Coloration in Fishes
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This document discusses coloration in fishes. It begins by introducing the sources of color - chromatophores and iridiophores. Chromatophores contain pigment cells called melanophores, erythrophores, xanthophores, and iridiophores which produce black/brown, red/orange, yellow, and white colors respectively. Fishes obtain varied color patterns through mixing of these pigments. Chromatophores can respond physiologically through pigment redistribution or morphologically by changing cell number or pigment amount. Coloration allows for camouflage through concealment, disguise, and advertisement behaviors which aid communication, survival, and reproduction.
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BIO-LUMINISCENCE IN FISH(ES)
1) Fish possess various adaptive structures like electric organs, poison glands, and sound producing organs. This document focuses on bioluminescence organs.
2) Bioluminescence involves the production of light by living organisms through a chemical reaction between luciferin and luciferase enzymes. It is common in marine life.
3) Fish bioluminescence can involve symbiotic bacteria or intrinsic photophores. Photophores are light-emitting organs that vary in structure and function between fish species.
Poisonous glands of fishes
Poisonous glands are specialized glands found in some fish and amphibians that secrete a venomous or poisonous mucus. These glands occur in the skin of cartilaginous fish or are associated with spines and fins of bony fish. The glands use a holocrine secretion method to release their toxic venom, which functions as a protective device and kills bacteria on bottom-dwelling fish. Some poisonous fish include porcupinefish, boxfish, and goatfish, while venomous fish like stingrays, catfish, stonefish, and butterfly cod have venom glands associated with their spines that can inflict painful wounds.
Classification of fishes
Classification of Fishes can be summarized as follows:
1. Fishes are classified based on their anatomical features and placed in a systematic hierarchy ranging from superclass to species. Some key groups include chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes like sharks), osteichthyes (bony fishes), actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) and sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes).
2. Important historical schemes for classifying fishes were proposed by scientists such as Berg in 1940, who grouped fishes based on characteristics like jaw structure, fin morphology, scale type and vertebral structure.
3. Major fish groups discussed in
Composite fish culture system
Composite fish culture involves culturing multiple compatible fish species together in a pond to maximize fish yield and productivity. It enables full utilization of available fish feed by including species with different feeding habits, such as surface feeders, column feeders, and bottom feeders. Common fish used include Indian major carps like rohu, catla, and mrigal as well as exotic carps like grass carp and silver carp. Proper pond preparation, fertilization, stocking density, feeding practices, and harvesting are required to achieve high production yields of 4-6 tons per hectare annually through this polyculture technique.
Reproductive biology
This document provides an overview of reproductive biology in fishes. It discusses the different types of sexuality observed in fishes, including unisexuality, bisexuality, hermaphroditism, and parthenogenesis. It describes the reproductive cycles and hormones that regulate reproduction for both male and female fish. Key aspects covered include the gonads, sexual dimorphism, seasonal breeding patterns, and hormonal control of the reproductive system through the CNS-pituitary-gonad axis.
Accssory respiratiory organs in fishes
Gills are primary respiratory organs in fishes, Extra branchial respiration is highly useful for survival when oxygen supplied by gills is not sufficient.
AIR BLADDER-FUNCTIONS.pptx
Fish has a air bladder system ,its a sac containing gas especially air .it provide buoyancy to the fish and help them to stay and swim in water current swimming. It include air bladder and its function and also focus to weberian ossicles and its function.
Electric organs in fishes 1
Electric organs are found in about 250 species of fish and are composed of electroplates, which are stacks of electrocytes that discharge electricity. The organs vary in voltage output between species from 4-550 volts and serve functions like catching prey, defense, communication, and territory maintenance. Electric organs are thought to have evolved from muscle tissue, with different fish lineages co-opting different muscle groups for electrocyte differentiation during development.
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BIO-LUMINISCENCE IN FISH(ES)
1) Fish possess various adaptive structures like electric organs, poison glands, and sound producing organs. This document focuses on bioluminescence organs.
2) Bioluminescence involves the production of light by living organisms through a chemical reaction between luciferin and luciferase enzymes. It is common in marine life.
3) Fish bioluminescence can involve symbiotic bacteria or intrinsic photophores. Photophores are light-emitting organs that vary in structure and function between fish species.
Poisonous glands of fishes
Poisonous glands are specialized glands found in some fish and amphibians that secrete a venomous or poisonous mucus. These glands occur in the skin of cartilaginous fish or are associated with spines and fins of bony fish. The glands use a holocrine secretion method to release their toxic venom, which functions as a protective device and kills bacteria on bottom-dwelling fish. Some poisonous fish include porcupinefish, boxfish, and goatfish, while venomous fish like stingrays, catfish, stonefish, and butterfly cod have venom glands associated with their spines that can inflict painful wounds.
