Theories about human development provide frameworks to explain patterns of development, generate hypotheses and discoveries, offer practical guidance, and contribute to our understanding of nature and nurture. Major theories discussed include psychosexual, psychosocial, behavioral, cognitive, and sociocultural approaches. Newer theories also examine humanism, evolutionary influences, and the interplay between biological and environmental factors. Overall, theories aim to further knowledge of how people change and grow over the lifespan.
Theories of human development an Introductory Course for Catechistsneilmcq
A short description of Developmental Theories according to Piaget, Erickson and Kolberg, presented here to help catechists understand the cognitive level of functioning of their students
Theories of human development an Introductory Course for Catechistsneilmcq
A short description of Developmental Theories according to Piaget, Erickson and Kolberg, presented here to help catechists understand the cognitive level of functioning of their students
Illustrative Discussion and Reflection on Selected Theories in Human DevelopmentHerbert Corpuz
This presentation clearly explains some of the theories in human development. This was created by the Bachelor in Secondary Education- Social Studies students of the University of Saint Louis.
This informational slideshow covers all important aspects of cognitive development in infancy, ranging from how a child learns to make sense of the world to how a child learns to produce language.
Illustrative Discussion and Reflection on Selected Theories in Human DevelopmentHerbert Corpuz
This presentation clearly explains some of the theories in human development. This was created by the Bachelor in Secondary Education- Social Studies students of the University of Saint Louis.
This informational slideshow covers all important aspects of cognitive development in infancy, ranging from how a child learns to make sense of the world to how a child learns to produce language.
Piaget theory for Cognitive Development by Bidita RahmanBidita Rahman
Cognitive development is the construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem-solving, and decision-making, from childhood through adolescence to adulthood.
Cognitive development refers to how a person perceives, thinks, and gains an understanding of his or her world through the interaction of genetic and learned factors. Among the areas of cognitive development are information processing, intelligence, reasoning, language development, and memory.
Historically, the cognitive development of children has been studied in a variety of ways. The oldest is through intelligence tests, such as the widely used Stanford Binet Intelligence Quotient (IQ) test first adopted for use in the United States by psychologist Lewis Terman (1877–1956) in 1916 from a French model pioneered in 1905. IQ scoring is based on the concept of "mental age," according to which the scores of a child of average intelligence match his or her age, while a gifted child's performance is comparable to that of an older child, and a slow learner's scores are similar to those of a younger child. IQ tests are widely used in the United States, but they have come under increasing criticism for defining intelligence too narrowly and for being biased about race and gender.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
Review lecture 2 chapter 2
1.
2. 1. Introduction
2. Fact or Fiction?
3. What Theories Do
4. Grand Theories
5. New Theories
6. What Theories Contribute
7. Closing Thoughts
2
3. 3
Fact or Fiction? Fiction Fact
1. Freud believed that only adults experienced
psychosexual stages in their development, based on
inner drives and unconscious needs.
2. Proponents of behaviorism believe that all
behavior arises directly from operant or classical
conditioning.
3. Piaget believed that how people think and how
they understand the world depends on their age.
4. The Information Processing approach uses
analogies that compare human thinking processes
to the way a computer functions.
4. developmental theories: A framework for explaining
patterns and problems of development.
Produce
hypotheses
Generate
discoveries
Offer
practical
guidance
4
What do theories about human development really do?
5. behavioral
(learning
theory)
cognitive
John B. Watson, Ivan
Pavlov, B.F. Skinner,
Albert Bandura
Jean Piaget
Study of observable behavior;
describes the laws and processes
by which behavior is learned.
Focus on changes in how people
think over time; also thoughts
shape our attitudes, beliefs, and
behaviors.
5
psychoanalytic Freud, Erikson
Irrational, unconscious drives and
motives, often originating in
childhood, underlie human behavior.
Founders Description
What do theories about human development really do?
8. classical conditioning
(respondent conditioning):
The learning process by
which a natural
(unconditioned) response
(e.g. fear when seeing a
lion out of a cage) becomes
triggered by a formerly
neutral stimulus by
repeatedly pairing it with
the stimulus that naturally
triggers that response.
operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning): The learning process
by which a particular action is followed by something desired (which
makes the person or animal more likely to repeat the action) or by
something unwanted (which makes the action less likely to be repeated.)
social learning theory:
An extension of
behaviorism that
emphasizes the influence
that other people have
over a person’s behavior.
