various types of flow meter
1. rotameter
2. venturimeter
3. electromagnetic flow meter
4. positive displacement flow meter
with their working advantage and disadvantages
measurement of the flow of fluid by the venturimeter and the pitot tube and ...AshishBhadani4
the presentation upon the measurement of the flow of fluid by the venturimeter and the pitot tube and pipe orifice . also include the type of the pitote tube . this instrument is used to measure the flow rate of the flow of fluid.
this section speaks about the quantity flow meter and its different types i.e. positive displacement flow meter and metering pump, it comprises discussion on mass flow meter, coriolis flow meter, variable reluctance tacho generator and linear resistance element flow meter.
introduction to flow,flow type,laminar,turbulent,one dimensional flow,two dimensional flow,type of flow measurement,flow measuring elements,orifices,nozzles,venturi,pitot tubes,limitations,advantages of the elements,application of elements
various types of flow meter
1. rotameter
2. venturimeter
3. electromagnetic flow meter
4. positive displacement flow meter
with their working advantage and disadvantages
measurement of the flow of fluid by the venturimeter and the pitot tube and ...AshishBhadani4
the presentation upon the measurement of the flow of fluid by the venturimeter and the pitot tube and pipe orifice . also include the type of the pitote tube . this instrument is used to measure the flow rate of the flow of fluid.
this section speaks about the quantity flow meter and its different types i.e. positive displacement flow meter and metering pump, it comprises discussion on mass flow meter, coriolis flow meter, variable reluctance tacho generator and linear resistance element flow meter.
introduction to flow,flow type,laminar,turbulent,one dimensional flow,two dimensional flow,type of flow measurement,flow measuring elements,orifices,nozzles,venturi,pitot tubes,limitations,advantages of the elements,application of elements
this article covers discussion of variable area flow meter. also it speaks about turbine flow meter, target flow meter, magnetic flow meter, vortex flow meter, ultrasonic flow meter, thermal flow meter.
VENTURIMETER -Application of Bernoulli's LawKundan Kumar
A venturimeter is essentially a short pipe consisting of two conical parts with a short portion of uniform cross-section in between. This short portion has the minimum area and is known as the throat. The two conical portions have the same base diameter, but one is having a shorter length with a larger cone angle while the other is having a larger length with a smaller cone angle.
Rotameter in Fluid Mechanics.
Rotameter, Variable Area Meter.
Rotameter Construction.
Working Principle of Rotameter.
Apparatus Description.
Formula for calculations.
Lab observations and Calculations.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Rotameter.
Precautions.
Steam ejector working principle
An ejector is a device used to suck the gas or vapour from the desired vessel or system. An ejector is similar to an of vacuum pump or compressor. The major difference between the ejector and the vacuum pump or compressor is it had no moving parts. Hence it is relatively low-cost and easy to operate and maintenance free equipment.
Speaks about the different aspects of flow measurement i.e. flow types, fluid types, its units, selection parameters; definition of common terms, coanda effect coriolis effect . it also speaks about the factors affecting flow measurement.
This article provides a brief yet concise idea about flow meters and the pertinent terms related to them. This article classifies the different types of flowmeters and cites the different devices for measurement under these categories. Also, this article speaks about the major five classes of flowmeters viz. differential pressure, velocity, positive displacement, mass, and open channel.
All the three types of flowmeters i.e. venturi-meter, orifice-meter and rota-meter. The Principle, construction, working, applications, advantages and disadvantages are briefly explained.
What is a vinturi meter Venturi meter device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe.
It consist of three parts,
Converging part
Throat
Diverging part
this article covers discussion of variable area flow meter. also it speaks about turbine flow meter, target flow meter, magnetic flow meter, vortex flow meter, ultrasonic flow meter, thermal flow meter.
VENTURIMETER -Application of Bernoulli's LawKundan Kumar
A venturimeter is essentially a short pipe consisting of two conical parts with a short portion of uniform cross-section in between. This short portion has the minimum area and is known as the throat. The two conical portions have the same base diameter, but one is having a shorter length with a larger cone angle while the other is having a larger length with a smaller cone angle.
Rotameter in Fluid Mechanics.
Rotameter, Variable Area Meter.
Rotameter Construction.
Working Principle of Rotameter.
Apparatus Description.
Formula for calculations.
Lab observations and Calculations.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Rotameter.
Precautions.
