This document describes an experiment conducted to demonstrate and measure fluid flow rates using different flow meter types. The experiment utilized a hydraulic bench unit with various components like a volumetric measuring tank and submersible pump. Three common flow meters - a rotameter, venture meter, and orifice plate - were used to measure the flow rate of water. The procedure involved taking readings from the flow meters and hydraulic bench at different flow rates. These readings were then used to calculate the actual flow rates and discharge coefficients for each meter. Graphs were made to analyze the relationships between actual and indicated flow rates and how the venture meter's discharge coefficient changed with actual flow rate.
The aim of the fluid flow rate experiment is to measure the fluid flow rate using a device called the hydraulic bench unit, which is also used to prove the Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration by measuring the overall pressure of the fluid flow.
introduction to flow,flow type,laminar,turbulent,one dimensional flow,two dimensional flow,type of flow measurement,flow measuring elements,orifices,nozzles,venturi,pitot tubes,limitations,advantages of the elements,application of elements
The aim of the fluid flow rate experiment is to measure the fluid flow rate using a device called the hydraulic bench unit, which is also used to prove the Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration by measuring the overall pressure of the fluid flow.
introduction to flow,flow type,laminar,turbulent,one dimensional flow,two dimensional flow,type of flow measurement,flow measuring elements,orifices,nozzles,venturi,pitot tubes,limitations,advantages of the elements,application of elements
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Control Philosophy for Smart Water distributionRaja Kannan
Following the PPT Presentation of my previous smart water city distribution,Writing control philosophy is a good conceptual thinking abt our proposed system going to function and listing of all individual components that will be playing the role in the distribution network.
PLEASE NOTE THIS IS PART-1
By Referring or said Learning This Presentation You Can Clear Your Basics Fundamental Doubts about Fluid Mechanics. In this Presentation You Will Learn about Fluid Pressure, Pressure at Point, Pascal's Law, Types Of Pressure and Pressure Measurements.
One of the most popular methods of moving solids in the chemical industry is pneumatic conveying. Pneumatic conveying refers to the moving of solids suspended in or forced by a gas stream through horizontal and/or vertical pipes. Pneumatic conveying can be used for particles ranging from fine powders to pellets and bulk densities of 16 to 3200 kg/m3 (1 to 200 lb/ft3).
Episode 39 : Hopper Design
Problem:
1 -experiments with shear box jenike on a particulate catalyst to give the family
yield locus as in 1. given that the bulk density is 1000 kg/m3 particulates and wall friction angle is 15
a-from design chart silo cone, do design a mass flow hopper for the material.
b-if the average size is 100 um, calculate the discharge flow rate passing through the discharge opening
2 - For the above materials using stainless steel is required to store 1000 tons of particulate in it. Coefficient of friction at the wall is given as 0.45 for each value and the formula that you use the appropriate justify the design.
a - draw the dimensions of the silo you and draw a vertical stress profile and the wall of the silo whole time say powerful particle
b- specify the maximum vertical stress and the wall of the silo you
c - if you use several different approaches in the design you provide appropriate recommendations to your employer for work before the end of the casting device fabrication started.