Classification of fishes
Classification of Fishes can be summarized as follows:
1. Fishes are classified based on their anatomical features and placed in a systematic hierarchy ranging from superclass to species. Some key groups include chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes like sharks), osteichthyes (bony fishes), actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) and sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes).
2. Important historical schemes for classifying fishes were proposed by scientists such as Berg in 1940, who grouped fishes based on characteristics like jaw structure, fin morphology, scale type and vertebral structure.
3. Major fish groups discussed in
Composite fish culture system
Composite fish culture involves culturing multiple compatible fish species together in a pond to maximize fish yield and productivity. It enables full utilization of available fish feed by including species with different feeding habits, such as surface feeders, column feeders, and bottom feeders. Common fish used include Indian major carps like rohu, catla, and mrigal as well as exotic carps like grass carp and silver carp. Proper pond preparation, fertilization, stocking density, feeding practices, and harvesting are required to achieve high production yields of 4-6 tons per hectare annually through this polyculture technique.
Reproductive biology
This document provides an overview of reproductive biology in fishes. It discusses the different types of sexuality observed in fishes, including unisexuality, bisexuality, hermaphroditism, and parthenogenesis. It describes the reproductive cycles and hormones that regulate reproduction for both male and female fish. Key aspects covered include the gonads, sexual dimorphism, seasonal breeding patterns, and hormonal control of the reproductive system through the CNS-pituitary-gonad axis.
Accssory respiratiory organs in fishes
Gills are primary respiratory organs in fishes, Extra branchial respiration is highly useful for survival when oxygen supplied by gills is not sufficient.
AIR BLADDER-FUNCTIONS.pptx
Fish has a air bladder system ,its a sac containing gas especially air .it provide buoyancy to the fish and help them to stay and swim in water current swimming. It include air bladder and its function and also focus to weberian ossicles and its function.
Electric organs in fishes 1
Electric organs are found in about 250 species of fish and are composed of electroplates, which are stacks of electrocytes that discharge electricity. The organs vary in voltage output between species from 4-550 volts and serve functions like catching prey, defense, communication, and territory maintenance. Electric organs are thought to have evolved from muscle tissue, with different fish lineages co-opting different muscle groups for electrocyte differentiation during development.
Digestive system of fish
The document discusses the digestive system of fish. It covers the main components and processes of the fish digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, intestines and anus. It describes the different feeding mechanisms used by fish such as filter feeding, ram feeding, suction feeding, and others. It also discusses the enzymes involved in digesting carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. In summary:
1) The digestive system of fish breaks down food through a series of organs from the mouth to the anus.
2) Fish use various feeding mechanisms to ingest food depending on their anatomy and food sources.
3) Digestion involves enzymes that break down carbohydrates,
FISH FEEDING HABITS.pptx
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. The different feeding habits of fish are:
- Herbivores - feed exclusively on plant materials
- Carnivores - feed exclusively on animal matter
- Omnivores - derive nutrients from both plants and animals
- Planktivores - feed on plankton like bacteria, algae, etc.
- Detritivores - feed on decaying organic matter
2. The feeding behaviors of fish are:
- Predators - actively hunt and pursue prey using vision, smell, etc.
- Grazers - feed on bottom organisms by browsing and nibbling continuously
- Strainers - filter feeders that filter organisms from water
3.1. Breeding of carps in bundhs.ppt
Bundhs are tanks or impoundments that simulate riverine conditions for carp breeding during monsoon months. Dry bundhs are seasonal while wet bundhs are perennial. Dry bundhs, popular in West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh, consist of storage ponds, hatcheries, and sluice gates for draining water to allow multiple spawnings per season. Wet bundhs in West Bengal are larger ponds that fill with monsoon rainfall, providing a single annual spawning opportunity. Both bundh types provide controlled environments to induce carp breeding through water level manipulation.
Aquatic adaptations in birds and mammals
This document discusses the aquatic adaptations of birds and mammals. It describes morphological, anatomical, and physiological adaptations that allow birds like ducks and geese to live in aquatic environments. These include webbed feet, waterproof feathers, nasal flaps, and salt glands. Mammals like platypuses also have adaptations for aquatic life such as webbed feet and electrosensory bills. The document concludes that nature continues to amaze with the variety of adaptations that allow species to exploit different environments.
Feeding habit in fish
This document discusses the feeding habits of fish. It begins by defining feeding habit as the kind of food an animal habitually consumes during its life or at a particular stage. It then describes different modes of feeding such as herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, and limnivores. The document highlights that understanding the feeding habits of fish is important for polyculture systems. It also discusses the major types of feeding like grazing, predation, straining, sucking, and parasitism. Finally, it provides examples of different mouth structures in fish and how they relate to the fish's diet.
