This document provides an overview of late adulthood and aging from a biosocial perspective. It discusses topics like physical and cognitive changes associated with aging, theories of aging, age-related disease, longevity, and cross-cultural research on longevity. Key sections include a discussion of selective optimization with compensation theory, changes to vision and appearance with age, leading causes of death among older adults, theories of aging like wear and tear and genetic adaptation, how cells contribute to aging, and lifestyle factors found to promote longevity. Videos and diagrams supplement the written content.
Aging vs agings: limits and consequences of biomedical definitionsattilacsordas
Talk given by Attila Csordas on a joint Philosophy of Science, Mathematics and Logic PhD Seminar at the Institute of Philosophy at Eötvös University, Budapest, October, 2019
http://phil.elte.hu/tpf/2019-2020/October/
Aging vs agings: limits and consequences of biomedical definitionsattilacsordas
Talk given by Attila Csordas on a joint Philosophy of Science, Mathematics and Logic PhD Seminar at the Institute of Philosophy at Eötvös University, Budapest, October, 2019
http://phil.elte.hu/tpf/2019-2020/October/
Controversy 2Why Do Our Bodies Grow OldWhy Do Our Bodie.docxdonnajames55
Controversy 2
Why Do Our Bodies Grow Old?
Why Do Our Bodies Grow Old?
Moody, Aging 9e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
The maximum lifespan for the human species appears to be around 120 years
We have no valid records of people living much beyond 120 years
Over recent years, life expectancy (e.g., average number of years lived) has risen; but lifespan (e.g., maximum possible length of life) hasn’t changed at all
How long are you going to live? (6:55)
127-year-old women is the world’s oldest living person (0:52)
2
Why Do Our Bodies Grow Old? (cont.)
Moody, Aging 9e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Compression of Morbidity theory: suggests we should aim for a healthy old age, followed by a rapid decline and death, which would likely:
Enhance the quality of life
Extend life expectancy and “health span”
Reduce health care costs and caregiver burden
3
The Process of Biological Aging
Moody, Aging 9e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Senescence (Normal Biological Aging): an underlying time-dependent biological process that, although not itself a disease, involves functional loss and susceptibility to disease and death.
Gompertz Law—death rates for contemporary humans double every 8 years (ex., a 38-year-old would be twice as likely to die as a 30-year-old)
Additionally, at any given age, men are twice as likely to die as women
The Science of Aging (2:05)
4
The Process of Biological Aging (cont.)
Moody, Aging 9e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Comparative Anatomy—the study of the structure of different species
Helps us understand differences in aging and lifespan across species
The rate of aging can be correlated with the amount of time it takes the death rate of a species to double
e.g., the doubling time for humans is 8 years, but it is 10 days for a fruit fly and 3 months for a mouse
5
The Process of Biological Aging (cont.)
Moody, Aging 9e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Rate-of-Living Concept—the concept that metabolism and life expectancy are closely related
Smaller organisms, which have faster metabolisms, also have shorter life expectancies
Human beings have an average lifespan and maximum life expectancy about twice as great as those of any other primate
6
Biological Theories of Aging
Moody, Aging 9e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
No single theory of aging explains all the complex processes that occur in cells and body systems
But ongoing research is finding new insights into why we grow old
7
Biological Theories of Aging (cont.)
Moody, Aging 9e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Two basic kinds of theory of aging:
Chance—the result of external events
Fate—the result of an internal necessity
The question remains whether or not it’s possible to intervene to correct damage to the aging body or modify the genetic program
8
Biological Theories of Aging (cont.)
Moody, Aging 9e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Wear-and-Tear theory—sees aging as the result of chance
A good explanation for some aspects of aging, such as the fact that our joints and bones become damaged over time as an outco.
Controversy 2Why Do Our Bodies Grow OldWhy Do Our Bodie.docxdonnajames55
Controversy 2
Why Do Our Bodies Grow Old?
Why Do Our Bodies Grow Old?