d - if problems such as the formation of the entrance are available after a certain time interval suggest measures - flow improvement measures to be taken to your employer
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
1. Studying the performance of this type of centrifugal pump
2. Calculating the theoretical efficiency of centrifugal pump and
compare with experimental efficiency of centrifugal pump
Head losses
Major Losses
Minor Losses
Definition • Dimensional Analysis • Types • Darcy Weisbech Equation • Major Losses • Minor Losses • Causes Head Losses
3. • Head loss is loss of energy per unit weight. • Head = Energy of Fluid / Weight • Head losses can be – Kinetic Head – Potential Head – Pressure Head 6/10/2015 4Danial Gondal Head Loss
4. • Kinetic Head – K.H. = kinetic energy / Weight = v² /2g • Potential Head – P.H = Potential Energy / Weight = mgz /mg = z • Pressure Head – P.H = P/ ρ g 6/10/2015 5
5. • (P/ ρ g) + (v² /2g ) + (z) = constant • (FL-2F-1L3LT-2L-1T2) + (L2T-2L1T2)+(L) = constant • (L) + (L) + (L) = constant • As L represent height so it is dimensionally L. 6/10/2015 6 Dimensional Analysis
6. • However the equation (P/ ρ g) + (v² /2g ) + (z) = constant Is valid for Bernoulli's Inviscid flow case. As we are studying viscous flow so (P1/ ρ g) + (v1² /2g ) + (z1) = EGL1(Energy Grade Line At point 1) (P2/ ρ g) + (v2² /2g ) + (z2) = EGL2(Energy Grade Line At point 2) 6/10/2015 7 Head Loss
7. • For Inviscid Flow EGL1 - EGL2= 0 • For Viscous Flow EGL1 - EGL2= Hf 6/10/2015 8 Head Loss
8. MAJOR LOSSES IN PIPES
9. •Friction loss is the loss of energy or “head” that occurs in pipe flow due to viscous effects generated by the surface of the pipe. • Friction Loss is considered as a "major loss" •In mechanical systems such as internal combustion engines, it refers to the power lost overcoming the friction between two moving surfaces. •This energy drop is dependent on the wall shear stress (τ) between the fluid and pipe surface. 6/10/2015 10 Friction Loss
10. •The shear stress of a flow is also dependent on whether the flow is turbulent or laminar. •For turbulent flow, the pressure drop is dependent on the roughness of the surface. •In laminar flow, the roughness effects of the wall are negligible because, in turbulent flow, a thin viscous layer is formed near the pipe surface that causes a loss in energy, while in laminar flow, this viscous layer is non-existent. 6/10/2015 11 Friction Loss
11. Frictional head losses are losses due to shear stress on the pipe walls. The general equation for head loss due to friction is the Darcy-Weisbach equation, which is where f = Darcy-Weisbach friction factor, L = length of pipe, D = pipe diameter, and V = cross sectional average flow velocity.
,friction pipe ,friction loss along a pipe ,pipe ,along a ,loss along ,loss along a ,friction loss ,friction loss along a ,loss along a pipe ,along a pipe ,friction loss alon ,friction loss along a p ,loss along a pip
Control Philosophy for Smart Water distributionRaja Kannan
Following the PPT Presentation of my previous smart water city distribution,Writing control philosophy is a good conceptual thinking abt our proposed system going to function and listing of all individual components that will be playing the role in the distribution network.
PLEASE NOTE THIS IS PART-1
By Referring or said Learning This Presentation You Can Clear Your Basics Fundamental Doubts about Fluid Mechanics. In this Presentation You Will Learn about Fluid Pressure, Pressure at Point, Pascal's Law, Types Of Pressure and Pressure Measurements.
One of the most popular methods of moving solids in the chemical industry is pneumatic conveying. Pneumatic conveying refers to the moving of solids suspended in or forced by a gas stream through horizontal and/or vertical pipes. Pneumatic conveying can be used for particles ranging from fine powders to pellets and bulk densities of 16 to 3200 kg/m3 (1 to 200 lb/ft3).
Episode 39 : Hopper Design
Problem:
1 -experiments with shear box jenike on a particulate catalyst to give the family
yield locus as in 1. given that the bulk density is 1000 kg/m3 particulates and wall friction angle is 15
a-from design chart silo cone, do design a mass flow hopper for the material.
b-if the average size is 100 um, calculate the discharge flow rate passing through the discharge opening
2 - For the above materials using stainless steel is required to store 1000 tons of particulate in it. Coefficient of friction at the wall is given as 0.45 for each value and the formula that you use the appropriate justify the design.
a - draw the dimensions of the silo you and draw a vertical stress profile and the wall of the silo whole time say powerful particle
b- specify the maximum vertical stress and the wall of the silo you
c - if you use several different approaches in the design you provide appropriate recommendations to your employer for work before the end of the casting device fabrication started.