Reproductive strategies in fishes
This document summarizes different reproductive strategies in fishes. It discusses that most fishes are oviparous and lay eggs externally. For marine fishes, the majority have pelagic eggs that float, while demersal eggs that sink are more common in freshwater. Some fishes are ovoviviparous or viviparous with internal fertilization. Different forms of parental care among fishes are also outlined, including by the male, female or both parents. Alternative reproductive strategies discussed include hermaphroditism, parthenogenesis, and natural polyploids and hybrids.
Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous species
The exotic varieties of fish have been found to encroach the natural water bodies and adversely affect the indigenous fish species. ... Owing to extensive practice of composite culture, three fast growing exotic fishes are introduced along with the three Indian major carps.
Hybridization in fishes
Hybridization is the act of breeding between two different fish species or genera that do not ordinarily interbreed. There are two types: natural hybridization which can occur when species spawn in the same area due to habitat changes, and artificial hybridization where gametes are manually mixed. This results in a hybrid offspring that has intermediate physical characteristics between the parents. Examples include hybrids of different carp species. Hybrids can be diploid or polyploid depending on chromosome manipulation techniques used. While hybridization may have economic benefits, uncontrolled hybridization could cause losses.
Deep sea fisheries
This document provides information on deep sea fisheries of India, including:
1. It discusses the history of deep sea fishing in India dating back to the 1970s and laws/policies governing deep sea fishing.
2. It describes some key deep sea fishery resources of India including oceanic tuna, oceanic sharks, and deep sea shellfish. Several species are highlighted for each category.
3. Production details are given for oceanic tuna, where landings have been negligible but are being targeted through new programs, and for sharks, where landings in 2016 were around 52,840 tons.
Natural fish seed collection
Transport of hatchlings, fry, and fingerlings is common in aquaculture. Proper techniques involve understanding fish physiology and mortality causes during transport. Seed can be collected from wild or hatcheries. Major carps are collected from flooded rivers during monsoon season. Seed from estuaries and coastal waters include milkfish, mullets, pearlspot, and seabass. Bundhs are seasonal flooded areas that stimulate breeding. Induced spawning techniques breed species that don't spawn in captivity using hormones. Transport uses open or closed oxygenated systems. Factors causing mortality are oxygen depletion, waste accumulation, temperature fluctuations, and stress. Anaesthetics and antibiotics are used to reduce stress and prevent disease.
COLORATION IN FISHES: its Regulation and significance by GAZEE OWAIS
Animal coloration results from the absorption or reflection of light from an animal's surface. In fish, coloration is primarily due to skin pigments in structures called chromatophores. There are four main types of chromatophores that contain different pigments and provide colors like black, brown, red, orange, yellow, and white. Chromatophores can change distribution of pigments within cells in response to neural and hormonal signals as a way for fish to camouflage, communicate, or advertise. Being able to change color allows fish to blend in with backgrounds, disguise their appearance, or reveal traits like warnings or signs of mating.
Induced breeding
This document discusses induced breeding techniques in fish. It provides background on the historical development of induced breeding starting in the 1930s. The key steps discussed are collecting pituitary glands from ripe fish, preserving and storing the glands, determining appropriate doses of pituitary gland extract or synthetic hormones to inject into breeding fish, and collecting eggs and sperm. Factors that influence successful induced breeding include water conditions, climate, turbidity, and light levels.
physical and chemical parameters of water for fish pond
This document discusses the importance of various physical and chemical parameters of water for successful aquaculture. It outlines key water quality factors like temperature, depth, transparency, and dissolved oxygen levels. Temperature affects fish metabolism and physiology, with high temperatures being lethal. Water depth should be between 1.5 to 3 meters. Transparent water supports higher plankton production and fish growth. Dissolved oxygen, pH, hardness, carbon dioxide, and nutrient levels also impact fish health and pond productivity. Maintaining suitable ranges of these parameters is essential for aquaculture.
indused breeding for fish
1. Induced breeding is a technique where ripe fish are stimulated to breed in captivity using pituitary hormones or synthetic hormones.
2. The history of induced breeding began in the 1930s in Argentina and Brazil, and was first applied to Indian major carps like Cirrhinus mrigala in the late 1930s.
3. Induced breeding is needed because environmental conditions and hormone levels may be insufficient to trigger natural spawning in captive conditions.
Fish disease
This document discusses fish diseases and control measures. It describes how fish can be affected by various pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Some common viral diseases discussed are Spring Viremia of Carp caused by Rhabdovirus, Swim Bladder Inflammation caused by SBI virus, and Viral Renal Disease of Eels. It also discusses Channel Catfish Viral Disease caused by Herpes virus and Pox Disease of Carps caused by Carp Pox virus. The document emphasizes the importance of basic knowledge of fish diseases for fish farmers and highlights how diseases can be controlled through proper pond maintenance and use of antibiotics.
