of its course, which is not navigable, runs over the Malwa Plateau. The
confluence of the Betwa and the Yamuna Rivers is Hamirpur town in Uttar Pradesh, in the
vicinity of Orchha.
• In Sanskrit "Betwa" is Vetravati. This river is mentioned in the epic Mahabharata along with
the Charmanwati river. Both are tributaries of Yamuna. Vetravati was also known as
Shuktimati. The capital of Chedi Kingdom was on the banks of this river.The total length of
the river from its origin to its confluence with Yamuna is 590 kilometres (370 mi), out of
which 232 kilometres (144 mi) lies in Madhya Pradesh and the balance of 358 kilometres
(222 mi) in Uttar Pradesh. In accordance with an inter-state agreement between the states of
Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh in 1973, Betwa River Board (BRB) was constituted
under the Betwa River Board Act, 1976.

44. • The Gomti, Gumti or Gomati River is a tributary of the Ganga River. According to Hindu
mythology the river is the daughter of Sage Vashist, and bathing in the waters of the Gomati
on Ekadashi (the eleventh day of the Sanatana Dharma-Hindu calendar) can wash away
one's sins. According to the major religious work, Srimad Bhagavatam, the Gomati is one of
the many transcendental rivers in India. It is the river where sacred Gomti Chakras are
found.
• The Gomti a monsoon and ground water fed river originates from Gomat Taal which
formally known as Fulhaar jheel, near Madho Tanda, Pilibhit, India. It extends 960
kilometres (600 mi) through Uttar Pradesh and meets the Ganges River near Saidpur,
Kaithi in Varanasi district.
• After 20 kilometres (12 mi) from its origin, a very small river, the Gaihaaee, meets it. The river
is a thin stream until it reaches Mohammadi Kheri (about 100 km from its origin), a tehsil of
Lakhimpur Kheri district, where it is joined by some tributaries like Sukheta, Choha and
Andhra Choha. From here the river is well defined, whereas other tributaries join this river
downstream. These are Kathina at Mailani and Sarayan at a village in Sitapur district.

46. • Damodar River also known as River of sorrows or sorrow of Bengal is a river flowing across
the Indian states of West Bengal and Jharkhand. Rich in mineral resources, the valley is
home to large-scale mining and industrial activity. Earlier known as the Sorrow of Bengal
because of its ravaging floods in the plains of West Bengal, the Damodar and its tributaries
have been somewhat tamed with the construction of several dams. It is the most polluted
river of India .
• It has a number of tributaries and subtributaries, such as Barakar, Konar, Bokaro, Haharo,
Jamunia, Ghari, Guaia, Khadia and Bhera. The Damodar and the Barakar trifurcates the
Chota Nagpur plateau. The rivers pass through hilly areas with great force, sweeping away
whatever lies in their path. Two bridges on the Grand Trunk Road near Barhi in Hazaribagh
district were torn down by the Barakar: the great stone bridge in 1913 and the subsequent
iron bridge in 1946.
• Means "rope around the belly", derived from Sanskrit (dama) "rope" and (udara) "belly".
This is another name of the Hindu god Krishna, given to him because his foster-mother tied
him to a large urn

48. • The Tungabhadra River is a river in India that starts and flows through the state of
Karnataka during most of its course, before flowing along the border between Karnataka
and Andhra Pradesh and ultimately joining the Krishna River along the border of Andhra
Pradesh and Telangana. In the epic Ramayana, the Tungabhadra River was known by the
name of Pampa.The Tungabhadra River is formed by the confluence of the Tunga River and
the Bhadra River at Koodli which flow down the eastern slope of the Western Ghats in the
state of Karnataka.The two rivers originate in Chikmagalur District of Karnataka along
with the Nethravathi (west-flowing river, joining the Arabian Sea near Mangalore), the
Tunga and the Bhadra rise at Gangamoola, in Varaha Parvatha in the Western Ghats at an
elevation of 1198 metres. The Bhadra river flows through the industrial city Bhadravathi.
More than 100 tributaries, streams, creeks, rivulets and the like contribute to the two rivers.
The journey of the Tunga and the Bhadra is 147 km (91 mi) and 171 km (106 mi) respectively,
till they join at Koodli, at an elevation of about 610 metres near Holehonnur, about 15 km
(9.3 mi) from Shivamogga, areca granary of the country. It is a confluence of both the
Dwaitha and the Adwaitha philosophies. From there, the Tungabhadra meanders through
the plains to a distance of 531 km (330 mi).