d - if problems such as the formation of the entrance are available after a certain time interval suggest measures - flow improvement measures to be taken to your employer
SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
1. Studying the performance of this type of centrifugal pump
2. Calculating the theoretical efficiency of centrifugal pump and
compare with experimental efficiency of centrifugal pump
Head losses
Major Losses
Minor Losses
Definition • Dimensional Analysis • Types • Darcy Weisbech Equation • Major Losses • Minor Losses • Causes Head Losses
3. • Head loss is loss of energy per unit weight. • Head = Energy of Fluid / Weight • Head losses can be – Kinetic Head – Potential Head – Pressure Head 6/10/2015 4Danial Gondal Head Loss
4. • Kinetic Head – K.H. = kinetic energy / Weight = v² /2g • Potential Head – P.H = Potential Energy / Weight = mgz /mg = z • Pressure Head – P.H = P/ ρ g 6/10/2015 5
5. • (P/ ρ g) + (v² /2g ) + (z) = constant • (FL-2F-1L3LT-2L-1T2) + (L2T-2L1T2)+(L) = constant • (L) + (L) + (L) = constant • As L represent height so it is dimensionally L. 6/10/2015 6 Dimensional Analysis
6. • However the equation (P/ ρ g) + (v² /2g ) + (z) = constant Is valid for Bernoulli's Inviscid flow case. As we are studying viscous flow so (P1/ ρ g) + (v1² /2g ) + (z1) = EGL1(Energy Grade Line At point 1) (P2/ ρ g) + (v2² /2g ) + (z2) = EGL2(Energy Grade Line At point 2) 6/10/2015 7 Head Loss
7. • For Inviscid Flow EGL1 - EGL2= 0 • For Viscous Flow EGL1 - EGL2= Hf 6/10/2015 8 Head Loss
8. MAJOR LOSSES IN PIPES
9. •Friction loss is the loss of energy or “head” that occurs in pipe flow due to viscous effects generated by the surface of the pipe. • Friction Loss is considered as a "major loss" •In mechanical systems such as internal combustion engines, it refers to the power lost overcoming the friction between two moving surfaces. •This energy drop is dependent on the wall shear stress (τ) between the fluid and pipe surface. 6/10/2015 10 Friction Loss
10. •The shear stress of a flow is also dependent on whether the flow is turbulent or laminar. •For turbulent flow, the pressure drop is dependent on the roughness of the surface. •In laminar flow, the roughness effects of the wall are negligible because, in turbulent flow, a thin viscous layer is formed near the pipe surface that causes a loss in energy, while in laminar flow, this viscous layer is non-existent. 6/10/2015 11 Friction Loss
11. Frictional head losses are losses due to shear stress on the pipe walls. The general equation for head loss due to friction is the Darcy-Weisbach equation, which is where f = Darcy-Weisbach friction factor, L = length of pipe, D = pipe diameter, and V = cross sectional average flow velocity.
Energy losses in Bends, loss coefficient related to velocity head.Pelton Whee...Salman Jailani
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this document contains a list of experiments which is performed in the fluid mechanics laboratory.As this in not a professional document there might be some mistakes in the observations or plots, the writer and the publisher is a student of civil engineering at UET Peshawar.
This is a preliminary text for the chapter. The Oslo Group is invited to provide comments on the
general structure and coverage of the chapter (for example, if it covers the relevant aspects related to
measurement units and conversion factors, and if there are additional topics that should be covered in
this chapter), and on the recommendations to be contained in IRES.
The current text presents the recommendations from the UN Manual F.29 as well as some points that
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factors still needs to be addressed. It was suggested that tables be moved to an annex. Please provide
your views on which ones should be retained in the chapter.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
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Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
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Pile Foundation by Venkatesh Taduvai (Sub Geotechnical Engineering II)-conver...
