This document discusses research on intelligence and aging. It covers the following key points:
1. Cross-sectional and longitudinal research shows that while fluid intelligence declines with age, crystallized intelligence remains stable or increases with gained experience and knowledge over time.
2. Individual differences in intelligence are fairly consistent over the lifespan, though adults can compensate for declines in fluid abilities by specializing in areas of strength and utilizing experience.
3. Experts develop automatic, intuitive thinking styles that allow them to perform complex tasks efficiently, and their strategic problem-solving abilities remain strong even in late adulthood.
Abstract
This paper provides an in-depth description of the Singularity Pyramid (SP) concept for an extensively organized online knowledge mapping system, also a futuristic version of Wikipedia wherein each unit of knowledge is associated with a probability distribution of probabilities to reflect the probabilistic nature of reality. Knowledge mapping wouldn't have any significance if not for four well-defined abstract dimensions (Conceptual, Purposeful, Scopic, and “Language”) that capture the collective body of knowledge in its entirety. With the Singularity placed at one end of each dimension as the ultimate goal, these dimensions give you a sense of direction in learning/creating knowledge towards that goal.
With knowledge mapping, the SP can provide Singularitarians with a bigger picture to realize the roadmap towards the Singularity by addressing numerous problems that impede their progress—lack of coherent knowledge structure for academic research, lack of strategic profiling, leader discord, unawareness of long-term danger, negligence of macro-vulnerabilities, and “language” barrier to pure knowledge. It is also a collaborative tool for planning, decision making, risk management, and resource allocation. The “theory of weaknesses” based on the SP has the potential to change your worldview forever.
Engineering the SP is an unprecedented and formidable task which I foresee rapid advances in technology in the next year may fulfill. Also, the intuitive (easy to memorize, visualize, and contribute) and functional (designed for practical use) structure of SP makes it a candidate for the brain of the Singularity Superintelligence (SS). Note: there is no technical detail in this paper.
1- What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of sociologys mai.docxtodd991
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of sociology’s main approaches to doing research: scientific sociology, interpretative sociology, and critical sociology? How does each position offer a critique of the others? 2. The text discusses how sociologists operationalize the concept of social class. How would you operationalize important concepts such as intelligence, aggressiveness, femininity, or level of commitment to religion? 3. Discuss the links between the three methodological approaches to sociology and the three theoretical approaches? 4. Suppose you are a sociologist studying alleged police brutality. Construct two arguments, one proposing that you ought to be as objective as possible in your work and let others use your results as they may choose, and the other suggesting that, while striving for accuracy, you should take a stand against any injustices which your research may uncover. Which position do you find more convincing? Why? 5. What are ways that gender can shape sociological research? 6. To a young researcher, what are the advantages of using the method of participant observation? What are the disadvantages? 7. Do you think Zimbardo’s Stanford County Prison (research it) experiment was ethical, or should he have been prevented from conducting this study? Defend your position. 8. Explain how you would develop a representative sample of students on your campus in order to conduct some survey research.
Solution
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of sociology’s main approaches to doing research: scientific sociology, interpretative sociology, and critical sociology? How does each position offer a critique of the others?
Now we are going to explain about
the above sociology are going to be explaining briefly
scientific sociology : Sociologists of scientific knowledge study the development of a Scientific field and attempt to identify points of contingency or interpretative flexibility where ambiguities are present.
Interpretative sociology : Another way to look at society is to ask how people interpret the world around them    and react to those interpretations.Interpretivist sociology looks at the way society is shaped by the interpretations of the world.
Critical sociology : in sociology critical sociology is about critical thinking is often presented as a generic technique.
Critical thinking movement has spawned on industry of product lines , analytical typologies and multi-stage models.Critical thinking has been touched as promoting higher order thinking.
.
Abstract
This paper provides an in-depth description of the Singularity Pyramid (SP) concept for an extensively organized online knowledge mapping system, also a futuristic version of Wikipedia wherein each unit of knowledge is associated with a probability distribution of probabilities to reflect the probabilistic nature of reality. Knowledge mapping wouldn't have any significance if not for four well-defined abstract dimensions (Conceptual, Purposeful, Scopic, and “Language”) that capture the collective body of knowledge in its entirety. With the Singularity placed at one end of each dimension as the ultimate goal, these dimensions give you a sense of direction in learning/creating knowledge towards that goal.