50. • Indravati Riveris a tributary of the Godavari River, in central India.
• Indravati River This river is a stream of the river Godavari. Its starting point is found to be
the Ghats of Dandakaranya range from a hilltop village Mardiguda of Thuamula Rampur
Block in the Kalahandi district of the state of Odisha due to the amalgamation of three
streams, The River follows a westerly path and enters Jagadalpur in the state of
Chhattisgarh. The river moves from here in a southern route, before eventually uniting with
the Godavari at the borders of three states. They are the state of Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra
and Telangana. The river at a variety of stages of its course forms the boundary between
Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. The river Indravati is also known as the oxygen of the
Bastar district of state of Chhattisgarh. This district is one of the greenest and eco-friendly
districts, found in the whole of India. A total number of five hydroelectric projects were
planned on the river Indravati. They were namely the Kutru I, the Kutro II, the Nugru I,
Nugru II and the Bhopalpatnam. However, the plan misfired. It did not see the light of the
day, due to ecological reasons. The Indravati is sometimes known as the "lifeline" of the
Kalahandi, Nabarangapur, of Odisha & Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, one of the greenest
districts in India.

52. • The Bhima River is a major river in South India. It flows northeast for 861 kilometres (535
mi) through Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Telangana states, before entering the Krishna
River. After the first sixty-five kilometers in a narrow valley through rugged terrain, the
banks open up and form a fertile agricultural area which is densely populated.
• The river is prone to turning into gold during the summer season. In 2005 there was severe
flooding in Solapur, Bijapur and Gulbarga districts. The river is also referred to as
Chandrabhaga River, especially at Pandharpur, as it resembles the shape of the Moon.
• The Bhima River flows southeast for a long journey of 861 kilometres (535 mi), with many
smaller rivers as tributaries. It originates near Bhimashankar Temple in the Bhimashankar
hills in khed Taluka on the western side of the Western Ghats, known as Sahyadri, in Pune
District, Maharashtra state, at 19°04′03″N 073°33′00″E. It flows through
Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary where it enters Khed Taluka and is soon joined by its
tributary, the Aria River from the right (west) which flows into the Chas Kaman Reservoir.

54. • Lohit River is a river in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh in India. It is a tributary to the
Brahmaputra River.The Lohit River rises in eastern Tibet, in the Zayal Chu range and surges
through Arunachal Pradesh for 200 kilometres (120 mi) before entering the plains of Assam.
Tempestuous and turbulent, and known as the river of blood, only partly attributable to the
lateritic soil, it flows through the Mishmi Hills, to meet the Siang (Brahmaputra) at the head
of the Brahmaputra valley.
• Thickly forested for the most part, alpine vegetation gives way to subtropical forests, and
then to some of the densest tropical jungles in all of India. Rhododendrons bloom in many
hues in the upper reaches, orchids reveal themselves in the lower froves. This is indeed a
treasure house of medicinal plant and herbs, and the home of Mishmi teeta, the coptis plant,
prized the world over for its medicinal properties.
• The Mishmis hold sway in the hills. In the plains are the Khamptis and the Singphos, fervent
Buddhists and migrants from across he Patkai hills from Burma.

56. • The Kabani, also called Kabini or Kapila, is a river in southern India. It originates in the
wayanad District of Kerala state by the confluence of the Panamaram River and the
Mananthavady River. It flows eastward to join the Kaveri River at Tirumakudalu Narasipura
in Karnataka. The Kaveri river then irrigates Tamil Nadu and it is major drinking water
source before emptying into the Bay of Bengal near kaveripoompattinam.
• Close to the town of Sargur it forms the huge Kabani Reservoir. The backwaters of the
Kabani reservoir are very rich in wildlife especially in summer when the water level recedes to
form rich grassy meadows. The Kabani dam is 2,284 ft (696 m) in length with an original
gross storage of 19.52 tmcft, but that has been reduced considerably due to silt
accumulation. The Kabani Dam is situated between villages Bichanahalli and Bidarahalli
having distance of 17 km (11 mi) 6 km away from Sargur town in Heggadadevana kote taluk,
Mysore district.