Steam ejector working principle
An ejector is a device used to suck the gas or vapour from the desired vessel or system. An ejector is similar to an of vacuum pump or compressor. The major difference between the ejector and the vacuum pump or compressor is it had no moving parts. Hence it is relatively low-cost and easy to operate and maintenance free equipment.
Speaks about the different aspects of flow measurement i.e. flow types, fluid types, its units, selection parameters; definition of common terms, coanda effect coriolis effect . it also speaks about the factors affecting flow measurement.
This article provides a brief yet concise idea about flow meters and the pertinent terms related to them. This article classifies the different types of flowmeters and cites the different devices for measurement under these categories. Also, this article speaks about the major five classes of flowmeters viz. differential pressure, velocity, positive displacement, mass, and open channel.
All the three types of flowmeters i.e. venturi-meter, orifice-meter and rota-meter. The Principle, construction, working, applications, advantages and disadvantages are briefly explained.
What is a vinturi meter Venturi meter device used for measuring the rate of flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe.
It consist of three parts,
Converging part
Throat
Diverging part
Rev. August 2014 ME495 - Pipe Flow Characteristics… Page .docxjoyjonna282
Rev. August 2014 ME495 - Pipe Flow Characteristics… Page 2
2
ME495—Thermo Fluids Laboratory
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PIPE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
AND PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
CALIBRATION
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PREPARED BY: GROUP LEADER’S NAME
LAB PARTNERS: NAME
NAME
NAME
TIME/DATE OF EXPERIMENT: TIME , DATE
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
OBJECTIVE— The objectives of this experiment are
to: a) observe the characteristics of flow in a pipe,
b) evaluate the flow rate in a pipe using velocity
and pressure difference measurements, and c)
perform the calibration of a pressure transducer.
Upon completing this experiment you should have
learned (i) how to measure the flow rate and average
velocity in a pipe using a Pitot tube and/or a resistance
flow meter, and (ii) how to classify the general
characteristics of a pipe flow.
Nomenclature
a = speed of sound, m/s
A = area, m
2
C = discharge coefficient, dimensionless
d = pipe diameter, m
d0 = orifice diameter, m
E = velocity approach factor, dimensionless
f = Darcy friction factor, dimensionless
K0 = flow coefficient, dimensionless
k = ratio of specific heats (cp/cv), dimensionless
L = length of pipe, m
M = Mach number, dimensionless
p = pressure, Pa
p0 = stagnation pressure, Pa
p1, p2 = pressure at two axial locations along a
pipe, Pa
Q = volumetric flow rate, m
3
/s
R = specific gas constant, J·kg/K
Re = Reynolds number, dimensionless
T = temperature, K
V = local velocity, m/s
V = average velocity, m/s
Y = adiabatic expansion factor, dimensionless
= ratio of orifice diameter to pipe diameter,
dimensionless
p = pressure drop across an orifice meter, Pa
= dynamic viscosity, Pa·s
= air density, kg/m3
INTRODUCTION— The flow of a fluid (liquid or
gas) through pipes or ducts is a common part of many
engineering systems. Household applications include
the flow of water in copper pipes, the flow of natural
gas in steel pipes, and the flow of heated air through
metal ducts of rectangular cross-section in a forced-air
furnace system. Industrial applications range from the
flow of liquid plastics in a manufacturing plant, to the
flow of yogurt in a food-processing plant. Because the
purpose of a piping system is to transport a desired
quantity of fluid, it is important to understand the
various methods of measuring the flow rate.
In order to work with a fluid system, and certainly to
design a fluid system that will deliver a prescribed
flow, it is necessary to understand certain fundamental
aspects of the fluid flow. For this, one should be able
to answer questions like: Are compressibility effects
important? Is the flow laminar or turbulent? Is the
viscosity of the fluid important or not? Is the flow
steady or varying with time? What are the primary
forces of importance? For internal ...
Basic Industrial Instruments Used for Flow measurnment.
Working , Construction and diagrams with detailed explanations.
Major type of Instruments are listed.
Energy losses in Bends, loss coefficient related to velocity head.Pelton Whee...Salman Jailani
In this slide you learn the how to make the lablayout and the study the Energy losses, Pelton Wheel. Kaplan TURBINE, Franices TURBine And its Efficiency of Mecahanical Power Plants..
00923006902338
it speaks about the differential head flow meters. its different types. their principle of operation, venturi meter, orifice plate, rotameters, it also covers discussion on open channel flow meter. it covers the different application domains of the different types of flow meters and their advantages and disadvantages.