Behavioural ecology of fishes
This document outlines various behaviors studied in behavioral ecology, including feeding behavior, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and communication. It discusses how feeding behavior is regulated by environmental and homeostatic factors. Predation behaviors in different fish species are described, as well as how predators and prey can control each other's populations. Competition between species and intraspecific competition are examined, including examples of resource partitioning and differential exploitation. The document also summarizes symbiotic relationships like mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism in fish, and covers behaviors like migration, schooling, camouflage, and sound/chemical communication.
ELECTROGENESIS IN FISHES By ABDUR ROUF SAMIM
This document summarizes electrogenesis in fishes. It describes that electrogenesis refers to the production of electrical impulses in living organisms, observed in fishes, reptiles, and mammals. There are two types of electric fishes - strongly electric fishes like torpedo and electrophorus, and weakly electric fishes like raja and gymnotus. Electric organs are specialized organs that produce electric fields outside the body, built from electroplates embedded in connective tissue. The location of electric organs varies between species, and electric organ discharges can be monophasic, biphasic, or polyphasic pulses. Electric organs are used for food procurement, defense, communication and other functions.
BREEDING AND CULTURE OF CARPS FISHES
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
Monoculture (aquaculture)
This document provides information on monoculture fish farming techniques used in India. It discusses how monoculture farming involves raising only one type of fish species in a pond. It notes that monoculture allows for easy monitoring of fish performance but can lead to issues like water quality degradation. The document also outlines the steps involved in monoculture fish farming, including construction of ponds, breeding fish, and transferring fry and fingerlings between ponds. It provides details on suitable fish species used in Indian monoculture like various carp species.
A SEMINAR ON INDUCING AGENTS OF HYPOPHYSATION
The precise combination of environmental factors required for maturation, ovulation and spawning.
However, quite often, under farm conditions, the requisite environmental factors are either not available or do not persist for sufficient length of time for spontaneous maturation to occur.
The pioneering discovery of B.A. Houssay (1931) and Von Ihering (1935, 1937, Argentina) that fishes can be induced to spawn by injecting pituitary homogenates has somewhat mitigated the problem.
The principal advantage of this technique, referred to in aquaculture parlance as “Hypophysation.”
Insect coloration and Integumentary structures
Insect coloration ,Entomology
It is appearance with regard to color
A visual attribute of things that results from light they emit or transmit or reflect or due to some pigments or other factors.
It also helps in species identification and mate choice and camouflage.
Brijesh p singh algal pigments
The document discusses pigments found in algae. There are three main types of pigments - chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phycobilins. Chlorophyll is the primary photosynthetic pigment and comes in various forms, with chlorophyll a present universally. Carotenoids include carotenes like beta-carotene and xanthophylls like fucoxanthin. Phycobilins include phycocyanin which is blue and absorbs green/red, and phycoerythrin which is red. Different algal groups contain predominant combinations of these pigments, which contribute to their distinctive colors.
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Digestive system of fish
The document discusses the digestive system of fish. It covers the main components and processes of the fish digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, intestines and anus. It describes the different feeding mechanisms used by fish such as filter feeding, ram feeding, suction feeding, and others. It also discusses the enzymes involved in digesting carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. In summary:
1) The digestive system of fish breaks down food through a series of organs from the mouth to the anus.
2) Fish use various feeding mechanisms to ingest food depending on their anatomy and food sources.
3) Digestion involves enzymes that break down carbohydrates,
FISH FEEDING HABITS.pptx
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. The different feeding habits of fish are:
- Herbivores - feed exclusively on plant materials
- Carnivores - feed exclusively on animal matter
- Omnivores - derive nutrients from both plants and animals
- Planktivores - feed on plankton like bacteria, algae, etc.
- Detritivores - feed on decaying organic matter
2. The feeding behaviors of fish are:
- Predators - actively hunt and pursue prey using vision, smell, etc.
- Grazers - feed on bottom organisms by browsing and nibbling continuously
- Strainers - filter feeders that filter organisms from water
3.1. Breeding of carps in bundhs.ppt
Bundhs are tanks or impoundments that simulate riverine conditions for carp breeding during monsoon months. Dry bundhs are seasonal while wet bundhs are perennial. Dry bundhs, popular in West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh, consist of storage ponds, hatcheries, and sluice gates for draining water to allow multiple spawnings per season. Wet bundhs in West Bengal are larger ponds that fill with monsoon rainfall, providing a single annual spawning opportunity. Both bundh types provide controlled environments to induce carp breeding through water level manipulation.
Aquatic adaptations in birds and mammals
This document discusses the aquatic adaptations of birds and mammals. It describes morphological, anatomical, and physiological adaptations that allow birds like ducks and geese to live in aquatic environments. These include webbed feet, waterproof feathers, nasal flaps, and salt glands. Mammals like platypuses also have adaptations for aquatic life such as webbed feet and electrosensory bills. The document concludes that nature continues to amaze with the variety of adaptations that allow species to exploit different environments.