Even without specific
reinforcement, every
individual learns many
things through
observation and imitation
of other people.
Behaviorism
Behaviorism: The study of observable behavior, and the
theory (learning theory) explaining the acquisition of habits
and competencies.
What are the three behavioral learning processes?
8
Behaviorism
9. 9
Classical Conditioning
Before white
coat appears
When white
coat appears
120/80
Healthy
140/90
Too High
classical conditioning (respondent
conditioning): The learning
processes by which a meaningful
stimulus is connected with a
neutral stimulus that had no
special meaning before
conditioning.
10. FancyCollection/SuperStock
How can a doctor’s “white coat” affect a patient?
Classical Conditioning
120/80
Healthy
140/90
Too High
The white coat syndrome is an everyday
example of classically conditioned behavior.
Just the sight of a doctor’s white coat (the
stimulus) causes blood pressure to rise (the
response) in some people.
10
11. operant conditioning
(instrumental conditioning): The
learning process by which a
particular action is followed by
something desired or by something
unwanted in order to promote or
prevent an action.
reinforcement: A technique for
conditioning behavior in which
that behavior is followed by
something desired.
11
Operant Conditioning
12. social learning theory:
Emphasizes the influence that
other people have over a
person’s behavior, involving
learning by observation and
imitation.
Is social learning theory an
example of the saying, “Actions
speak louder than words”?
12
Social Learning Theory
13. Thinking mistakes or steps in cognitive development?
Piaget’s Periods of Cognitive Development
Age Range Name of Period Characteristics of the Period Major Gains During the Period
Birth to 2 years
2 - 6 years
6 – 11 years
12 years
through
adulthood
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete
operational
Formal
operational
Infants use senses and motor abilities to
understand the world. Learning is active; there
is no conceptual or reflective thought
Infants learn that an object still exists when it
is out of sight (object permanence) and begin
to think through mental actions
Children think magically and poetically,
using language to understand the world.
Thinking is egocentric, causing children
to perceive the world from their
own perspective
The imagination flourishes, and language
becomes a significant means of self-
expression and of influence from others
Children understand and apply logical
operations, or principles, to interpret
experiences objectively and rationally.
Their thinking is limited to what they can
personally see, hear, touch and experience
By applying logical abilities, children learn
to understand concepts of conservation,
number, classification, and many other
scientific ideas
Adolescents and adults think about
abstractions and hypothetical concepts
and reason analytically. They can be
logical about things they have never
experienced
Ethics, politics, and social and moral issues
become fascinating as adolescents and
adults take a broader and more theoretical
approach to experience
13
Periods of Cognitive Development
cognitive theory: Theory of human development that focuses on changes in
how people think over time.
14. 14
Periods of Cognitive Development
Video:
Cognitive Development in Childhood:
Magical Thinking
16. information processing: A perspective that compares human thinking processes, by
analogy, to computer analysis of data.
selective attention: The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others.
How many animals do you recall from the top half of the card?
16
Information Processing
17. How do adults interact with children to teach them social norms?
What do
you say?
Please?
Okay
Thank you
17
sociocultural theory: Development results from the
dynamic interaction of each person with the surrounding
social and cultural forces.
Sociocultural Theory
NEWER THEORIES
18. 18
Periods of Cognitive Development
Video:
Interview with Barbara Rogoff
NEWER THEORIES: SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY
19. 19
Humanism
selective adaptation: Process by which genes that enhance survival and
reproductive ability are selected and, over generations, become more frequent.
Humanism stresses the potential of all humans for good and
the belief that all people have the same basic needs
NEWER THEORIES
Self-
actualization
Esteem
Love and belonging
Safe and secure
Physiological
Maslow’s Hierarchy
of Needs
20. 20
Evolutionary Theory
selective adaptation: Process by which genes that enhance survival and
reproductive ability are selected and, over generations, become more frequent.
Scared of death by car?
In 2009,1 U.S. death in 5,000
(rates higher in some other countries)
Scared of death by snake?
1 death in a billion
What are you more scared of?
Which fear would have helped our ancestors survive?
NEWER THEORIES
21. What do theories contribute to our understanding of nature and nurture?
21
The Nature – Nurture Controversy