Rotameter calibration report for multiple fluidsSakib Shahriar
We will study Rotameter and calibrate it for various fluids in this report. Mainly, we calibrated the rotameter for water. Calibration means nothing but the relationship between volumetric flow rate vs Rotameter reading.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
Design Of Flow Meters
1. PROCESS EQUIPMENT & DESIGN
Topic: Differenet types of Flowmeters
•Venturi Meter
•Orifice Meter
•Rotameter
2. VENTURI METER
The venturi meter has a converging conical inlet, a cylindrical throat and a
diverging recovery cone. It has no projections into the fluid, no sharp corners
and no sudden changes in contour. The following figure shows the venturi
meter with uniform cylindrical section before converging entrance, a throat
and divergent outlet.
The converging inlet section decreases the area of the fluid stream, causing
the velocity to increase and the pressure to decrease. The low pressure is
measured in the center of the cylindrical throat as the pressure will be at its
lowest value, where neither the pressure nor the velocity will be changing. As
the fluid enters the diverging section the pressure is recovered lowering the
velocity of the fluid.
3. The major disadvantages of this type of flow detection are the high initial
costs for installation and difficulty in installation and inspection.
4. The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid
flows through a constricted section of pipe. The fluid velocity must increase
through the constriction to satisfy the equation of continuity, while its pressure
must decrease due to conservation of energy: the gain in kinetic energy is
balanced by a drop in pressure or a pressure gradient force. An equation for the
drop in pressure due to Venturi effect may be derived from a combination of
Bernoulli’s principle and the equation of continuity.
The equation for venturi meter is obtained by applying Bernoulli equation and
equation of continuity assuming an incompressible flow of fluids through
manometer tubes. If V1 and V2 are the average upstream and downstream
velocities and ρ is the density of the fluid, then using Bernoulli’s equation we get,
6. where D1 and D2 are diameter of pipe and throat in meters respectively.
Eliminating V1 from equation (1) and equation (2) we get,
V2 =
1
𝛼2−𝛼1 𝛽4
2𝑔 𝑐(𝑃1−𝑃2)
𝜌
-----------(3)
where β is the ratio of the diameter of throat to that of diameter of pipe.
If we assume a small friction lose between two pressure taps, the above
equation (3) can be
corrected by introducing empirical factor Cv and written as;
V2 =
𝐂𝐯
𝟏−𝜷 𝟒
𝟐𝒈 𝒄(𝑷 𝟏−𝑷 𝟐)
𝝆
------------(4)
7. Now, 𝑚 = ρV2AT
Putting this value in (4);
𝒎 = Cv AT
𝟐𝒈 𝒄(𝑷 𝟏−𝑷 𝟐)𝝆
𝟏−𝜷 𝟒 -----------(5)
where,
ṁ=mass flowrate of fluid, kg/s
AT=area of Throat = (π/4)d0
2, m2
P1,P2= pressure at upstream and downstream static pressure taps, Pa
gc = 1
ρ = density of fluid, kg/m3
9. ORIFICE METER
Orifice meter is a type of flowmeter and a device basically used for
measuring the flowrate.
It is a widely used flowmeter in chemical industry, compared to
Venturimeter and Rotameter.
Orifice meter consists of a sharp or square edged orifice plate which is
mounted between two flanges at the flanged joint.
This is shown in the figure.
When the fluid flows through the orifice it forms free flowing jet, this free
flowing jet contracts and then expands.
Minimum flow area achieved by free flowing jet is known as Vena
Contracta.
10.
11. Process Design of Orificemeter
Mass flowrate through orifice is given by,
ṁ = 𝑪 𝟎 𝒀𝑨 𝟎
𝟐𝒈 𝒄 𝝆(𝒑 𝟏 − 𝒑 𝟐)
𝟏 − 𝜷 𝟒
where,
ṁ=mass flowrate of fluid, kg/s
A0=area of orifice=(π/4)d0
2, m
P1,P2= pressure at upstream and downstream static pressure taps, Pa
12. Ρ = density of fluid, kg/m3
C0 = coefficient of orifice
= f(Re0, β, location of taps)
where,
Re0 =
𝑑0 𝑢0 𝜌
𝜇
=
4ṁ
𝜋𝑑0 𝜇
where,
u0 = velocity of fluid through orifice, m/s
µ = viscosity of fluid, kg/(m.s)
𝛽 =
𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒
13. Y = expansion factor
= 1 for liduids
= 1- [((1-r)/k)(0.41 + 0.35 β4)] for gases
where,
r = p2/p1, ratio of downstream to upstream pressure
k = Cp/Cv, specific heat ratio
14. Locations of Pressure Taps
Corner Taps – static holes are made in upstream & downstream flange.
