This document describes an experiment on tensile testing of materials. It discusses preparing dog-bone shaped samples according to ASTM D638 standards. Tensile testing is done using a Shimadzu tensile testing machine to measure properties like stress and strain. Careful sample preparation and dimensions matching standards are needed to obtain accurate property values from the experiment. The conclusions emphasize getting the right sample dimension values according to standards to determine material properties correctly.
In these slides, an important mechanical property of Materials, that is HARDNESS, is discussed along with the different procedures which are used for determination of Hardness value of a certain material.
I hope, you'll find it helpful...!
Fundamentals of Crystal Structure: BCC, FCC and HCP Structures, coordination number and atomic packing factors, crystal imperfections -point line and surface imperfections. Atomic Diffusion: Phenomenon, Fick’s laws of diffusion, factors affecting diffusion.
In these slides, an important mechanical property of Materials, that is HARDNESS, is discussed along with the different procedures which are used for determination of Hardness value of a certain material.
I hope, you'll find it helpful...!
Fundamentals of Crystal Structure: BCC, FCC and HCP Structures, coordination number and atomic packing factors, crystal imperfections -point line and surface imperfections. Atomic Diffusion: Phenomenon, Fick’s laws of diffusion, factors affecting diffusion.
In the material testing laboratory, a Charpy impact test was performed on three different types (hot,cold,and steel alloy)of steels testing each variety at four different temperatures (32°C(RT), 100°C,0°C and -22°C ). From results (shown below), we determined that the a transition is from ductile failures to brittle failures
The failure or fracture of a product or component as a result of a single event is known as mechanical overload. It is a common failure mode, and may be contrasted with fatigue, creep, rupture, or stress relaxation.
BRITTLE FAILURE
In a brittle overload failure, separation of the two halves isn’t quite instantaneous, but proceeds at a tremendous rate, nearly at the speed of sound in the material. The crack begins at the point of maximum stress, then grows across by cleavage of the individual material grains. One of the results of this is that the direction of the fracture path is frequently indicated by chevron marks that point toward the origin of the failure.
REINFORCED POLYMERIC COMPOSITE (RPC) MATERIALSSameer Ahmad
INTRODUCTION
A microscopic mixture of two or more different materials. One typically being the continuous phase (matrix), and the other being the discontinuous phase (reinforcement).
Its properties are strongly dependent on the composite structure. Composites could be natural or synthetic.
Constituents of composite materials.-
In the material testing laboratory, a Charpy impact test was performed on three different types (hot,cold,and steel alloy)of steels testing each variety at four different temperatures (32°C(RT), 100°C,0°C and -22°C ). From results (shown below), we determined that the a transition is from ductile failures to brittle failures
The failure or fracture of a product or component as a result of a single event is known as mechanical overload. It is a common failure mode, and may be contrasted with fatigue, creep, rupture, or stress relaxation.
BRITTLE FAILURE
In a brittle overload failure, separation of the two halves isn’t quite instantaneous, but proceeds at a tremendous rate, nearly at the speed of sound in the material. The crack begins at the point of maximum stress, then grows across by cleavage of the individual material grains. One of the results of this is that the direction of the fracture path is frequently indicated by chevron marks that point toward the origin of the failure.
REINFORCED POLYMERIC COMPOSITE (RPC) MATERIALSSameer Ahmad
INTRODUCTION
A microscopic mixture of two or more different materials. One typically being the continuous phase (matrix), and the other being the discontinuous phase (reinforcement).
Its properties are strongly dependent on the composite structure. Composites could be natural or synthetic.
Constituents of composite materials.-
In the material testing laboratory, Tensile test was done on a mild steel specimen as figure 4 to identify the young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and percentage elongation. The results were as table 1
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Experiment 4 - Testing of Materials in Tension Object .docxSANSKAR20
Experiment 4 - Testing of Materials in Tension
Object: The object of this experiment is to measure the tensile properties of two polymeric
materials, steel and aluminum at a constant strain rate on the Tension testing machine.
Background: For structural applications of materials such as bridges, pressure vessels, ships,
and automobiles, the tensile properties of the metal material set the criteria for a safe design.
Polymeric materials are being used more and more in structural applications, particularly in
automobiles and pressure vessels. New applications emerge as designers become aware of
the differences in the properties of metals and polymers and take full advantage of them. The
analyses of structures using metals or plastics require that the data be available.
