introduction to flow,flow type,laminar,turbulent,one dimensional flow,two dimensional flow,type of flow measurement,flow measuring elements,orifices,nozzles,venturi,pitot tubes,limitations,advantages of the elements,application of elements
Liquid Level Measurement By Indirect MethodJaydeep Vakil
This ppt contains Differential Method for measuring of liquid level of storage tanks and vessels. Differential method is one of the indirect method for liquid level measurement..
introduction to flow,flow type,laminar,turbulent,one dimensional flow,two dimensional flow,type of flow measurement,flow measuring elements,orifices,nozzles,venturi,pitot tubes,limitations,advantages of the elements,application of elements
Liquid Level Measurement By Indirect MethodJaydeep Vakil
This ppt contains Differential Method for measuring of liquid level of storage tanks and vessels. Differential method is one of the indirect method for liquid level measurement..
Level Measurement
one can go through this ppt to learn about level measurement
you will be learning following points through it.
1.meaning of level measurement
2.Need of level measurement
3.selection of level measurement devices.
4.types of level measurements
5.types of direct measurements
6.types of indirect level measurements.
7. capacitance level measurement
8. materials used and their working ranges
9. advantages , Disadvantages of it.
10. Practical applications with videos.
11. proper explanation about working of all methods,easy to understand.
one will thoroughly learn the principle of level measurement after going through this ppt , it will help u in clearing some concepts about measurement principle.
This article provides a brief yet concise idea about flow meters and the pertinent terms related to them. This article classifies the different types of flowmeters and cites the different devices for measurement under these categories. Also, this article speaks about the major five classes of flowmeters viz. differential pressure, velocity, positive displacement, mass, and open channel.
this article covers discussion of variable area flow meter. also it speaks about turbine flow meter, target flow meter, magnetic flow meter, vortex flow meter, ultrasonic flow meter, thermal flow meter.
it speaks about the differential head flow meters. its different types. their principle of operation, venturi meter, orifice plate, rotameters, it also covers discussion on open channel flow meter. it covers the different application domains of the different types of flow meters and their advantages and disadvantages.
Level Measurement
one can go through this ppt to learn about level measurement
you will be learning following points through it.
1.meaning of level measurement
2.Need of level measurement
3.selection of level measurement devices.
4.types of level measurements
5.types of direct measurements
6.types of indirect level measurements.
7. capacitance level measurement
8. materials used and their working ranges
9. advantages , Disadvantages of it.
10. Practical applications with videos.
11. proper explanation about working of all methods,easy to understand.
one will thoroughly learn the principle of level measurement after going through this ppt , it will help u in clearing some concepts about measurement principle.
This article provides a brief yet concise idea about flow meters and the pertinent terms related to them. This article classifies the different types of flowmeters and cites the different devices for measurement under these categories. Also, this article speaks about the major five classes of flowmeters viz. differential pressure, velocity, positive displacement, mass, and open channel.
this article covers discussion of variable area flow meter. also it speaks about turbine flow meter, target flow meter, magnetic flow meter, vortex flow meter, ultrasonic flow meter, thermal flow meter.
it speaks about the differential head flow meters. its different types. their principle of operation, venturi meter, orifice plate, rotameters, it also covers discussion on open channel flow meter. it covers the different application domains of the different types of flow meters and their advantages and disadvantages.
A flow meter is a device used to measure the volume or mass of a gas or liquid. Flow meters are referred to by many names, such as flow gauge, flow indicator, liquid meter, flow rate sensor, etc. depending on the particular industry. However, they all measure flow.
Basic Industrial Instruments Used for Flow measurnment.
Working , Construction and diagrams with detailed explanations.
Major type of Instruments are listed.
various types of flow meter
1. rotameter
2. venturimeter
3. electromagnetic flow meter
4. positive displacement flow meter
with their working advantage and disadvantages
This presentation give information about the instruments involved in measurement of fluid flow.
These include orifice meter, venturi meter, pitot tube and rota meter.
Principle, working and application of the above specified instruments is added in the test along with the photographs for better understanding.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
2. DISCLAIMER
•These powerpoint slides act only as a tool in
delivering lectures to the students.
•The materials presented in these slides are not
comprehensive as most of the materials are
explained to the students verbally with the guide of
these PowerPoint slides, smartboard and ELET241
reference book.
•Hence, the students are reminded that the main
reference for ELET241 is Instrumentation and
Process Control by Franklyn W. Kirk text book
2
3. Flow
•Fluid flow is the movement of liquids in pipes or channels, and gases or
vapors in pipes or ducts.
•The most important characteristic of a fluid that affects flow is whether the
fluid is a liquid, gas, or vapor.
•At certain temperatures and pressures, most fluids can change phase
between vapor, liquid, or solid.
•For example, water can be heated to make steam or cooled to become ice.
Gases can be condensed to liquids like liquid nitrogen or liquid oxygen, or to
a solid like dry ice.
4. Flow Measurement Basics
The most important factors affecting fluid flow are:
• density,
• specific gravity,
• viscosity,
• The compressibility of the fluid.
5. Flow Measurement Basics
Compressibility
•An incompressible fluid is a fluid where there is very
little change in volume when subjected to a change in
pressure. Liquids are essentially incompressible.
•A compressible fluid is a fluid where the volume and
density change when subjected to a change in pressure.
Gases and vapors are compressible fluids.
12. Types of Flow
•There are three types of fluid flow types:
• Laminar Flow
• Turbulent flow
• Transitional flow
13. Laminar flow
•It is a smooth layered flow with no mixing between the streamlines.