Flange Taps– static holes are made at distance 25.4 mm on both upstream &
downstream side.
Radius Taps – static holes are made at a distance one pipe diameter on
upstream side and half pipe diameter on downstream side.
Vena Contracta Taps – upstream side hole is half to two times pipe diameter
from plate and downstream tap is located at the position of minimum
pressure.
15. Taps – static holes are located at 2.5 times pipe diameter upstream side
and 8 times pipe diameter on downstream side.
16. For Re0> 30000,
C0 = between 0.595 to 0.62 for vena contracta taps
C0 = between 0.595 to 0.8 for radius taps
C0 = 0.62 for corner taps
Relation between discharge co-efficient C0, β and ReD is given by Stolz
equation
C0 = 0.5959 + 0.0312 β2.1 – 0.184 β8 + 0.0029 β2.5 (106/ReD)0.75 + 0.09 L1β4 (1 –
β4)-1 – 0.0337 L2β3
where,
L1 = l1/D and L2 = l2/d0
17. where,
d0 = diameter of orifice
β = d0/D
l1 = distance of upstream tapping from the upstream face of orifice plate,
mm
l2 = distance of downstream tapping from the downstream face of orifice
plate, mm
18. ROTAMETER
A Rotameter is a device that measures the flow rate of liquid or gas in a closed
tube. It belongs to a class of meters called variable area meters, which
measure flow rate by allowing the cross-sectional area the fluid travels
through, to vary, causing a measurable effect.
Rotameters are a particular kind of flow meter, based on the variable
area principle. They provide a simple, precise and economical means of
indicating flow rates in fluid systems. This variable area principle consists of
three basic elements: A uniformly tapered flow tube, a float, and a
measurement scale.
19.
20. Implementation
A Rotameter consists of a tapered tube, typically made of glass with a 'float',
made either of anodized aluminium or a ceramic, actually a shaped weight,
inside that is pushed up by the drag force of the flow and pulled down by
gravity. The drag force for a given fluid and float cross section is a function of
flow speed squared only, see drag equation.
A higher volumetric flow rate through a given area increases flow speed and
drag force, so the float will be pushed upwards. However, as the inside of the
Rotameter is cone shaped (widens), the area around the float through which
the medium flows increases, the flow speed and drag force decrease until
there is mechanical equilibrium with the float's weight.
21. Floats are made in many different shapes, with spheres and ellipsoids
being the most common. The float may be diagonally grooved and partially
coloured so that it rotates axially as the fluid passes.
22. Equation of Rotameter:
qm = CDA2
qm = mass flow rate
CD = Coefficient of rota meter = 0.75 approx
Vf = volume of float
Af = area of float
23. Advantages
A Rotameter requires no external power or fuel, it uses only the inherent
properties of the fluid, along with gravity, to measure flow rate.
A Rotameter is also a relatively simple device that can be mass manufactured
out of cheap materials, allowing for its widespread use.
Since the area of the flow passage increases as the float moves up the tube,
the scale is approximately linear.
Clear glass is used which is highly resistant to thermal shock and chemical
action.
24. Disadvantages
Due to its reliance on the ability of the fluid or gas to displace the float,
graduations on a given Rotameter will only be accurate for a given substance at a
given temperature. The main property of importance is the density of the fluid;
however, viscosity may also be significant. Floats are ideally designed to be
insensitive to viscosity; however, this is seldom verifiable from manufacturers'
specifications. Either separate Rotameters for different densities and viscosities
may be used, or multiple scales on the same Rotameter can be used.
Due to the direct flow indication the resolution is relatively poor compared to
other measurement principles. Readout uncertainty gets worse near the bottom
of the scale. Oscillations of the float and parallax may further increase the
uncertainty of the measurement.
25. Since the float must be read through the flowing medium, some fluids may
obscure the reading. A transducer may be required for electronically
measuring the position of the float.
Rotameters are not easily adapted for reading by machine; although
magnetic floats that drive a follower outside the tube are available.
Rotameters are not generally manufactured in sizes greater than 6
inches/150 mm, but bypass designs are sometimes used on very large
pipes.