The document outlines an experiment demonstrating laminar and turbulent flow using Reynolds' number, which dictates flow type based on velocity and fluid dynamics properties. It provides a detailed experimental setup, procedure, and calculations for measuring flow rates, emphasizing the characteristics of laminar versus turbulent flow. Additionally, it discusses factors affecting flow in pipes, including velocity, fluid properties, and pipe geometry.

1. Table of Content:
Title Page No.
Aim 3
Introduction 3
Theory 4
Procedure 5
Calculation 6
Discussion 8
Reference 9

2. Aim:
- The laminar and turbulent flow Demonstrating.
Introduction:
-O. Reynolds was first to demonstrate that the transition from
laminar to turbulent depends not only on the mean velocity but on
the quantity (

VD
). This quantity is a dimensionless quantity and is
called Reynolds number ( eR ). In case of circular pipe if eR <2000 the
flow is said to be laminar and if eR >4000, the flow is said to be
turbulent. If eR lies between 2000 to 4000, the flow changes from
laminar to turbulent.

3. - Theory:
- Unit description:
- The unit is intended for investigating and
visualizing the Osborne Reynolds
experiments. The test setup allows
laminar and turbulent flow to be
demonstrated. The flow is made visible
with an ink trace in a transparent pipe
section. The unit essentially comprises:
- - Base plate [1] with the necessary
connections for water supply [10] with
Control valve [13] and waste water
discharge [11].
- - Water reservoir [2] with a ball block to
stem the flow [9].
- - Overflow section [7] to generate a
constant pressure level in the reservoir.
- - Aluminum well [4] for ink with
metering tap [5] and brass inflow tip [6].
- - Test pipe section [8] of Plexiglas with
flow-optimized inflow [3].
- - Drain cock [12] to adjust the flow
through the test pipe section.
- To visualize the flow we recommend blue ink, which is carefully introduced into the
flowing water by way of the aluminum well and the inflow tip. The
- Water supply can be realized with the hydraulic bench fluid techniques base
module. The flow rate is measured by means of a measuring vessel or using
hydraulic bench.
-

4. - Procedure:
- - Close the drain cock [12].
- - Switch on the water supply.
When using
- Hydraulic bench, switch on the
pump. Carefully
- Open the ball cock [13].
- - Adjust the tap to produce a constant
water level
- in the reservoir.
- -After a time the test pipe section [8]
is completely filled. The experiment
can begin.
- -Open the drain cock slightly to
produce a low rate
- of flow into the test pipe section.
The colored
- Waste water is best directed down the drain.
- - Determine volumetric flow rate. To do so, use stopwatch to establish
time t required for raising the level in the volumetric tank of the
Hydraulic Bench and for low volumetric measurement use the 2ltr.
Measuring cup.

5. Calculation:
1/ Vol.=300Cm3
T=19.57s
Time
Volume
Q 
57.19
300
Q
15.3295861Q
-A=0.786 cm3
A
Q
VVAQ 
786.0
15.3295861
V
V 19.50329021cm/s
-d=1cm T=23.8 °C v=3.893x10-6 cm2
/s

Vd
Re
6-
3.893x10
1119.5032902
Re


Re=5009835.655
-----------------------
2/ Vol.=300Cm3
T=8.13s
Time
Volume
Q 
13.8
300
Q
36.900369Q
-A=0.786 cm3
A
Q
VVAQ 
786.0
36.900369
V
V 46.94703436cm/s

6. -d=1cm T=23.6 °C v=3.893x10-6 cm2
/s

Vd
Re
6-
3.893x10
1646.9470343
Re


Re=12059346.1
------------------------
3/ Vol.=300Cm3
T=3.48s
Time
Volume
Q 
48.3
300
Q
586.2068965Q
-A=0.786 cm3
A
Q
VVAQ 
786.0
586.2068965
V
V 109.6779854cm/s
-d=1cm T=23.8 °C v=3.893x10-6 cm2
/s

Vd
Re
6-
3.893x10
14109.677985
Re


Re=28173127.52

7. No.
Q
(cm3
/s)
V
(cm/s)
Re Shape
1 15.3295861 19.50329021 5009835.655 Turbulent
2 36.900369 46.94703436 12059346.1 Turbulent
3 86.20689655 109.6779854 28173127.52 Turbulent
Discussion:
1-What do you understand by laminar and turbulent
flow?
Ans/In fluid dynamics, laminar flow occurs when a fluid flows in parallel
layers, with no disruption between the layers. At low velocities, the fluid
tends to flow without lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one
another like playing cards. There are no cross-currents perpendicular to the
direction of flow, nor eddies or swirls of fluids. In laminar flow, the motion of
the particles of the fluid is very orderly with particles close to a solid surface
moving in straight lines parallel to that surface. Laminar flow is a flow regime
characterized by high momentum diffusion and low momentum convection.
But turbulent flow contains eddying motions of all sizes, and a large part of

8. the mechanical energy in the flow goes into the formation of these eddies
which eventually dissipate their energy as heat. As a result, at a given
Reynolds number, the drag of a turbulent flow is higher than the drag of a
laminar flow. Also, turbulent flow is affected by surface roughness, so that
increasing roughness increases the drag.
2-What is the factor that decides the type of flow in
pipes, with explaining the reason?
When a fluid flows through a pipe the flow varies with the:
1. Velocity.
2. the physical properties of the fluid.
3. the geometry of the pipe.
This was expressed by what is so known in Fluid Dynamics as Reynolds
Number (Re).
References:
1- www.engineeredge.com/Renold_Number.php
2- www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynold.Number_Fluid.html