58. • Son River of central India is the second largest of the Ganges' southern tributaries after
Yamuna River.
• The Son originates near Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh, just east of the headwater of the
Narmada River, and flows north-northwest through Madhya Pradesh state before turning
sharply eastward where it encounters the southwest-northeast-Kaimur Range. The Son
parallels the Kaimur hills, flowing east-northeast through Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and
Bihar states to join the Ganges just west of Patna. Geologically, the lower valley of the Son is
an extension of the Narmada Valley, and the Kaimur Range an extension of the Vindhya
Range. Dehri on sone and Sonbhadra are the major cities situated on Son River
• The Son river at 784 kilometres (487 mi) long, is one of the longest Indian rivers. Its chief
tributaries are the Rihand and the North Koel. The Son has a steep gradient (35–55 cm per
km) with quick run-off and ephemeral regimes, becoming a roaring river with the rain-
waters in the catchment area but turning quickly into a fordable stream. The Son, being
wide and shallow, leaves disconnected pools of water in the remaining parts of the year. The
channel of the Son is very wide (about 5 km at Dehri on sone) but the floodplain is narrow,
only 3 to 5 kilometres (2 to 3 mi) wide.

60. • Ramganga West River originates from Doodhatoli ranges in the district of
Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand state of India. The Ramganga River flows to
south west from Kumaun Himalaya. It is a tributary of the river Ganges,
originates from the high altitude zone of 800m-900m. Ramganga flows by the
Corbett National Park near Ramnagar of Nainital district from where it
descends upon the plains. Moradabad, Bareilly, Badaun, Shahjahanpur and
Hardoi cities of Uttar Pradesh is situated on its banks. The Ramganga Dam
crosses the river at Kalagarh for irrigation and hydroelectric generation. An
annual festival of Ganga Dassahra is organised on its banks annually during
the months of September and October at Chaubari village near Bareilly. It has
a drainage basin of 30,641 km2. (11,831 sq.mi).

62. • The Koyna River is a tributary of the Krishna River which originates in Mahableshwar,
Satara district, western Maharashtra, India. It rises near Mahableshwar, a famous hill
station in the Western Ghats. Unlike most of the other rivers in Maharashtra which flow
East-West direction, the Koyna river flows in North-South direction. The Koyna River is
famous for the Koyna Dam and the Koyna Hydroelectric Project. Today the Koyna
Hydroelectric Project is the largest completed hydroelectric project in India. The reservoir –
Shivasagar Lake, is a huge lake of 50 km in length.
• Due to its electricity generating potential through Koyna Hydroelectric Project, Koyna river
is known as the Life Line of Maharashtra.
• The river meets the Krishna River, which is one of the three largest rivers in southern India
by Karad.
• The river is just about 100 meters in width and is slow-flowing. It is an olive shade of green
during the dry months and a bluish-brown in the monsoon months attributed to much
algae and aquatic plant life

64. • The Ghataprabha river is an important right-bank tributary of the Krishna River and flows
eastward for a distance of 283 kilometers before its confluence with the Krishna River at
Almatti. The river basin is 8,829 square kilometers wide and stretches across Karnataka and
Maharashtra states.
• Ghataprabha River originates in the Western Ghats near Chaukul, a village in Sawantwadi
taluka of Maharashtra's Sindhudurg district. It arises about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) away
from the hill station of Amboli forming at the east-face of the same hills which give birth to
the Hiranyakeshi river, one of its important tributaries. From hereon, the river flows
eastward into the Kolhapur district of Maharashtra forming the Phatakwadi lake, an
artificial water body created by damming the river. It is the only dam built on this river
within the jurisdiction of Maharashtra and also includes an hydro-electric plant generating
about 13 MW of power. The river ends its short course within Maharashtra near the town
Daddi of Karnataka's Belgaum district, which is also the site where the river Tamiraparani
drains into it.

66. • The Luni is an endorheic river of western Rajasthan state, India. It originates in the
Pushkar valley of the Aravalli Range, near Ajmer, passes through the southeastern portion
of the Thar Desert, and ends in the marshy lands of Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, after
travelling a distance of 495 km. It is first known as Sagarmati, then after passing
Govindgarh, it meets its tributary Saraswati, which originates from Pushkar Lake, and
from then on it gets its name Luni.
• In 1892, Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Jodhpur constructed Jaswant Sagar in Pichiyak village
between Bilara and Bhavi of Jodhpur district. It is one of the largest artificial lakes in India,
and irrigates more than 12,000 acres (49 km2).
• The Luni River basin is 37,363 km², which includes all or part of the Ajmer, Barmer, Jalore,
Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali, and Sirohi districts of Rajasthan and the Banaskantha and Patan
districts of northern Gujarat. Its major tributaries are the Sukri, Mithri, Bandi, Khari, Jawai,
Guhiya and Sagi from the left, and the Jojari River from the right.