Exp 10 flow rate
1. Faculty of Engineering Petroleum
Engineering Department
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, 2nd stage
Experiment Name. Flow meter Demonstration and
Fluid flow rate
Prepared by: Muhammed Fuad Rashid
Ahmad Jalal Hasan
Muhammad Hasan Aziz
Safwan Tofiq Ameen
Group: A
Supervised by: Mr. Dara & Mr. Younis
2. Contents
Aim of the experiment....................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction....................................................................................................................................................... 4
Hydraulic bench unit ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Unit description ............................................................................................................................................. 1
Rotometer ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
Nozzle and Orifice plate ................................................................................................................................. 2
Venture meter ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Tools used in the experiment............................................................................................................................. 4
Procedure.......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Procedure of hydraulic bench......................................................................................................................... 6
Determining flow rate using the three basic flow meters............................................................................... 7
Connecting and operating the manometer..................................................................................................... 7
Tables of readings.............................................................................................................................................. 8
Hydraulic bench readings ............................................................................................................................... 8
The three flow meters readings...................................................................................................................... 8
Tables of calculatings ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Hydraulic bench calculating............................................................................................................................ 9
The three flow meters calculatings................................................................................................................. 9
...................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Discussion.........................................................................................................................................................10
References........................................................................................................................................................25
3. Aim of the experiment
1-Comparison between different flow meter types.
2-Determining the discharge coefficient
3-Measuring the fluid flow rate.
4. Introduction
Hydraulic bench unit
The basic Hydraulics Bench and the various ancillary modules
available form a comprehensive laboratory facility which enables a
detailed Mechanics of Fluids Laboratory. The hydraulics bench unit
provides the basic services for the pumping and volumetric
measurement of the water supply with which all the additional
accessories and experiments are used.
The working surface of the unit is in fiberglass, molded to provide a
recessed area on which to mount experiments. An integral weir tank
is provided along with a volumetric measuring tank. The measuring
tank is stepped to enable for accurate measuring of both high and
low flow rates. A level indicator allows convenient read out of the
flow. The measuring tank discharges into a fiberglass sump tank via
a valve. Overflow pipe is provided. An electric motor drives a
submersible motor driven pump which delivers water to the outlet
at the working surface for connection to the individual experiments.
1- Volumetric measuring tank with
channel
2-Remote sight gauge
3- Sliding valve
4- Sump tank
5- Drain cock
6- Submersible motor driven
pump
7- Water supply for accessories
with pump
8- Flow control valve
9- Overflow pipe
10- Switch box
11- Discharge cap
12- Water supply connection for
accessories without pump
1
6. 2
Rotometer
A rotometer with the following characteristics
is used to measure flow rate:
- Plastic measuring tube
- Interchangeable stainless steel float
- Interchangeable percentual scale
- Max. flow rate 1600 l/h
The flow rate can be read from the upper edge
of the conical attachment.
Air bubbles or dirt particles on the float may
affect measurement precision.
To flush them out, operate the test stand at
maximum flow rate first. To do so, open all
cocks fully.
Nozzle and Orifice plate
The orifice plate housing is made of
transparent plastic allowing visible
functioning of the orifice plate. The flow
causes a pressure loss between inlet and
outlet. Two tapings allow measurement of
inlet and outlet pressures. This differential
pressure (p1-p2) is proportional to the
volume flow rate:
Q cd A2
7. 3
Venture meter
The Venturi housing is made of
transparent plastic allowing visible
functioning of the Venturi. The
pressure in the Venturi is inversely
proportional to the velocity in the
Venturi according to Bernoulli’s law.
Two tapings allow measurement of the
inlet pressure and the pressure at the
smallest area. This differential pressure
(p1-p2) is proportional to the volume
flow rate:
Q cd A2
8. 4
Tools used in the experiment
Hydraulic Bench parts
1- Volumetric measuring tank with channel
2- Remote sight gauge
3- Sliding valve
4- Sump tank
5- Drain cock
6- Submersible motor driven pump
7- Water supply for accessories with pump
8- Flow control valve
9- Overflow pipe
10- Switch box
11- Discharge cap
12- Water supply connection for accessories without pump
10. 6
Procedure
Procedure of hydraulic bench
1-Turn on the pump.
2-Set the stop watch to zero.
3-Close the valve at the bottom of the volumetric
tank, wait until the liquid reachs a value of 10 litres
and at the same start the watch.
4-After the liquid reached a value of 20 litres stop the watch.
5-Read off and note the measurement time and the
high value of water in tank.