Feeding habit in fish
This document discusses the feeding habits of fish. It begins by defining feeding habit as the kind of food an animal habitually consumes during its life or at a particular stage. It then describes different modes of feeding such as herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, and limnivores. The document highlights that understanding the feeding habits of fish is important for polyculture systems. It also discusses the major types of feeding like grazing, predation, straining, sucking, and parasitism. Finally, it provides examples of different mouth structures in fish and how they relate to the fish's diet.
Reproductive strategies in fishes
This document summarizes different reproductive strategies in fishes. It discusses that most fishes are oviparous and lay eggs externally. For marine fishes, the majority have pelagic eggs that float, while demersal eggs that sink are more common in freshwater. Some fishes are ovoviviparous or viviparous with internal fertilization. Different forms of parental care among fishes are also outlined, including by the male, female or both parents. Alternative reproductive strategies discussed include hermaphroditism, parthenogenesis, and natural polyploids and hybrids.
Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous species
The exotic varieties of fish have been found to encroach the natural water bodies and adversely affect the indigenous fish species. ... Owing to extensive practice of composite culture, three fast growing exotic fishes are introduced along with the three Indian major carps.
Hybridization in fishes
Hybridization is the act of breeding between two different fish species or genera that do not ordinarily interbreed. There are two types: natural hybridization which can occur when species spawn in the same area due to habitat changes, and artificial hybridization where gametes are manually mixed. This results in a hybrid offspring that has intermediate physical characteristics between the parents. Examples include hybrids of different carp species. Hybrids can be diploid or polyploid depending on chromosome manipulation techniques used. While hybridization may have economic benefits, uncontrolled hybridization could cause losses.
Deep sea fisheries
This document provides information on deep sea fisheries of India, including:
1. It discusses the history of deep sea fishing in India dating back to the 1970s and laws/policies governing deep sea fishing.
2. It describes some key deep sea fishery resources of India including oceanic tuna, oceanic sharks, and deep sea shellfish. Several species are highlighted for each category.
3. Production details are given for oceanic tuna, where landings have been negligible but are being targeted through new programs, and for sharks, where landings in 2016 were around 52,840 tons.
Natural fish seed collection
Transport of hatchlings, fry, and fingerlings is common in aquaculture. Proper techniques involve understanding fish physiology and mortality causes during transport. Seed can be collected from wild or hatcheries. Major carps are collected from flooded rivers during monsoon season. Seed from estuaries and coastal waters include milkfish, mullets, pearlspot, and seabass. Bundhs are seasonal flooded areas that stimulate breeding. Induced spawning techniques breed species that don't spawn in captivity using hormones. Transport uses open or closed oxygenated systems. Factors causing mortality are oxygen depletion, waste accumulation, temperature fluctuations, and stress. Anaesthetics and antibiotics are used to reduce stress and prevent disease.
COLORATION IN FISHES: its Regulation and significance by GAZEE OWAIS
Animal coloration results from the absorption or reflection of light from an animal's surface. In fish, coloration is primarily due to skin pigments in structures called chromatophores. There are four main types of chromatophores that contain different pigments and provide colors like black, brown, red, orange, yellow, and white. Chromatophores can change distribution of pigments within cells in response to neural and hormonal signals as a way for fish to camouflage, communicate, or advertise. Being able to change color allows fish to blend in with backgrounds, disguise their appearance, or reveal traits like warnings or signs of mating.
Induced breeding
This document discusses induced breeding techniques in fish. It provides background on the historical development of induced breeding starting in the 1930s. The key steps discussed are collecting pituitary glands from ripe fish, preserving and storing the glands, determining appropriate doses of pituitary gland extract or synthetic hormones to inject into breeding fish, and collecting eggs and sperm. Factors that influence successful induced breeding include water conditions, climate, turbidity, and light levels.
physical and chemical parameters of water for fish pond
This document discusses the importance of various physical and chemical parameters of water for successful aquaculture. It outlines key water quality factors like temperature, depth, transparency, and dissolved oxygen levels. Temperature affects fish metabolism and physiology, with high temperatures being lethal. Water depth should be between 1.5 to 3 meters. Transparent water supports higher plankton production and fish growth. Dissolved oxygen, pH, hardness, carbon dioxide, and nutrient levels also impact fish health and pond productivity. Maintaining suitable ranges of these parameters is essential for aquaculture.
indused breeding for fish
1. Induced breeding is a technique where ripe fish are stimulated to breed in captivity using pituitary hormones or synthetic hormones.
2. The history of induced breeding began in the 1930s in Argentina and Brazil, and was first applied to Indian major carps like Cirrhinus mrigala in the late 1930s.