Stress-Strain: The tensile properties of a material are obtained by pulling a specimen of
known geometry apart at a fixed rate of straining until it breaks or stretches to the machines
limit. It is useful to define the load per unit area (stress) as a parameter rather than load to
avoid the confusion that would arise from the fact that the load and the change in length are
dependent on the cross-sectional area and original length of the specimen. The stress,
however, changes during the test for two reasons: the load increases and the cross-sectional
area decreases as the specimen gets longer.
Therefore, the stress can be calculated by two formulae which are distinguished as
engineering stress and true stress, respectively.
(1) = P/Ao= Engineering Stress (lbs/in
2 or psi)
P = load (lbs)
Ao= original cross-sectional area (in
2)
(2) T= P/Ai = True Stress
Ai = instantaneous cross-sectional area (in
2)
Likewise, the elongation is normalized per unit length of specimen and is called strain. The
strain may be based on the original length or the instantaneous length such that
(3) =(lf - lo)/ lo = l / lo = Engineering Strain, where
lf= final gage length (in)
lo= original gage length (in)
(4) T= ln ( li / lo ) = ln (1 +) = True Strain, where
li = instantaneous gage length (in)
ln = natural logarithm
For a small elongation the engineering strain is very close to the true strain when l=1.2 lo,
then = 0.2 and T= ln 1.2 = 0.182. The engineering stress is related to the true stress by
(5) T= (1 + )
The true stress would be 20% higher in the case above where the specimen is 20% longer
than the original length. As the relative elongation increases, the true strain will become
significantly less than the engineering strain while the true stress becomes much greater than
the engineering stress. When l= 4.0 lo then = 3.0 but the true strain =ln 4.0 = 1.39.
Therefore, the true strain is less than 1/2 of the engineering strain. The true stress (T) = (1+
3.0) = 4, or the true stress is 4 times the engineering stress.
Tensile Test Nom ...
This is a preliminary text for the chapter. The Oslo Group is invited to provide comments on the
general structure and coverage of the chapter (for example, if it covers the relevant aspects related to
measurement units and conversion factors, and if there are additional topics that should be covered in
this chapter), and on the recommendations to be contained in IRES.
The current text presents the recommendations from the UN Manual F.29 as well as some points that
were raised during the last OG meeting. The issue of “harmonization” of standard/default conversion
factors still needs to be addressed. It was suggested that tables be moved to an annex. Please provide
your views on which ones should be retained in the chapter.
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
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Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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Halogenation process of chemical process industries
Sample preparation for tensile test 2
1. Faculty of Engineering Petroleum
Engineering Department
Mechanics of Material Lab.
Exp. (Sample Preparation)
Prepared by: Ahmad Jalal Hasan
Muhammad Fuad Rashid
Muhammad Hasan Aziz
Supervised by: Dr. Dyar
Date of Submit: 01/10/2019
3. 3
1.1. Aim
This International Standard specifies the method for tensile testing of metallic
materials and defines the mechanical properties which can be determined at ambient
temperature.
1.2. Introduction
ASTM's physical and mechanical testing standards provide guides for the proper
procedures employed in the determination of the physical, mechanical, and
metallographic properties of certain materials, particularly metals and alloys. Using
test methods such as scanning electron microscopy, hole-drilling strain-gage
method, semiautomatic and automatic image analysis, and X-ray diffraction,
parameters like elastic moduli, impact strength, ductility, hardness, residual stress,
and grain size are measured. These physical and mechanical testing standards allow
metallurgical laboratories, manufacturers, and other producers and users of metals
and alloys to examine and evaluate such materials for strength and quality to ensure
safety towards their end-use.
The mechanical properties of materials are determined by performing carefully
designed laboratory experiments that replicate as nearly as possible the service
conditions. In the real life, there are many factors involved in the nature in which
loads are applied on a material. The following are some common examples of how
these loads might be applied: tensile, compressive and shear, just to name a few.
These properties are important in materials selections for mechanical design.
Other factors that often complicate the design process include temperature and
time factors.
