Muhammed Fuad Rashid Petroleum Engineering Department at Koya University Fluid Mechanics Laboratory 2020

1. Table of Content:
Title Page No.
Aim 3
Introduction 3
Theory 4
Procedure 5
Calculation 6
Discussion 8
Reference 9

2. Aim:
- The laminar and turbulent flow Demonstrating.
Introduction:
-O. Reynolds was first to demonstrate that the transition from
laminar to turbulent depends not only on the mean velocity but on
the quantity (

VD
). This quantity is a dimensionless quantity and is
called Reynolds number ( eR ). In case of circular pipe if eR <2000 the
flow is said to be laminar and if eR >4000, the flow is said to be
turbulent. If eR lies between 2000 to 4000, the flow changes from
laminar to turbulent.

3. - Theory:
- Unit description:
- The unit is intended for investigating and
visualizing the Osborne Reynolds
experiments. The test setup allows
laminar and turbulent flow to be
demonstrated. The flow is made visible
with an ink trace in a transparent pipe
section. The unit essentially comprises:
- - Base plate [1] with the necessary
connections for water supply [10] with
Control valve [13] and waste water
discharge [11].
- - Water reservoir [2] with a ball block to
stem the flow [9].
- - Overflow section [7] to generate a
constant pressure level in the reservoir.
- - Aluminum well [4] for ink with
metering tap [5] and brass inflow tip [6].
- - Test pipe section [8] of Plexiglas with
flow-optimized inflow [3].
- - Drain cock [12] to adjust the flow
through the test pipe section.
- To visualize the flow we recommend blue ink, which is carefully introduced into the
flowing water by way of the aluminum well and the inflow tip. The
- Water supply can be realized with the hydraulic bench fluid techniques base
module. The flow rate is measured by means of a measuring vessel or using
hydraulic bench.
-

4. - Procedure:
- - Close the drain cock [12].
- - Switch on the water supply. When
using
- Hydraulic bench, switch on the pump.
Carefully
- Open the ball cock [13].
- - Adjust the tap to produce a constant
water level
- in the reservoir.
- -After a time the test pipe section [8] is
completely filled. The experiment can
begin.
- -Open the drain cock slightly to produce a
low rate
- of flow into the test pipe section. The
colored
- Waste water is best directed down the
drain.
- - Determine volumetric flow rate. To do
so, use stopwatch to establish time t
required for raising the level in the
volumetric tank of the Hydraulic Bench
and for low volumetric measurement use
the 2ltr. Measuring cup.

5. Calculation:
1/ Vol.=400Cm3
T=14.6s
Time
Volume
Q 
6.14
400
Q
26.9179004Q
-A=0.786 cm3
A
Q
VVAQ 
786.0
918.26
V
V 34.24669263 cm/s
-d=1cm T=23.8 °C v=3.893x10-6 cm3
/s

Vd
Re
6-
3.893x10
12467.34
Re


Re=8796992.711
-----------------------
2/ Vol.=400Cm3
T=9.39
Time
Volume
Q 
39.9
400
Q
542.5985090Q
-A=0.786 cm3
A
Q
VVAQ 
786.0
5985.42
V
V 54.1965764cm/s

6. -d=1cm T=23.8 °C v=3.893x10-6 cm2
/s

Vd
Re
6-
3.893x10
11966.54
Re


Re=13921545.44
------------------------
3/ Vol.=400Cm3
T=4.65s
Time
Volume
Q 
65.4
400
Q
86.0215053Q
-A=0.786 cm3
A
Q
VVAQ 
786.0
0215.86
V
V 109.4421cm/s
-d=1cm T=23.8 °C v=3.893x10-6 cm2
/s

Vd
Re
6-
3.893x10
14421.109
Re


Re=28112540.15

7. Table of Calculation:
No.
Q
(cm3
/s)
V
(cm/s)
Re Shape
1 26.9179004 34.24669263 8796992.711 Turbulent
2 42.59850905 54.1965764 13921545.44 Turbulent
3 86.02150538 109.4421188 28112540.15 Turbulent
Discussion:
1- What do you understand by laminar and turbulent flow?
•At Low rates of flow the colored filament remained at the axis of the tube indicating
that the flow was in the form of parallel streams which did not interact with each other
Such Flow is called laminar.
•As The flow rate was increased, oscillations appeared in the colored filament which
broke up into eddies causing dispersion across the tube section. This Type of flow,
known as turbulent flow.

8. 2- What is the factor that decides the type of flow in pipes, with
explaining the reason?
Ans/ Fluid flow in pipes is affected by many different factors
• The viscosity, density, and velocity of the fluid.
• Changes in the fluid temperature will change the viscosity & density of the fluid.
• The length, inner diameter, and in the case of turbulent flow, the internal
roughness of the pipe.
• The position of the supply and discharge containers relative to the pump position.
• The addition of rises & falls within the pipe layout.
• The number & types of bends in the pipe layout.
• The number & types of valves, & other fittings, in the pipe layout.
• Entrance & exit conditions of the pipe work.
References:
1- www.engineeredge.com/Renold_Number.php
2- www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynold.Number_Fluid.html
3- www.pipeflow.co.uk/public/control.php