•It is observed as several streams of liquid flowing smoothly alongside each
other.
14. Turbulent flow
•It is agitated and disturbed flow.
•Turbulent flow appears to have small, high frequency fluctuations that travel
in all direction forming currents.
16. Transitional flow
•Transitional flow is mix of both laminar and turbulent flow.
•There is a sudden transition between laminar flow and turbulent flow as the
flow rate increases.
•Like turbulent flows, transitional flows are difficult, if not impossible, to
accurately measure
17. Flow Measurement Basics
Reynolds Number
•A Reynolds number is the ratio between the inertial forces moving a fluid
and viscous forces resisting that movement. It describes the nature of the
fluid flow.
•It is used to differentiate between the turbulent and laminar flow of a
pattern and predict how it will flow in different fluid situations.
•The Reynolds number has no units of measure and is calculated from
velocity or flow rate, density, viscosity, and the inside diameter of a pipe.
18. Reynolds number
•The Reynolds number is an experimental number used in fluid flow to
predict the flow velocity at which type of flow will occur.
1. At low Reynold numbers flow is laminar. Any flow having Reynolds number up to 2000 is considered laminar.
2. When the Reynolds number is greater than 4000 flow is considered to be in
turbulent region.
3. When Reynolds number is in the range of 2000 to 4000 flow is considered to be in the transitional region.
19. Primary Flow Elements
Primary Flow Element
•It is a pipeline restriction that causes a pressure drop used to measure
flow.
•Primary flow elements are designed to provide accuracy, low cost, ease
of use, and pressure recovery, but not necessarily all in the same
element.
•The different types of the primary element used are:
• Orifice Plate
• Flow Nozzles
• Venturi Tubes
20. Primary Flow Elements
Orifice Plates
•An orifice plate is a primary flow element consisting of a
thin circular metal plate with a sharp-edged round hole
in it and a tab that protrudes from the flanges.
21. ORIFICE PLATE AND ITS TYPES
•The Orifice system has two elements primary and secondary
•The orifice plate, the primary elements, when inserted in the line,
causes an increase in flow velocity and a corresponding decrease in
pressure.
•secondary element which is a device used to measure the differential
pressure created
22. ORIFICE PLATE AND ITS TYPES
Working Principle:
•As the fluid approaches the orifice plate, the pressure P1 increases and the
velocity is decreases because of the orifice hole edges.
•After the fluid passes the orifice hole, the pressure p2 start to decreases and
the velocity start to increases unit it reach the vena contracta.
•The minimum pressure and maximum velocity are occurred on vena contraca.
24. ORIFICE PLATE AND ITS TYPES
Advantages of Orifice Plates
• Simple construction
• Inexpensive
• Suitable for gas and liquids
• No moving parts
• ease of installation and replacement.
Disadvantages of Orifice Plate
• Not accurate
• Physical damage affect its measurement
• Needs another instrument to measure the differential pressure
25. ORIFICE PLATE AND ITS TYPES
Types of ORIFICE PLATE:
•Concentric
•Eccentric
• Segmental
Eccentric and segmental orifices are preferable to concentric orifices for
measurement of slurries or dirty liquids as well as for measurement of gas or
vapor where liquids may be present, especially large slugs of liquid.
26. THE VENTURI TUBE
•The Venturi tube consists of a converging conical inlet section in
which the cross section of the stream decreases and the velocity
increases consequently.
•a cylindrical throat that provides small diameter inlet where the
fluid pressure decreases
•a diverging recovery cone in which velocity and pressure are
recovered.
•Pressure taps are taken at one half diameter upstream of the inlet
cone and at the middle of the throat.
27. Primary Flow Elements
Venturi Tubes
• A Venturi tube is a primary flow element consisting of a fabricated pipe section
with a converging inlet section, a straight throat, and a diverging outlet section.
• Venturi tubes are much more expensive than orifice plates but are more accurate
and recover 90% or more of the differential pressure.
• This reduces the burden on pumps and the cost of power to run them.
• Venturi tubes are frequently used to measure large flows of water.
28. THE VENTURI TUBE
Advantages of Venturi meter:
• They can handle large flow volumes at low pressure drops.
• Venturi tube flowmeters involve no moving parts.
• They can be used with nearly all liquids, as well as those containing extreme solids
content.
Disadvantages of Venturi meter:
• Highly expensive
• Occupies considerable space
29. Differential-Pressure Flowmeters
• One of the most common methods for measuring the flow of liquids in process
pipes is to introduce a restriction in the pipe and then measure the resulting
differential pressure (ΔP) drop across the restriction. This restriction causes an
increase in flow velocity at the restriction and a corresponding pressure drop
across the restriction. The relationship between the pressure drop and the rate of
flow is given by the following equation:
30. ULTRASONIC FLOWMETERS
ULTRASONIC FLOWMETERS
•An ultrasonic flowmeter is a flowmeter that uses the principles of sound
transmission in liquids to measure flow.
•They use either the change in frequency of sound reflected from moving
elements or measure the change in the speed of sound in a moving
liquid.
31. ULTRASONIC FLOWMETERS
Transit Time Ultrasonic Meters
• This devices contains of two ultrasonic transducers . Used to beam a high frequency sound wave
• (ultrasonic wave), alternatively upstream and downstream at an angle θ, across the flow, as shown in
Figure
• The difference in times required for the sound waves to travel upstream (Tu) and downstream (Td), can be
used to calculate both the sound speed and the mean fluid velocity along the path followed by the sound.
• This measurement method has been applied successfully to very large pipes carrying clean, noncorrosive,
bubble-free liquids.