3. Induced breeding is needed because environmental conditions and hormone levels may be insufficient to trigger natural spawning in captive conditions.
Fish disease
This document discusses fish diseases and control measures. It describes how fish can be affected by various pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Some common viral diseases discussed are Spring Viremia of Carp caused by Rhabdovirus, Swim Bladder Inflammation caused by SBI virus, and Viral Renal Disease of Eels. It also discusses Channel Catfish Viral Disease caused by Herpes virus and Pox Disease of Carps caused by Carp Pox virus. The document emphasizes the importance of basic knowledge of fish diseases for fish farmers and highlights how diseases can be controlled through proper pond maintenance and use of antibiotics.
Behavioural ecology of fishes
This document outlines various behaviors studied in behavioral ecology, including feeding behavior, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and communication. It discusses how feeding behavior is regulated by environmental and homeostatic factors. Predation behaviors in different fish species are described, as well as how predators and prey can control each other's populations. Competition between species and intraspecific competition are examined, including examples of resource partitioning and differential exploitation. The document also summarizes symbiotic relationships like mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism in fish, and covers behaviors like migration, schooling, camouflage, and sound/chemical communication.
ELECTROGENESIS IN FISHES By ABDUR ROUF SAMIM
This document summarizes electrogenesis in fishes. It describes that electrogenesis refers to the production of electrical impulses in living organisms, observed in fishes, reptiles, and mammals. There are two types of electric fishes - strongly electric fishes like torpedo and electrophorus, and weakly electric fishes like raja and gymnotus. Electric organs are specialized organs that produce electric fields outside the body, built from electroplates embedded in connective tissue. The location of electric organs varies between species, and electric organ discharges can be monophasic, biphasic, or polyphasic pulses. Electric organs are used for food procurement, defense, communication and other functions.
BREEDING AND CULTURE OF CARPS FISHES
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
Monoculture (aquaculture)
This document provides information on monoculture fish farming techniques used in India. It discusses how monoculture farming involves raising only one type of fish species in a pond. It notes that monoculture allows for easy monitoring of fish performance but can lead to issues like water quality degradation. The document also outlines the steps involved in monoculture fish farming, including construction of ponds, breeding fish, and transferring fry and fingerlings between ponds. It provides details on suitable fish species used in Indian monoculture like various carp species.
A SEMINAR ON INDUCING AGENTS OF HYPOPHYSATION
The precise combination of environmental factors required for maturation, ovulation and spawning.
However, quite often, under farm conditions, the requisite environmental factors are either not available or do not persist for sufficient length of time for spontaneous maturation to occur.
The pioneering discovery of B.A. Houssay (1931) and Von Ihering (1935, 1937, Argentina) that fishes can be induced to spawn by injecting pituitary homogenates has somewhat mitigated the problem.
The principal advantage of this technique, referred to in aquaculture parlance as “Hypophysation.”
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Exotic fish introduction to india and their impact on indigenous species
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physical and chemical parameters of water for fish pond
physical and chemical parameters of water for fish pond
Similar to Coloration in Fishes
Insect coloration and Integumentary structures
Insect coloration ,Entomology
It is appearance with regard to color
A visual attribute of things that results from light they emit or transmit or reflect or due to some pigments or other factors.
It also helps in species identification and mate choice and camouflage.
Brijesh p singh algal pigments
The document discusses pigments found in algae. There are three main types of pigments - chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phycobilins. Chlorophyll is the primary photosynthetic pigment and comes in various forms, with chlorophyll a present universally. Carotenoids include carotenes like beta-carotene and xanthophylls like fucoxanthin. Phycobilins include phycocyanin which is blue and absorbs green/red, and phycoerythrin which is red. Different algal groups contain predominant combinations of these pigments, which contribute to their distinctive colors.
Pigment and colour change in fishes
This document discusses pigmentation and color change in fish. It explains that coloration in fish is due to chromatophores containing pigments like carotenoids, melanin, purines, and flavins. Some fish can change color through the aggregation or dispersion of pigment granules in chromatophores. This color change is controlled through both hormones and nerves. Hormones like MSH and adrenaline cause pigment dispersion or aggregation, while stimulation or cutting of nerves innervating chromatophores also leads to color changes. Both hormonal and neural pathways interact to regulate color adaptation in different fish species.
Pigment by KK Sahu sir
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
HOW THIS PIGMENT ABSORB LIGHT?
PIGMENTS IN PLANTS.
PIGMENTS IN ANIMALS.
DEASESES AND CONDITION
PIGMENTS IN MARINE ANIMALS.
PIGMENTS IN BACTERIA,ALGAE,ARCHEA.
IMPORTANT ROLES OF PIGMENTS
RESEARCH
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
Algae Introduction , application and USES
“Alga is a term that describes a large and incredibly diverse group of eukaryotic, photosynthetic lifeforms. These organisms do not share a common ancestor and hence, are not related to each other (polyphyletic).” Multicellular examples of algae include the giant kelp and brown algae.