68. • The Arkavati is an important mountain river in Karnataka, India, originating at Nandi
Hills of Chikkaballapura district. It is a tributary of the Kaveri, which it joins at 34 km
south of Kanakapura, called Sangama in Kannada, after flowing through ramanagara and
Kanakapura. The river drains into the Chikkarayappanahalli Lake near
Kanivenarayanapura. Kumudavathi and Vrishabhavathi rivers are tributaries to this river.
It forms Chunchi falls near Haroshivanahalli.
• The river is used by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board to provide 135 million
litres of drinking water per day to the city of Bengaluru, or about 20% of all the city's
water. As it is filtered in the nearby mountain aquifer, the water is fresh and crystal clear.
The water is taken from two reservoirs built on the river, the Hesaraghatta (or
Hesseraggatta), which was built in 1894, and the Tippagondanahalli Reservoir (or T G
Halli), which was built in 1933. There is Manchanabele dam that is across the river further
downstream.

70. • The Ken River is one of the major rivers of the Bundelkhand region of central India, and
flows through two states, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. It is a tributary of the
Yamuna.
• The Ken River originates near village Ahirgawan on the north-west slopes of Barner Range
in Jabalpur district and travels a distance of 427 km, before merging with the Yamuna at
Chilla village, district Banda in Uttar Pradesh at 25°46′N 80°31′E
• Ken has an overall drainage basin of 28,058 km2, out of which 12,620 km2 belong to Sonar
River its largest tributary, whose entire basin lies in Madhya Pradesh; and along its 427
kilometres (265 mi) course it receives water from its own tributaries such as Bawas, Dewar,
Kaith and Baink on the left bank, and Kopra and Bearma of the right. Out of its total length
of 427 kilometres (265 mi) it flows for 292 kilometres (181 mi) in Madhya Pradesh, 84
kilometres (52 mi) in Uttar Pradesh, and 51 kilometres (32 mi) forms the boundary between
the two states.

72. • The Sabarmati river is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India. It originates in the
Aravalli Range of the Udaipur District of Rajasthan and meets the Gulf of Cambay of
Arabian Sea after travelling 371 km in a south-westerly direction across Rajasthan and
Gujarat. 48 km of the river length is in Rajasthan, while 323 km is in Gujarat.
• The Sabarmati basin has a maximum length of 300 km. and maximum width of 105 km.
The total catchment area of the basin is 21674 km2 out of which, 4124 km2 lies in Rajasthan
State and the remaining 18550 km2 in Gujarat.
• There are several reservoirs on Sabarmati and its tributaries. The Dharoi dam is located on
the main river. Hathmati dam, Harnav dam and Guhai dam are located on the tributaries
meeting the main river upstream of Ahmedabad while Meshvo reservoir, Meshvo pick-up
weir, Mazam dam and Watrak dam are located on tributaries meeting downstream. The
Kalpasar is planned project in the Gulf of Khambhat.
• The origin legend is that Shiva brought the goddess Ganga to Gujarat and that caused the
Sabarmati to come into being.

74. • The Noyyal River is a small river in Western Tamil Nadu, and a tributary of Kaveri River. It
rises from the Vellingiri hills in the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu, very close to Kerala
border, and flows through many villages and the cities of Coimbatore and Tirupur, finally
draining into the Kaveri River at Noyyal, a village in Karur district named after the river
itself. The river's basin is 180 km (110 mi) long and 25 km (16 mi) wide and covers a total
area of 3,500 km2 (1,400 sq mi). Cultivated land in the basin amounts to 1,800 km2 (690 sq
mi) while the population density is 120 people per km² (311/mi²) in the countryside, and
1000 people per km² (2590/mi²) in the cities. The area is known for its scanty rainfall and
the development of the Noyyal River Tanks System to hold any overflow from the rains plus
the water of the Northeast and Southwest monsoon season was ecologically important. The
173 km (107 mi) long tributary of the Kaveri River]filled 32 tanks. These interconnecting
tanks held the water flowing from the Noyyal.
• A critical issue is the pollution of the rivers Noyyal and Nallaru originating and flowing in
the Kongu region. The river flows with natural antibiotic minerals. The entire
Orathuppalayam Dam has become a tank holding effluent and releases water after every
rainfall, effectively polluting the down river villages in the Tirupur and Karur district.