11. 7
Determining flow rate using the three basic flow meters
Connecting and operating the manometer
1. Arrange the experimentation set-up on the
Hydraulic Bench such that the discharge routes
the water into the channel.
2. Make hose connection between Hydraulic Bench and unit.
3. Connect measurement lines.
4. Open all valves at pipe section and 6-tube
manometer, let the water flow for 1 minute.
5. Close flow control valve.
6. Close drain valve of the 6-tube manometer to vent the
measurement lines.
7. Close vent valves of the 6-tube manometer.
8. Close water inlet.
9. Disconnect measurement lines.
Open vent and drain valve to discharge level tubes of the 6-tube
manometer.
10. Close vent and drain valves
11. Open flow control valve slowly
12. Connect measurement lines again
13. Open water inlet slowly
14. Adjust the heights of the water in the
manometer tubes with the help of flow control
valve until water becomes visible
15. Set the flow rate and the measuring scale
with the inlet and outlet control valves
16. Determine volumetric flow rate. To do so,
use stopwatch to establish time t required for raising
the level in the volumetric tank of the Hydraulic
Bench.
12. 8
Tables of readings
Hydraulic bench readings
No. V
(litre)
t
(s)
1 6 26.91
2 4 16.9
3 7 27.14
The three flow meters readings
No.
Venture meter Flow Nozzle Rotameter
V
(lit)
t
(s)
h1 h2 h1 h2
Qrot
(lit/h)
1 65 12 165 80 630 6 26.91
2 106 16 220 122 690 4 16.9
3 154 44 287 175 740 7 27.14
13. 9
Tables of calculatings
Hydraulic bench calculating
No.
V
(m3
)
t
(s)
Q
3
( m
)
s
m
( kg
)
s
W
( N
)
s
1 6 26.91 0.2229654 222.9654 2187.291
2 4 16.9 0.2366864 236.6864 2321.8935
3 7 27.14 0.2579219 257.9219 2530.2137
The three flow meters calculatings
No.
Qact
(cm3
)
s
Rotometer Venture meter Flow orifice
Qrot
(cm3
)
s
Qi
(cm3
)
s
Cd
Qi
(cm3
)
s
Cd
1 222.695 175 161.896 1.377 242.645 0.919
2 236.688 791.667 210.965 1.122 260.54 0.908
3 257.922 205.556 233.235 1.106 278.529 0.927
14. 10
Discussion
Discussion by ahmad jalal hasan
1The three flow meters discussion
1-Calibrate the Rotometer by plotting the Q (act) vs
Q(rot).
As we observe on this plot which is between the Q (rot) and Q (act)
the relation between the two flow rates is leaner that means as
increasing one of the flow rates the increases to, but the increasing
rate between them is not a liner that means as we can see the
values of Q (act) are increasing more than the Q (rot)because the
plot tens to the x axis more which represents the Q (act) or actual
flow rate .
2.1- the discharge coefficient ( Cd ) of venture meter vs. the
actual flow rate ( Qact )
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260
Q
rot.
Q act
Qrot Vs. Qact
15. 11
As we can see here on this plot there’s a rapid reduction or decreasing of
the ventures CD(coefficient of discharge) but after that the plot is then tend
to decrease but in a nearly equal of both plots titels so in both cases as the
Q act decrease the CD is also decreases,
2.2- the discharge coefficient ( Cd ) of nozzle meter vs. the
actual flow rate ( Qact )
1.08
1.13
1.18
1.23
1.28
1.33
1.38
220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260
Cd
Venture
meter
Q act.
0.905
0.91
0.915
0.92
0.925
0.93
220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260
Cd
nozzle
meter
Q act
Cd nozzle meter vs Q act
16. 12
In this plot which is between CD of the nozzle meter and Q act
there’s also a rapid decreasing between the two titles this is down
to a specific point then after that point again the leaner relation
ship stars so as the two titles will increase together , this relation is
between three point that but it could be another relation after
other points after this three points
2The hydraulic bench discussion
1-Draw the relation between Q & m, then find the slop of
the relation
17. 13
The slope of the plot equals to 1000
3-Draw the relation between Q & W, then find the slop of
the relation.