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The document discusses fish diseases and health management. It defines disease and lists common clinical signs seen in diseased fish, such as irregular swimming, rubbing against surfaces, and loss of appetite. It then covers the major categories of fish diseases: bacterial (like tail/fin rot), fungal (like saprolegniasis), parasitic (protozoan like ichthyophthiriasis, helminth, and crustacean parasites), and nutritional deficiencies. Environmental factors and the relationship between host, pathogen, and environment in disease development are also examined. The document provides details on symptoms and recommended treatment for several specific diseases.
Animal adaptation and camouflage
The document discusses various animal adaptations for survival, including pigmentation, habitat adaptations, migration, camouflage, hibernation and food storage. It describes structural adaptations like body coverings and parts, as well as behavioral adaptations such as social behaviors, mimicry and chemical defenses. The document also examines pigmentation in more detail, describing different skin pigments produced through melanin, carotenoids and structural colors. It discusses physiological color change mediated by chromatophores and regulated by hormones like MSH and MCH.
Lecture 6.pptx
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The document discusses the key characteristics and features of several types of algae including cyanobacteria, green algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, brown algae, and red algae. It covers their cellular structure, pigments, food storage, and modes of reproduction as well as noting their ecological and economic importance.
General Biology biology biologybiology .pdf
This document provides information about the General Biology course BIOL-103, which is worth 3 credits. It discusses the evaluation system and topics covered in the course like biology, botany, zoology, taxonomy, and the five kingdom system of classification. It also summarizes the key characteristics of the kingdoms Plantae, Monera, Fungi, Protista, and Animalia. The document then focuses on algae, describing the major divisions (Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Bacillariophyceae), their characteristics, and economic importance.
Algae
Unicellular green algae like Chlamydomonas reproduce through binary fission and flagellated zoospores. Algae are classified based on their photosynthetic pigments. Green algae contain chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids. Spirogyra is a filamentous green alga with cylindrical cells arranged in helical filaments. It reproduces asexually through fragmentation and sexually through scalariform and lateral conjugation. Volvox is a colonial green alga. Red algae exhibit varied multicellular forms and contain the red pigment phycoerythrin.
algae classification.pptx
Fritsch classified algae into 11 classes based on their pigments, reserve foods, and modes of reproduction. The classes are Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, Chloromonodineae, Euglinineae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Myxophyceae. Each class is distinguished by characteristics such as their occurrence, pigments, reserve foods, structures, and modes of reproduction. Fritsch's classification was published in his 1935 book "The Structure and Reproduction of Algae".
CLASSIFICATIOF ALGAE.pptx
This presentation deals with the classifications of algae based on Smith and Fritch System.
This presentation helps us to gain the knowledge on the 11 classifications of Fritch and 7 classifications of Smith such as chlorphyta, cyanophyta, etc...
PLANTS AND ANIMALS PIGMENTS
This document discusses various pigments found in plants and animals. It describes pigments such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, betalains, quinones, xanthones, melanin, carotenoids, carotenoproteins, tetrapyrroles and chromatophores. It provides details on the structure, function and occurrence of these pigments in plants and animals, and how they contribute to the colors observed in different organisms.
Coloration in fishes
Fishes display a wide variety of colors that serve important functions. Their coloration is generally related to their environment and provides camouflage, either through general color resemblance to their backgrounds, variable color change abilities, disruptive patterns, or countershading with dark tops and light undersides. Coloration also functions in communication, both between members of the same species through signals like threats or warnings, and between different species through intimidating color displays to deter predators. Fishes have specialized pigment cells called chromatophores that contain pigments like carotenoids, melanins, and purines to produce their colors, and these cells allow for both rapid and more permanent changes in coloration controlled by hormonal and nervous systems.
Natural Pigment
Introduction of pigment,Classifiaction of Pigment, Constittion of B-carotene,Anthocyanins, Lycopene, Haemoglobin, Porphyrins and Retinols
Lec. 19 population variations
Variations within populations can be either genetic or non-genetic. Non-genetic variations include individual variations over time (age or seasonal variations), social variations, and ecological variations caused by different habitats or environmental conditions. Genetic variations are inherited and include sexual dimorphism where males and females differ, gynandromorphs which have both male and female characteristics in different parts of the body, and intersexes that have mosaic sex characteristics. Understanding these natural variations is important for taxonomists to accurately identify and classify species.
Pigments
This document discusses various plant pigments including chlorophyll, carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins. It provides details on their chemical structures, occurrence in plants, roles in photosynthesis and coloring foods. Chlorophyll a and b are the main light harvesting pigments in plants, while carotenoids like lycopene and lutein contribute to flower and fruit colors. Flavonoids include subgroups like anthoxanthins and anthocyanins which produce yellow or red/blue pigmentation in flowers. Anthocyanins are water soluble pigments that appear red, purple or blue depending on pH. Tannins are polyphenolic compounds that occur widely in plant tissues.