Moody, Aging 9e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
The maximum lifespan for the human species appears to be around 120 years
We have no valid records of people living much beyond 120 years
Over recent years, life expectancy (e.g., average number of years lived) has risen; but lifespan (e.g., maximum possible length of life) hasn’t changed at all
How long are you going to live? (6:55)
127-year-old women is the world’s oldest living person (0:52)
2
Why Do Our Bodies Grow Old? (cont.)
Moody, Aging 9e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Compression of Morbidity theory: suggests we should aim for a healthy old age, followed by a rapid decline and death, which would likely:
Enhance the quality of life
Extend life expectancy and “health span”
Reduce health care costs and caregiver burden
3
The Process of Biological Aging
Moody, Aging 9e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Senescence (Normal Biological Aging): an underlying time-dependent biological process that, although not itself a disease, involves functional loss and susceptibility to disease and death.
Gompertz Law—death rates for contemporary humans double every 8 years (ex., a 38-year-old would be twice as likely to die as a 30-year-old)
Additionally, at any given age, men are twice as likely to die as women
The Science of Aging (2:05)
4
The Process of Biological Aging (cont.)
Moody, Aging 9e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Comparative Anatomy—the study of the structure of different species
Helps us understand differences in aging and lifespan across species
The rate of aging can be correlated with the amount of time it takes the death rate of a species to double
e.g., the doubling time for humans is 8 years, but it is 10 days for a fruit fly and 3 months for a mouse
5
The Process of Biological Aging (cont.)
Moody, Aging 9e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Rate-of-Living Concept—the concept that metabolism and life expectancy are closely related
Smaller organisms, which have faster metabolisms, also have shorter life expectancies
Human beings have an average lifespan and maximum life expectancy about twice as great as those of any other primate
6
Biological Theories of Aging
Moody, Aging 9e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
No single theory of aging explains all the complex processes that occur in cells and body systems
But ongoing research is finding new insights into why we grow old
7
Biological Theories of Aging (cont.)
Moody, Aging 9e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Two basic kinds of theory of aging:
Chance—the result of external events
Fate—the result of an internal necessity
The question remains whether or not it’s possible to intervene to correct damage to the aging body or modify the genetic program
8
Biological Theories of Aging (cont.)
Moody, Aging 9e. SAGE Publishing, 2018.
Wear-and-Tear theory—sees aging as the result of chance
A good explanation for some aspects of aging, such as the fact that our joints and bones become damaged over time as an outco.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
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Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. 2
1. Introduction
2. Fact or Fiction?
3. Prejudice and Predictions
6. Theories of Aging
7. The Centenarians
8. Closing Thoughts
4. Selective Optimization with Compensation
5. Aging and Disease
PART VIII: LATE ADULTHOOD
TOPIC 23: Biosocial Development
3. Fact or Fiction? Myth Fact
1. Most of the visual losses of the aged cannot be corrected.
2. Although older people are more susceptible to disease,
they tend to recover faster from most illnesses.
3. Some members of the baby boomer generation
have already entered late adulthood.
4. The experience of ageism can have negative effects on health
and wellness.
Physical Development
3
PART VIII: Late Adulthood
TOPIC 23: Biosocial Development
4. In a study, three groups of subjects (each group had
½ younger and ½ older adults) took a memory test.
All younger adults received better scores than the
older adults. But how did the gap in scores between
young and old compare among the three groups?
Ageism
ageism: A prejudice
whereby people are
categorized and judged
solely on the basis of
their chronological age.
Groups in the study Gap in scores for younger and
older adults among groups
Chinese
Five-fold less than scores for
Hearing North American group
Deaf North Americans
Two-fold less than scores for
Hearing North American group
Hearing North American
Twice as great as scores for
Deaf North American group
4
PART VIII: Late Adulthood
TOPIC 23: Biosocial Development
5. demographic shift: A shift in the proportion of the populations of various ages.
centenarian: A person who has lived 100 years or more.
Age Structure of the U.S. Population, 1920 and 2015 (population in millions)
Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1975 (left); U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2009 (right).