The slop of the plot equals to 9809.984
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
0.22 0.225 0.23 0.235 0.24 0.245 0.25 0.255 0.26
Mass
flow
rate
Volumetric flow rate
Volumetric flow rate vs Mass flow
rate
2150
2200
2250
2300
2350
2400
2450
2500
2550
0.22 0.225 0.23 0.235 0.24 0.245 0.25 0.255 0.26
wieght
flow
rate
volumeitricflow rate
wieght flow rate vs volumeitric flow rate
18. 14
3-What do you understand by the slops above?
According to these two slopes which for the first one is 1000 which obtained
from the plot of Q & m and the second plot which is between Q &
W equals to 9809.984 both two plots are leaner which means both
of them are inceasing with there x any y representation’s as Q or M
or W but there’s a different in the values of the 2 slopes which will
make the second more leaner in the ratio of increasing between to
its values which is between Q & W more than the first plot which
then tend to increase in ratio more than the Q s which means the
M tends to increase in higher values than the its Q value in first
plot.
4-what are the factors that could effect on a fluids flow rate?
Viscosity of the fluid
Density of the fluid
Velocity of the fluid
Change in temperature that will Couse to change in viscosity
and density
Physical properties of the pipe that the fluid goes throw i.e..
The length, inner dimeter
5-how does the flow rate of a fluid can affect and help our
life?
19. 15
The flow rate in our life can help us in such ways,for example the
sun warms a certain place and thus decreases the density of the fluid
which is air, this reduction of density expands against the fluid thus
making wind .
6-do all liquids flow?
We can say all liquids flow and fill the shape of the container and
not change in volume the limitation of the space between the
particles of the fluid have only limited compressibility.
7-how can a fluid flow?
There is a way to make the fluids flow through a pipe which is to tilt
the pipe and make the pipe down ward so as to the gravitational
energy which is kinetic to convert to kinetic energy thus makes the
fluid to go dawn ward and make it flow.
8-can flow rate of a fluid affected by cohesion?
Yes it can be, first cohesion is the force of attraction between the
molecules, so here we have two cases that cohesion effect on flow
rate;
Fluids with high cohesion such as maple syrup has low flow rate
But fluid with low cohesion are thin and runny and have faster flow
rates like water .
20. 16
Discussion by Mhamad Hasan Aziz
1-Calibrate the Rotometer by plotting the Q (act) vs
Q(rot).
2.1- the discharge coefficient ( Cd ) of venture meter vs. the
actual flow rate ( Qact )
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260
Q
rot.
Q act
Qrot Vs. Qact
1.08
1.13
1.18
1.23
1.28
1.33
1.38
220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260
Cd
Venture
meter
Q act.
21. 17
2.2- the discharge coefficient ( Cd ) of nozzle meter vs. the
actual flow rate ( Qact )
1-Draw the relation between Q & m, then find the slop of
the relation
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
0.22 0.225 0.23 0.235 0.24 0.245 0.25 0.255 0.26
Mass
flow
rate
Volumetric flow rate
Volumetric flow rate vs Mass flow
rate
0.905
0.91
0.915
0.92
0.925
0.93
220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260
Cd
nozzle
meter
Q act
Cd nozzle meter vs Q act
22. 18
3-Draw the relation between Q & W, then find the slop of
the relation.
2150
2200
2250
2300
2350
2400
2450
2500
2550
0.22 0.225 0.23 0.235 0.24 0.245 0.25 0.255 0.26
wieght
flow
rate
volumeitricflow rate
wieght flow rate vs volumeitric flow rate
23. 19
Discussion by Safwan Tofiq
1-Calibrate the Rotometer by plotting the Q (act) vs
Q(rot).
2.1- the discharge coefficient ( Cd ) of venture meter vs. the
actual flow rate ( Qact )
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260
Q
rot.
Q act
Qrot Vs. Qact
1.08
1.13
1.18
1.23
1.28
1.33
1.38
220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260
Cd
Venture
meter
Q act.