Pigments ppt.
pigments is rarely described properly in the ppts .. Here is the proper and to the point descriptions in this ppt.
plastids.pptx
Plastids are membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells and some protists that are involved in photosynthesis and storing food. There are three main types - chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis, chromoplasts are colored and contain pigments like carotenoids, and leucoplasts are colorless and store food like starch. Chloroplasts have an inner and outer membrane, and contain stacks of thylakoid membranes where photosynthesis takes place. Chlorophyll and accessory pigments like carotenoids are embedded in the thylakoids and absorb light energy for photosynthesis.
INSECT COLORATION
1. Insects display coloration through pigmentation and physical structures. Pigmentation involves the use of pigments like melanin, pterins, ommochromes, carotenoids, and flavonoids which are responsible for colors like black, brown, red, yellow, and orange.
2. Physical coloration involves structural adaptations that scatter, interfere with, or diffract light to produce colors like blue and iridescence. Scattering by granules under dark pigment layers produces structural blue, while interference between regularly spaced surfaces produces iridescence.
3. Pigments and physical structures serve important functions for insects like camouflage, communication, and temperature regulation. Color allows
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Coloration in Fishes
- 1. Coloration in Fishes Submitted By : FoxtRot Romeo Submitted To : Dr. Sadhna GOVERNMENT COLLEGE FOR WOMEN PARADE Department of Zoology
- 2. Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 2. SOURCES OF COLOUR 2.1 Chromatophore 2.2 Iridiophore 3. CHROMATOPHORE RESPONSE 3.1 Physiological response 3.2 Morphological response 4. FACTORS AFFECTING COLOURATION 5. SIGNIFICANCE OF COLOURATION 5.1 Communication, Concealment, Disguise, and Advertisment
- 3. Introduction: ● Animal coloration is the general appearance of an animal resulting from the reception or emission of light from its surface. ● Coloration depends upon two important factors; the color and distribution of organism's biochromes,quality and quantity of light falling on the organism. ▪ There are several separate reasons why animals have evolved colors: Environment changes, Camouflage, disease, signaling, advertising, during life as well as mood etc.
- 4. ●COLORATION in fishes is primarily due to skin pigments in integuments,their rearrangement causes some species to exhibit right color while other show uniform shade ● Many species have general colouration and particularly characterstics marking in the form of bars.,stripes,spots and blotches.
- 5. Chromatophores ● Pigment cells are defined as cellular systems that effect coloration of the skin ● The chromatophores are found in the dermis layer of the skin ● They have pigments containing intracellular bodies called chromatophores
- 6. Fig. Structure of chromatophore
- 7. Chromatophores (contd) ● Fishes have only four biochromes,varied color patterns are obtained by mixing of these exsisting pigments in variable proportions ● Melanophores,Erythophores and Xanthophores are called the light absorbing chromatophores ● Iridiophores are called as the light reflecting chromatophores
- 8. Classification of Chromatophores Chromatophores Pigments Source Color Melanophores Melanin Diet Black/Brown Erythophores Carotenoids Diet Red/orange Xanthophores Carotenoids Diet Yellow Iridiophores Guanine Diet White
- 10. Chromatophore Response Physiological Response : (Neural and Hormonal) ⮚Redistribution of pigment organelles within the boundary of the cell. Morphological Response : ⮚Involve increase or decrease in number of 4 cells or the amount of pigment they contain.
- 11. Significance of color change in fishes Patterns of colouration and ability of the fish to change it, helps the fishes in various ways such as ❑CONCEALMENT ❑DISGUISE ❑ADVERTISMENT
- 12. Concealment It provides protection to fish by concealment from the enemy (camouflage). Various kinds of concealing colour methods are : ● Obliterative coloration ● Variable colour resemblance ● Disruptive colouration
- 13. (Scomber scomber) (Canthigaster callistera ) Leptocephalus ( larvae of eel) Larve change in pencil like form (Obliterative Coloration) (Variable Color Resemblance)
- 14. (Angel Fish)
- 15. Disguise ● When an animal exhibits colour pattern, form or posture such that it resembles either an animal or plant or sometimes a lifeless object ● Deflective marks are important here, thought of deflecting the animal to more or less vital parts of body to some other parts
- 16. Amia (Bowfin) Chaetobon unimaculatus (Disguise)
- 17. Advertisement ▪ Some forms of colouration of fish appear to advertise or to reveal rather to conceal their presence. ▪ Warning colouration, threatning colouration, cleaning and indication of mating are its important types.
- 18. Serpent eel Ameca splendens
- 19. THANK YOU