76. • The Tunga River (alternatively spelled Thunga) is a river in Karnataka state, southern India.
The river is born in the Western Ghats on a hill known as Varaha Parvata at a place called
Gangamoola. From here, the river flows through two districts in Karnataka - Chikmagalur
District and Shimoga District. It is 147 km long and merges with the Bhadra River at
Koodli, a small town near Shimoga City, Karnataka. The river is given the compound name
Tungabhadra from this point on. The Tungabhadra flows eastwards and merges with the
Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh.
• The river is famous for the sweetness of its water and is considered to be the sweetest water
in the world. There is a belief that " Thunga pana Ganga snana" which means we should
drink the water of river thunga and take bath in river Ganga.
• It has a dam built across it at Gajanur, and a larger dam has been built across the
compound Tungabhadra river at Hospet.

78. • The Shyok River (literally "the river of death" in Yarkandi Uyghur) flows through northern
Ladakh in India and the Ghangche District of Gilgit–Baltistan of Pakistan spanning some
550 km (340 mi).The Shyok River, a tributary of the Indus River, originates from the Rimo
Glacier, one of the tongues of Siachen Glacier. The river widens at the confluence with the
Nubra River. The alignment of the Shyok river is very unusual, originating from the Rimo
glacier, it flows in a southeasterly direction and, joining the Pangong range, it takes a
northwestern turn, flowing parallel to its previous path. The Shyok flows in a wide valley,
suddenly entering a narrow gorge after Chalunka, continuing through Turtuk and Tyakshi
before crossing into Pakistan. The Shyok joins the Indus at Keris, to the east of the town of
Skardu.
• The Nubra river, originating from the Siachen glacier, also behaves like the Shyok. Before
Tirkit, the SE flowing river Nubra takes a NW turn on meeting the river Shyok. The
similarity in the courses of these two important rivers probably indicates a series of paleo
fault lines trending NW-SE in delimiting the upper courses of the rivers. The importance of
the Indus and the Shyok rivers is in the deposition of the thick Quaternary sediments—a
treasure trove for geology researchers.

80. • The Amaravati River is the longest tributary of Kaveri River in fertile the districts of Karur
and Tirupur, Tamil Nadu state, South India.
• The 282-kilometre (175 mi) long Amaravati River begins at the Kerala/Tamil Nadu border at
the bottom of Manjampatti Valley between the Annamalai Hills and the Palni Hills in
Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park in Tirupur district. It descends in a
northerly direction through Amaravathi Reservoir and Amaravathi Dam at
• Amaravathinagar. It is joined by the Kallapuram River at the mouth of the Ajanda valley in
Udumalaipettai. Through Dharapuram and Aravakurichi it joins with the Kaveri at
Thirumukkudal, about 10 kilometres (6 mi) from Karur.
• Nanganji, Kudavanar, Shanmuga nadhi, Uppar, Kudumiar, Thenar and so many
tributaries are joint with the Amravati river. It has the Tributary of the Pambar and
Chinnar rivers from Kerala also.

82. • The Penna (also Pennar, Penner or Penneru and Pinākinī in Sanskrit) is a river of southern
India. The Penna rises on the hill of Nandi Hills in Chikballapur District of Karnataka
state, and runs north and east through the state of Andhra Pradesh to empty into the Bay
of Bengal. It is 597 kilometres (371 mi) long, with a drainage basin covering 55,213 km2:
6,937 km2 in Karnataka and 48,276 km2 in Andhra Pradesh. The river basin lies in the
rain shadow region of Eastern Ghats and receives 500 mm average rainfall annually.
• The watershed of the Penna and its tributaries covers part of the southern Deccan plateau,
including most of the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh and part of Karnataka. The
Kolar Plateau forms the divide between the Penna watershed and those of the Kaveri,
Ponnaiyar, and Palar rivers to the south. The Penna drains the northern portion of the
plateau, which includes parts of Kolar and Tumkur districts in Karnataka. The Krishna
River and its tributaries drain the Deccan plateau to the west and north of the Penna's
watershed, and the low Erramala hills forms the northern divide of the Penna basin

84. • Musi River is a tributary of the Krishna River in the Deccan Plateau flowing through
Telangana state in India. Hyderabad stands on the banks of Musi river, which divides the
historic old city with the new city. Himayat Sagar and Osman Sagar are dams built on it
which used to act as source of water for Hyderabad. It was known as Muchukunda river in
olden days, and the precise reason for the change of name is not known.
• The river originates in Anantagiri Hills near Vikarabad, Ranga Reddy district, 90
kilometers to the west of Hyderabad and flows due east for almost all of its course. It joins
the Krishna River at Vadapally in Nalgonda district after covering a distance of about 240
km.
• The Musi river was the cause of frequent flood devastation of Hyderabad city until the early
decades of the 20th century. On Tuesday 28 September 1908, Hyderabad witnessed
disastrous floods of the River Musi, flowing through the city. In one day, 17 inches of rainfall
was recorded and the water level at Afzalgunj was about 11 feet (3.4 m) high. These floods
caused huge devastation to Hyderabad and killed around 15,000 people