2015 (projected)Years
85+
80-84
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
From Pyramid to Square
1920
11.6
11.4
10.6
9.4
9.3
9.1
8.1
7.8
6.3
5.8
4.7
3.6
3.0
2.2
1.7
1.2
0.7
0.5
22.1
21.7
21.7
21.2
22.4
22.4
22.0
20.5
20.5
21.0
22.4
21.7
18.9
15.8
11.2
7.9
5.7
6.3
5
In terms of age, how has the U.S. population changed since 1920?
Bill
PART VIII: Late Adulthood
TOPIC 23: Biosocial Development
9. How do gerontologists distinguish among the ages of older adults?
Young-old Old-old Oldest-old
Healthy, vigorous,
financially secure older
adults (generally, those
adults 60 to 75) who are
well integrated into the
lives of their families
and communities.
Older adults
(generally, those over
age 75) who suffer
from physical, mental,
or social deficits.
Elderly adults (generally,
those over age 85) who
are dependent on others
for almost everything,
requiring supportive
services such as nursing
homes and hospital stays.
9All photos: Fancy Collection/SuperStock
PART VIII: Late Adulthood
TOPIC 23: Biosocial Development
10. 10
Video:
Active and Healthy Aging:
Age Categories in Late Adulthood
PART VIII: Late Adulthood
TOPIC 23: Biosocial Development
11. Elderly can compensate for the impairments of senescence
and can then perform tasks as needed
Every compensatory strategy involves personal choice,
societal practices, and technological options
11
Photocredits,lefttoright:moodboard/SuperStock;FancyCollection/SuperStock;FancyCollection/SuperStock
SELECTIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH COMPENSATION
PART VIII: Late Adulthood
TOPIC 23: Biosocial Development
12. Normal
Cataracts
a thickening of the
lens, causing vision to
become cloudy,
opaque, and distorted
can be removed in
outpatient surgery and
replaced with an
artificial lens
Glaucoma
a buildup of fluid within
the eye that damages
the optic nerve
early stages have no
symptoms, but later
stages cause blindness
that can be prevented
if condition is diagnosed
and treated early enough
Macular degeneration
a deterioration of the retina
early warning is vision that
becomes spotty (e.g., some
letters missing when reading)
early treatment (medication)
can restore some vision, but
this condition is progressive
and causes blindness about
five years after it starts
Dulling of the Senses
What are common vision impairments among the elderly?
12All photos: Photodisc/Getty Images
SELECTIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH COMPENSATION
PART VIII: Late Adulthood
TOPIC 23: Biosocial Development
13. SELECTIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH COMPENSATION
13
Video:
Signs of Aging:
Changes in Vision
PART VIII: Late Adulthood
TOPIC 23: Biosocial Development
14. Appearance
Of what importance are the changes in appearance
that happen to adults as they age?
primary aging: The universal and irreversible physical changes
that occur to all living creatures as they grow older.
secondary aging: The specific physical illnesses or conditions
that become more common with aging.
14
Photocredits,lefttoright:moodboard/SuperStock;FancyCollection/SuperStock;FancyCollection/SuperStock
AGING AND DISEASE
PART VIII: Late Adulthood
TOPIC 23: Biosocial Development
17. Death Rates of Adults over Age 65 Relative to Rates of Adults under 65, United States
Heart disease
Cancer
Cerebrovascular
diseases (stroke)
Accidents
Pneumonia/flu
Diabetes
Arteriosclerosis
Source: Arking, 2006.
Major Body Systems
At what rates do failures of body systems lead to death?
Same 2x 3x 4x 5x 6x 7x 8x 9x 10x
17
cardiovascular disease:
Disease that involves the heart and the circulatory system.
AGING AND DISEASE
PART VIII: Late Adulthood
TOPIC 23: Biosocial Development
18. Compression of Morbidity
How do twin brothers demonstrate compression of morbidity?
compression of morbidity: A shortening of the time a person spends ill or infirm,
accomplished by postponing illness.
Compression of Morbidity in Twin Brothers
Age (years)
Age (years)
Pneumonia
Heart attack
Lung cancer
Stroke
Emphysema
Death0 50 100
100Death500
Pneumonia
Heart attack
Stroke
Emphysema
Lung
cancer
Source: Fries, 1994.