With knowledge mapping, the SP can provide Singularitarians with a bigger picture to realize the roadmap towards the Singularity by addressing numerous problems that impede their progress—lack of coherent knowledge structure for academic research, lack of strategic profiling, leader discord, unawareness of long-term danger, negligence of macro-vulnerabilities, and “language” barrier to pure knowledge. It is also a collaborative tool for planning, decision making, risk management, and resource allocation. The “theory of weaknesses” based on the SP has the potential to change your worldview forever.
Engineering the SP is an unprecedented and formidable task which I foresee rapid advances in technology in the next year may fulfill. Also, the intuitive (easy to memorize, visualize, and contribute) and functional (designed for practical use) structure of SP makes it a candidate for the brain of the Singularity Superintelligence (SS). Note: there is no technical detail in this paper.
1- What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of sociologys mai.docxtodd991
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of sociology’s main approaches to doing research: scientific sociology, interpretative sociology, and critical sociology? How does each position offer a critique of the others? 2. The text discusses how sociologists operationalize the concept of social class. How would you operationalize important concepts such as intelligence, aggressiveness, femininity, or level of commitment to religion? 3. Discuss the links between the three methodological approaches to sociology and the three theoretical approaches? 4. Suppose you are a sociologist studying alleged police brutality. Construct two arguments, one proposing that you ought to be as objective as possible in your work and let others use your results as they may choose, and the other suggesting that, while striving for accuracy, you should take a stand against any injustices which your research may uncover. Which position do you find more convincing? Why? 5. What are ways that gender can shape sociological research? 6. To a young researcher, what are the advantages of using the method of participant observation? What are the disadvantages? 7. Do you think Zimbardo’s Stanford County Prison (research it) experiment was ethical, or should he have been prevented from conducting this study? Defend your position. 8. Explain how you would develop a representative sample of students on your campus in order to conduct some survey research.
Solution
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each of sociology’s main approaches to doing research: scientific sociology, interpretative sociology, and critical sociology? How does each position offer a critique of the others?
Now we are going to explain about
the above sociology are going to be explaining briefly
scientific sociology : Sociologists of scientific knowledge study the development of a Scientific field and attempt to identify points of contingency or interpretative flexibility where ambiguities are present.
Interpretative sociology : Another way to look at society is to ask how people interpret the world around them    and react to those interpretations.Interpretivist sociology looks at the way society is shaped by the interpretations of the world.
Critical sociology : in sociology critical sociology is about critical thinking is often presented as a generic technique.
Critical thinking movement has spawned on industry of product lines , analytical typologies and multi-stage models.Critical thinking has been touched as promoting higher order thinking.
.
httpswww.mystorybook.comUsername for the author name NWPazSilviapm
https://www.mystorybook.com
Username for the author name NWayne
Email log in: [email protected]
Password: storybook33
Reference:
Healthwise Staff. (2014). Mental health assessment. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-assessment
5.1 DEFINITIONS OF
INTELLIGENCE
Before we discuss definitions of intelligence, we
need to clarify the nature of definition itself.
Sternberg (1986) makes a distinction between
operational and “real” definitions that is
important in this context. An operational
definition defines a concept in terms of the way
it is measured. Boring (1923) carried this
viewpoint to its extreme when he defined
intelligence as “what the tests test.” Believe it or
not, this was a serious proposal, designed
largely to short-circuit rampant and divisive
disagreements about the definition of
intelligence.
Operational definitions of intelligence suffer
from two dangerous shortcomings (Sternberg,
1986). First, they are circular. Intelligence tests
were invented to measure intelligence, not to
define it. The test designers never intended for
their instruments to define intelligence. Second,
operational definitions block further progress in
understanding the nature of intelligence,
because they foreclose discussion on the
adequacy of theories of intelligence.
This second problem—the potentially stultifying
effects of relying on operational definitions of
intelligence—casts doubt on the common
practice of affirming the concurrent validity of
new tests by correlating them with old tests. If
established tests serve as the principal criterion
against which new tests are assessed, then the
new tests will be viewed as valid only to the
extent that they correlate with the old ones.
Such a conservative practice drastically curtails
innovation. The operational definition of
intelligence does not allow for the possibility
that new tests or conceptions of intelligence
may be superior to the existing ones.