1.3. tensile test experiment
The topic of this lab is confined to the tensile property of polymers. Figure 6.1
shows a tensile testing machine, which looks similar to the one used in this lab. This
test is a destructive method, in which a specimen of a standard shape and dimensions
(prepared according to ASTM D 638: standard test method for tensile properties of
plastics) is subjected to an axial load. As shown in Figure 6.1, during a typical
4. 4
tensile experiment, a dog-bone shaped specimen is gripped at
its two ends and is pulled to elongate at a determined rate
to its breakpoint; a highly ductile polymer may not reach its
breakpoint. The tensile tester used in this lab is
manufactured by Shimadzu Corporations (model AJS-
It has a maximum load of 100 kN and a variable
pulling rate. The setup of the experiment could be
changed to accommodate different types of mechanical
testing, according to the ASTM standard (e.g.
compression test, etc).
1.4. Sample Preparation
The polymer specimens are dog-bone shaped. They were injection molded, and
its dimensions were determined according to the ASTMD 638, mentioned
earlier in the introduction.
Measure the thickness, width and gage length of polymer samples using a pair
Vernier calipers. These dimensions should be approximately the same for each
sample.
Figure 1 A photograph of a tensile
machine (Shimadzu, Autograph AG-
10TC).
5. 5
1.5. Tensile Specimens and Testing Machines
Tensile Specimens. Consider the typical tensile specimen shown in Fig. 2. It has
enlarged ends or shoulders for
gripping. The important part of the specimen is the gage section. The cross-sectional
area of the gage section is reduced relative to that of the remainder of the specimen so
that deformation and failure will be
localized
Figure 2 Typical tensile specimen, showing a reduced gage section and enlarged shoulders. To avoid end effects from the shoulders, the length of the
transition region should be at least as great as the diameter, and the total length of the reduced section
6. 6
in this region. The gage length is the region over which measurements are made and
is centered within the reduced section. The distances between the ends of the gage
section and the shoulders should be great enough so that the larger ends do not
constrain deformation within the gage section, and the gage length should be great
relative to its diameter. Otherwise, the stress state will be more complex than simple
tension. There are various ways of gripping the specimen. The end may be screwed
into a threaded grip, or it may be pinned; butt ends may be used, or the grip section
may be held between wedges. There are still other methods. The most important
concern in the selection of a gripping method is to ensure that the specimen can be
held at the maximum load without slippage or failure in the grip section. Bending
should be minimized.
Testing Machines. The most common testing machines are universal testers. terials in
tension, compression, or bending. Their primary function is to create the stress-
strain curve described in the following section in this chapter.
Testing machines are either electromechanical or hydraulic. The principal difference
is the method by which the load is applied.
Electromechanical machines are based on a variable-speed electric motor; a gear
reduction system; and one, two, or four screws that move the crosshead up or down.
This motion loads the specimen in tension or compression. Crosshead speeds can be
changed by changing the speed of the motor. A microprocessor-based closed-loop
servo system can be implemented to accurately control the speed of the crosshead.
Hydraulic testing machines are based on either a single or dual-acting piston that
moves the crosshead up or down. However, most static hydraulic testing machines
have a single acting piston or ram. In a manually operated machine, the operator
adjusts the orifice of a pressure-compensated needle valve to control the rate of
loading. In a closed-loop hydraulic servo
system, the needle valve is
replaced by an electrically
operated servo valve for
precise control.
7. 7
0
Figure 3 Systems for gripping tensile specimens. For round specimens, these include threaded grips (a), serrated
wedges (b), and, for butt end specimens, split collars constrained by a solid collar (c). Sheet specimens may be gripped
with pins (d) or serr
1.6. discussion
the dimension for a lab testing exactly for this experiment should
match the standard to test a materials properties according to
ASTM (American standard testing materials ) that means the
sample should have a specification of some properties for example
length and height and thickness and dimeter also the sample must a
homogeneous sample and so on , also by observing the
experiments test for example test it noted that was a successful
experiment and dissipating from bias and errors to the graphs and
test results, this due to the sample had a uniforming of properties
as mentioned high above.
8. 8
1.7. Conclusion
Finally, I would say the process of preparing a sample for
specimen’s physical properties should be done carefully and
preparing its dimensions due to standards precisely to get the right
values for their properties in graph results.
1.8. References
Matweb.com. (2015). MatWeb - The Online Materials
Information Resource.
ASTM Standard C33, 2003
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
(NCRP)
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Radiological and Environmental Sciences Laboratory
(RESL), Idaho Falls, Idaho
(Operated by the DOE)
DOE Technical Measurements Center, Grand Junction, CO
Environmental Measurements Laboratory (EML); formerly
the Health and Safety
Laboratory of the DOE