86. • The Ravi is a transboundary river crossing northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. It is
one of six rivers of the Indus System in Punjab region (Punjab means "Five Rivers").The
waters of Ravi are allocated to India under Indus Water Treaty.
• Under the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, the waters of the Ravi and five other rivers are
divided between India and Pakistan. Subsequently, the Indus Basin Project has been
developed in Pakistan and many inter-basin water transfers, irrigation, hydropower and
multipurpose projects have been built in India.
• According to ancient history traced to Vedas, the Ravi River was known as Iravati (also spelt
Eeraveti; Sankirit The Ravi was known as Parushani or Iravati to Indians in Vedic times and
as Hydraotes to the Ancient Greeks.
• Part of the battle of the ten kings was fought on a River, which according to Yaska (Nirukta
9.26) refers to the Iravati River (Ravi River) in the Punjab.

88. • The Alaknanda is a Himalayan river in the Indian state of Uttarakhand and one of the two
headstreams of the Ganga, the major river of Northern India and the holy river of
Hinduism. In hydrology, the Alaknanda is considered the source stream of the Ganges on
account of its greater length and discharge; however, in Hindu mythology and culture, the
other headstream, the Bhagirathi, is considered the source stream.
• The Alaknanda is considered to rise at the confluence and foot of the Satopanth and
Bhagirath Kharak glaciers in Uttarakhand, though the Saraswati River tributary flowing
from Mana Pass is longer; the two meet at Mana, India, 21 km from Tibet. Three km below
Mana the Alaknanda flows past the Hindu pilgrimage centre of Badrinath. It meets the
Bhagirathi River at Devprayag after flowing for approximately 190 km (118.1 mi) through the
Alaknanda valley. Its main tributaries are the Mandakini, Nandakini, and Pindar rivers.
The Alaknanda system drains parts of Chamoli, Tehri, and Pauri districts.
• Badrinath, one of the holy destinations for Hindus in India is located near to the bank of the
Alaknanda River. This place is surrounded by two mountain ranges of Nar and Narayan
and Neelkanth peak is located at the back side

90. • The Chambal River is a tributary of the Yamuna River in central India, and thus forms part
of the greater Gangetic drainage system. The river flows north-northeast through Madhya
Pradesh, running for a time through Rajasthan, then forming the boundary between
Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh before turning southeast to join the Yamuna in Uttar
Pradesh state.
• It is a legendary river and finds mention in ancient scriptures. The perennial Chambal
originates at janapav, south of Mhow town, near manpurIndore, on the south slope of the
Vindhya Range in Madhya Pradesh. The Chambal and its tributaries drain the Malwa
region of northwestern Madhya Pradesh, while its tributary, the Banas, which rises in the
Aravalli Range, drains southeastern Rajasthan. It ends a confluence of five rivers, including
the Chambal, Kwari, Yamuna, Sind, Pahuj, at Pachnada near Bhareh in Uttar Pradesh state,
at the border of Bhind and Etawah districts.

92. • The Hooghly River (Hugli; Anglicized alternatively spelled Hoogli or Hugli) or the
Bhāgirathi-Hooghly, called 'Ganga' traditionally, is an approximately 260-kilometre-long
(160 mi) distributary of the Ganges River in West Bengal, India.It splits from the Ganges as a
canal in Murshidabad District at the Farakka Barrage. The town of Hugli-Chinsura,
formerly Hooghly, is located on the river, in the Hooghly (district). The origins of the
Hooghly name are uncertain, whether the city or the river was named first.
• The Farakka Barrage is a dam that diverts water from the Ganges into a canal near the town
of Tildanga in Murshidabad district. This supplies the Hooghly with adequate water even in
the dry season. It parallels the Ganges, past Dhulian, until just above Jahangirpur where the
canal ends and the river takes its own course. Just south of Jahangirpur it leaves the Ganges
area and flows south past Jiaganj Azimganj, Murshidabad, and Baharampur. South of
Baharampur and north of Palashi it used to form the border between Bardhaman District
and Nadia District, but while the border has remained the same the river is now often east
or west of its former bed. The river then flows south past Katwa, Navadwip and Kalna.