We must conclude, then, that operational
definitions of intelligence leave much to be
desired. In contrast, a real definition is one that
seeks to tell us the true nature of the thing being
defined (Robinson, 1950; Sternberg, 1986).
Perhaps the most common way—but by no
means the only way—of producing real
definitions of intelligence is to ask experts in the
field to define it.
Expert Definitions of Intelligence
Intelligence has been given many real
definitions by prominent researchers in the field.
In the following, we list several examples,
paraphrased slightly for editorial consistency.
The reader will note that many of these
definitions appeared in an early but still
influential symposium, “Intelligence and Its
Measurement,” published in the Journal of
Educational Psychology (Thorndike, 1921).
Other definitions stem from a modern update of
this early symposium, What Is Intelligence?,
edited by Sternberg and Detterman (1986).
Intelligence has been def ...
the ability to make good judgments based on what you have learned from your experience, or the knowledge and understanding that gives you this ability. Wisdom also means the quality of being a good judgment: I question the wisdom of separating a child from his brothers and sisters whatever the circumstances
Qualitative methods in Psychology ResearchDr. Chinchu C
An introduction to Qualitative Methods in Psychology. Intended mostly for UG/PG students. Conveys the essentials of Ontology and Epistemology and moves on to the popular methods in Qualitative Psychological Research
The term "cognitive psychology" was first used in 1967 by American psychologist Ulric Neisser in his book Cognitive Psychology. According to Neisser, cognition involves "all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.
It is concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and hallucinations. Given such a sweeping definition, it is apparent that cognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do; that every psychological phenomenon is a cognitive phenomenon."
The MTL Professional Development Programme is a collection of 202 PowerPoint presentations that will provide you with step-by-step summaries of a key management or personal development skill. This presentation is on "Logical Thinking" and will show you the power of logical thinking and also the limitations.
Testing Instruments are used to test Intelligence Quotient or personality tests to evaluate past-acquired competencies or future success in education or employment. A close examination and study of human cognition based on biological and anthropological evidence such as plasticity of brain we may have to include more universal set of competencies than ordinarily been considered such as verbal, mathematical and logical competencies. This paper attempts to address issues relating to definition of intelligence, its components and application of study for educational testing and selection process.
httpswww.mystorybook.comUsername for the author name NWPazSilviapm
https://www.mystorybook.com
Username for the author name NWayne
Email log in: [email protected]
Password: storybook33
Reference:
Healthwise Staff. (2014). Mental health assessment. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-assessment
5.1 DEFINITIONS OF
INTELLIGENCE
Before we discuss definitions of intelligence, we
need to clarify the nature of definition itself.
Sternberg (1986) makes a distinction between
operational and “real” definitions that is
important in this context. An operational
definition defines a concept in terms of the way
it is measured. Boring (1923) carried this
viewpoint to its extreme when he defined
intelligence as “what the tests test.” Believe it or
not, this was a serious proposal, designed
largely to short-circuit rampant and divisive
disagreements about the definition of
intelligence.
Operational definitions of intelligence suffer
from two dangerous shortcomings (Sternberg,
1986). First, they are circular. Intelligence tests
were invented to measure intelligence, not to
define it. The test designers never intended for
their instruments to define intelligence. Second,
operational definitions block further progress in
understanding the nature of intelligence,
because they foreclose discussion on the
adequacy of theories of intelligence.
This second problem—the potentially stultifying
effects of relying on operational definitions of
intelligence—casts doubt on the common
practice of affirming the concurrent validity of
new tests by correlating them with old tests. If
established tests serve as the principal criterion
against which new tests are assessed, then the
new tests will be viewed as valid only to the
extent that they correlate with the old ones.
Such a conservative practice drastically curtails
innovation. The operational definition of
intelligence does not allow for the possibility
that new tests or conceptions of intelligence
may be superior to the existing ones.
We must conclude, then, that operational
definitions of intelligence leave much to be
desired. In contrast, a real definition is one that
seeks to tell us the true nature of the thing being
defined (Robinson, 1950; Sternberg, 1986).
Perhaps the most common way—but by no
means the only way—of producing real
definitions of intelligence is to ask experts in the
field to define it.
Expert Definitions of Intelligence
Intelligence has been given many real
definitions by prominent researchers in the field.
In the following, we list several examples,
paraphrased slightly for editorial consistency.