24. 20
2.2- the discharge coefficient ( Cd ) of nozzle meter vs. the
actual flow rate ( Qact )
1-Draw the relation between Q & m, then find the slop of
the relation
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
0.22 0.225 0.23 0.235 0.24 0.245 0.25 0.255 0.26
Mass
flow
rate
Volumetric flow rate
Volumetric flow rate vs Mass flow
rate
0.905
0.91
0.915
0.92
0.925
0.93
220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260
Cd
nozzle
meter
Q act
Cd nozzle meter vs Q act
25. 21
3-Draw the relation between Q & W, then find the slop of
the relation.
4/
self-contained facility designed to demonstrate the important
characteristics of 14 types of flow meter used in the measurement
of water flow through pipes or open channels. Equipment purchase
can be configured to suit the course being followed.
Discussion by Muhammed Fuad Rashid
1-Calibrate the Rotometer by plotting the Q (act) vs
Q(rot).
2150
2200
2250
2300
2350
2400
2450
2500
2550
0.22 0.225 0.23 0.235 0.24 0.245 0.25 0.255 0.26
wieght
flow
rate
volumeitricflow rate
wieght flow rate vs volumeitric flow rate
26. 22
2.1- the discharge coefficient ( Cd ) of venture meter vs. the
actual flow rate ( Qact )
2.2- the discharge coefficient ( Cd ) of nozzle meter vs. the
actual flow rate ( Qact )
170
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260
Q
rot.
Q act
Qrot Vs. Qact
1.08
1.13
1.18
1.23
1.28
1.33
1.38
220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260
Cd
Venture
meter
Q act.
27. 23
1-Draw the relation between Q & m, then find the slop of
the relation
3-Draw the relation between Q & W, then find the slop of
the relation.
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
0.22 0.225 0.23 0.235 0.24 0.245 0.25 0.255 0.26
Mass
flow
rate
Volumetric flow rate
Volumetric flow rate vs Mass flow
rate
0.905
0.91
0.915
0.92
0.925
0.93
220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260
Cd
nozzle
meter
Q act
Cd nozzle meter vs Q act
28. 24
3-What do you understand by the slops above?
If we look at the diagrams above we’ll understand that there are a
proportional relation between Qact. And Qrot although they both used to
determine flow rate but there are some slightly difference between them
that because of the way that the operator used the methods and maybe
they was not accurate in timing or reading scales and also different
operators had done the experiment separately so this is increase the
chance of making errors despite that the Qact. Supposed to be more
accurate because we are using it as a reference to find out the m , W and
Cd.
The relations between Cd Venture meter and Qact
Are linear relation but according to our experiments the relations between
Cd Rotometer and Qact is not linear.
As it’s predicted the relations between Volumetric Flow rate with mass and
weight flow rates are proportionally increase and decrease because they (m
and W) are derived from volumetric flow rate despite that m is effected by
density of the fluid and W is depends on density of the fluid and
acceleration of gravity.
2150
2200
2250
2300
2350
2400
2450
2500
2550
0.22 0.225 0.23 0.235 0.24 0.245 0.25 0.255 0.26
wieght
flow
rate
volumeitricflow rate
wieght flow rate vs volumeitric flow rate
29. 25
References
References: “Basic Concepts Related to Flowing Water and Measurement”.
http://www.usbr.gov/.
Bragg, S.L., (1960). “Effect of Compressibility on the Discharge Coefficient
of Orifices and Convergent Nozzles”. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Vol.
2(35). http://jms.sagepub.com/.
Cengel, Y. A. and Cimbala, J.M. (2014). Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and
Applications. (pp. 89-93). New York City, New York: McGraw-Hill.
(2010). “Fundamentals of Orifice Meter Measurement”. Daniel
Measurement and Control White Papers.
http://www2.emersonprocess.com/.
Hua, Jian, James M. Steichen, & Bruce M. McEnroe. (1989). “Orifice Plates
to Control the Capacity of Terrace Intake Risers”. Applied Engineering in
Agriculture Vol. 5(3):397-401. http://elibrary.asabe.org/.
(2005). “Types of Gas Mass Flow Meters”. Alicat Mass Flow Meters and
Pressure Controllers. http://www.alicat.com/