Prototypic lingering
chronic illness
Effects of the postponement
of chronic disease
18
AGING AND DISEASE
PART VIII: Late Adulthood
TOPIC 23: Biosocial Development
19. Wear and Tear
According to the wear-and-tear theory, what are the main findings that support
this view of aging?
According to the “disposable
soma” theory, each body (soma)
has a certain amount of physical
energy and strength, which
gradually is spent (disposed of)
over a lifetime.
(Finch & Kirkwood, 2000)
Supporting finding
People who are overweight
sicken and die at younger ages,
perhaps because it takes more
energy to maintain their bodies
and thus less life force is
available over time.
Transplanted hearts and livers,
artificial knees and hips, and
implanted dentures can replace
worn-out ones, adding years to life.
Wear
and
Tear
Supporting finding
Supporting finding
wear-and-tear theory: A process by which the human body wears
out due to the passage of time and exposure to environmental risks.
19
PART VIII: Late Adulthood
TOPIC 23: Biosocial Development
20. Genetic Adaptation
What are some genetic reasons for the length of human life?
Progeria is a genetic disease that
stops growth at about age 5,
when children begin to look old,
with wrinkled skin and balding
heads. These children die in their
teens of heart diseases typically
found in the elderly.
Just as people are genetically programmed to
become capable of reproduction before age 20,
humans may be genetically programmed to die,
usually by age 90, with 122 the upper limit.
According to evolutionary theory, an
explanation for menopause at around
age 50 is the “grandmother hypothesis”
—that childbearing must cease so women
can raise their children and help younger
parents for future generations
(Lahdenperä et al., 2004). (This theory is
not proven.) 20
genetic clock: A purported mechanism in the DNA of
cells that regulates the aging process.
PART VIII: Late Adulthood
TOPIC 23: Biosocial Development
22. Longevity
Even the very old do farm
work, household tasks, and
child care.
The elderly are well integrated
into families of several
generations and interact
frequently with friends and
neighbors.
Other Places, Other Stories
What lifestyle factors in the former Soviet Union, Pakistan, and
Ecuador research have been found to promote longevity?
People ate mostly fresh
vegetables and herbs, with
little meat or fat. They
thought it better to be a
little bit hungry than too
full.
Most take a walk every morning
and evening (often up and down
mountains), nap midday, and
socialize in the evening.
Diet:
Work:
Family and community:
Exercise and relaxation:
22
Forester/Forest/Shutterstock,Inc.
PART VIII: Late Adulthood
TOPIC 23: Biosocial Development
24. What about physical development in late
adulthood confirms or debunks the kind of
ageism that many older adults experience?
Closing Thoughts
24
PART VIII: Late Adulthood
TOPIC 23: Biosocial Development
Instruction:
Click to reveal data.
These completed diagrams will show the interplay of primary and secondary aging in a hypothetical pair of monozygotic twins. Both are equally subject to certain illnesses—so both experience pneumonia at about age 25. Both also carry the same genetic clock, so they both die at age 80. But, the genetic vulnerabilities to circulatory, heart, and lung problems affect each twin quite differently.
Click the title of the top graph to reveal the findings.
The non-exercising smoker in the top diagram suffers from an extended period of morbidity, as his various illnesses become manifest when his organ reserve is depleted, beginning at about age 45.
Click the title of the bottom graph to reveal the findings.
By contrast, the healthy lifestyle of the twin in this bottom graph keeps disability and disease at bay until primary aging is well advanced. Indeed, he dies years before the emergence of lung cancer—which had been developing throughout late adulthood but was slowed by the strength of his organ reserve and immune system.
19
Instruction:
Click to reveal three boxes.
In the genetic clock, a mechanism in DNA regulates the aging process by the triggering of hormonal changes and controlling cellular reproduction and repair.
The term “maximum life span” refers to the oldest possible age that members of a species can live under ideal circumstances.
The term “average life expectancy” refers to the number of years the average newborn in a particular population group is likely to live.