The reader will note that many of these
definitions appeared in an early but still
influential symposium, “Intelligence and Its
Measurement,” published in the Journal of
Educational Psychology (Thorndike, 1921).
Other definitions stem from a modern update of
this early symposium, What Is Intelligence?,
edited by Sternberg and Detterman (1986).
Intelligence has been def ...
the ability to make good judgments based on what you have learned from your experience, or the knowledge and understanding that gives you this ability. Wisdom also means the quality of being a good judgment: I question the wisdom of separating a child from his brothers and sisters whatever the circumstances
Qualitative methods in Psychology ResearchDr. Chinchu C
An introduction to Qualitative Methods in Psychology. Intended mostly for UG/PG students. Conveys the essentials of Ontology and Epistemology and moves on to the popular methods in Qualitative Psychological Research
The term "cognitive psychology" was first used in 1967 by American psychologist Ulric Neisser in his book Cognitive Psychology. According to Neisser, cognition involves "all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.
It is concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and hallucinations. Given such a sweeping definition, it is apparent that cognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do; that every psychological phenomenon is a cognitive phenomenon."
The MTL Professional Development Programme is a collection of 202 PowerPoint presentations that will provide you with step-by-step summaries of a key management or personal development skill. This presentation is on "Logical Thinking" and will show you the power of logical thinking and also the limitations.
Testing Instruments are used to test Intelligence Quotient or personality tests to evaluate past-acquired competencies or future success in education or employment. A close examination and study of human cognition based on biological and anthropological evidence such as plasticity of brain we may have to include more universal set of competencies than ordinarily been considered such as verbal, mathematical and logical competencies. This paper attempts to address issues relating to definition of intelligence, its components and application of study for educational testing and selection process.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. 1. Introduction
2. Fact or Fiction?
3. What is Intelligence?
4. Selective Gains and Losses
5. Closing Thoughts
2
3. Fact or Fiction? Fiction Fact
1. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal research
indicate that intelligence declines systematically
during adulthood.
2. Individual differences in intelligence are “fixed” in
that they remain roughly the same over the life span.
3. Most developmentalists today conceive of
intelligence as a single underlying ability.
4. Experienced workers often surpass younger workers
because of their ability to specialize and harness their
efforts, compensating for any deficits that might appear.
3
4. Research on Age and Intelligence
How have some adults fared on tests developed for the Seattle Longitudinal Study?
Seattle Longitudinal Study: The first cross-sequential study of
adult intelligence (began in1956; most recent testing in 2005).
4
cross-sectional research: A research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in
other important characteristics.
cross-sequential research: A hybrid research design in which researchers first study several groups of people of
different ages (a cross-sectional approach) and then follow those groups over the years (a longitudinal approach).
longitudinal research: A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their
development is repeatedly assessed.
Source: Schaie, 1989
Scores
30
55 62 69 76 83Age
(b) Two men
Scores
43 50 57 64 71
25
75
35
55
Age
(a) Two women
154503
155510
45
65
40
50
60
70
153013
153003
clerical worker
purchasing
agent
homemaker
teacher who
retired
5. Many and Varied
Fluid Intelligence Crystallized Intelligence
The types of basic
intelligence that make
learning quick and
thorough. Includes
abilities such as short-
term memory,
abstract thought, and
speed of thinking.
The types of
intellectual ability
that reflect
accumulated learning.
Vocabulary and
general information
are examples.
Test your
intelligence
Test your
intelligence
What comes next
in each of these
two series?
What is the meaning
of the word
misanthrope?
4 9 1 6 5 3
V X Z B D
What is the formula
for the area of a
circle?
What was Sri Lanka
called in 1950?
Two Clusters of Intelligence
5
6. Age and Culture
creative intelligence:
A form of intelligence that
involves the capacity to be
intellectually flexible and
innovative.
analytical intelligence:
A form of intelligence that
involves such mental processes
as abstract planning, strategy
selection, focused attention,
and information processing, as
well as verbal and logical skills.
practical intelligence:
The intellectual skills used
in everyday problem solving.
6
What are some of the different types of intelligence that may be
important for success in different cultures?
Photo credits, left to right: Martin Barraud/Getty Images; Bartosz Hadyniak/Getty Images; Hill Street Studios/Matthew Palmer/Getty Images; Chad McDermott/Shutterstock;
Photodisc/Getty Images; Kraig Scarbinsky/Thinkstock
7. Optimization and Compensation
Older adults must compensate for aging by selecting
one task, to optimize their overall performance
7
selective optimization with compensation: The theory that people try to maintain a
balance in their lives by looking for the best way to compensate for physical and
cognitive losses and to become more proficient in activities they can already do well.
Photo credits: Left: Marc Romanelli/Getty Images; Right: iStockphoto/Thinkstock
8. Expert Cognition
What are the qualities of expert thought?
Expert cognition
Strategic
FlexibleAutomatic
Intuitive
Novices follow formal
procedures. Experts
rely on their past
experiences and on
immediate context.
Experts have
more and better
strategies,
especially when
problems are
unexpected
(Omerod, 2005).
Due to intuitive,
automatic, strategic
thinking, experts are
also more flexible,
deliberately
experimenting and
enjoying new challenges
when things to do not go
according to plan
(Csikszentmihalyi, 1996).
Experts process
incoming information
more quickly and
analyze it more
efficiently than do non-
experts and then act in
a well-rehearsed way
that makes their efforts
appear unconscious.
8Photo credits: Top left: iStockphoto/Thinkstock; Bottom left: Exactostock/SuperStock; Top right: Blend Images/SuperStock; Bottom right: moodboard/Alamy
9. Expertise and Age
How has the shift in attitudes toward work that women do affect adult expertise?
U.S. Medical School Graduates, 1982-83 to 2008-09
18,000Number of
graduates
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1982-83 1984-85 1986-87 1988-89 1990-91 1992-93 1994-95 1996-97 1998-99 2000-01 2002-03 2004-05 2006-07 2008-09
Academic Year
Source: Association of American
Medical Colleges, 2010.
Men Women
women’s work: A term formerly used to denigrate domestic and caregiving
tasks that were once thought to be the responsibility of females.
9
11. Closing Thoughts
What types of cognitive challenges do you expect
to become more easy, and which may be more
difficult, as you go through the years of adulthood?
11Chad McDermott/Shutterstock moodboard/Alamy
Editor's Notes
3
Instruction:
Click to reveal test scores and then click again to read K. Werner Schaie’s, description of that person.
The description of each subject comes from K. Warner Schaie, who developed the Seattle Longitudinal Study (Schaie, 1989, pp. 79-80).
These graphs index changes in word-recognition scores for pairs of comparable adults over time. Notice how distinctly different each profile is, although all four are from the same nation and cohort. These differences underscore the power of occupation, marriage, health, and other experiences that vary from one person to another.
“Subject 154503 had been professionally active as a teacher. Her performance remained fairly level and above the population average until her early sixties. Since that time she has been divorced and retired from her teaching job; her performance in I984 dropped to an extremely low level, which may reflect her experiential losses but could also be a function of increasing health problems.”
“Subject 155510 is a high school graduate who has been a homemaker all of her adult life and whose husband is still alive and well-functioning. She started our testing program at a rather low level, but her performance has had a clear upward trend.”
“Subject 153013, a high school graduate who held mostly clerical types of jobs, showed gain until the early sixties and stability over the next assessment interval. By age 76, however, he showed substantial decrement that continued through the last assessment, which occurred less than a year prior to his death.”
”Subject 153003, who started out somewhat below the population average, completed only grade school and worked as a purchasing agent prior to his retirement. He showed virtually stable performance until his late sixties; his performance actually increased after he retired, but he is beginning to experience health problems and has recently become a widower, and his latest assessment was below the earlier stable level.”
Although various aspects of development generally follow a pattern of decline starting at mid-40s for men and age 60 for women, the actual pattern for any individual may be completely different from this average trend, based on that individual’s relational, educational, occupational, and health history.
5
6
7
8
Instructions:
Click the colored box in the graph key for “Men” and “Women” to reveal the corresponding measurements.
According to this data, the next time you hear “The doctor will see you now,” the physician is as likely to be a woman as a man—unless the doctor is over age 40.
According to the Seattle Longitudinal Study, the cognitive complexity of the occupations of more than 500 workers was measured, including the complexities involved in the workers’ interactions with other people, with things, and with data. In all three of these challenges, older workers maintained their intellectual prowess (Schaie, 2005).
Click to see a video about expertise.
Instructions:
Click to play video.
How does Dr. Davis’s description of an experiment illustrate expertise?