The document discusses several major theories of human development: 1. Freud's psychosexual theory which describes personality development through a series of psychosexual stages from childhood through adulthood and how conflicts during these stages can influence behavior. 2. Freud also described the three parts of personality: the id, ego, and superego. 3. Erikson's psychosocial theory outlines eight stages of development from infancy to adulthood and the challenges and successes in each stage. 4. Piaget's cognitive development theory includes four stages from infancy to adulthood: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. 5. Kohlberg's moral development theory has

1. Theories of Development

2. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
•
childhood experiences and unconscious motivations influence
personality development
• Based on his observations, he developed a theory that described
development in terms of a series of psychosexual stages.
• According to Freud, conflicts that occur during each of these stages
can have a lifelong influence on personality and behaviour.
• There are 3 components of personality:
1)Id
2) Ego
3) Superego

3. 3 PARTS OF PERSONALITY
• Id/Unconscious level.
- the largest portion of the mind is the source of basic biological
needs .
- Id uses wish fulfilment to satisfy its needs: if a baby is hungry
with no food nearby, the id imagines the food and temporarily
satisfies the need
• Ego/Conscious level
- 0-2 yrs + interaction with the environment = ego
- its action was based on the reality principle- that is, the primary
job of the ego is to satisfy the id impulse, but in a realistic way.
• Superego/ conscience
- about 5 years
- develops from the interaction of the parents, who eventually
insist that children conform to the values of society
- primary weapon – guilt!

4. The Interaction of the Parts

6. ERIK ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT THEORY
• Is one of the best-known theories of
personality in psychology
• Explains eight stages that a healthy human
should pass through during childhood all the
way through adulthood.
• In each stage a person should find new
challenges & hopefully succeed through them.

9. PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
• There are 4 stages of Cognitive Development
1. Sensorimotor stage
2. Preoperational stage
3. Concrete Operational Stage
4. Formal Operational Stage

10. Sensorimotor Stage
• Birth – 2 years old
• Infants are trying to make sense to the world
only in terms of their own sensory input (what
they see, smell, taste, touch and hear) and
their physical or motor actions on it (e.g.
Sucking, reaching, grasping)

11. Preoperational Thought
• 2-7 yrs.
• Child learns the use of language, more sophisticated
classification of objects, use of numbers and the
principle of conservation
conservation – “concept that certain basic properties
of an object (e.g. Volume, mass, and weight) remains
the same even if its physical appearance changes”

12. Concrete Operational
• 7-11 yrs.
During this stage, the child begins to develop:
• The fundamentals of logic
• Ability to sort objects
• Ability to classify objects
• Understanding of conservation (physical
quantities do not change based on the
arrangement and/or appearance of the
object)

13. Formal Operational
• 11- up
The child begins to develop:
• Ability to hypothesize, test and re-evaluate
hypotheses
• Children begin thinking in a formal systematic
way.

14. Summary of the stages

15. LAURENCE KOHLBERG’S THEORY
• He develop a six stages of moral development, and
grouped these six stages in three, higher-order level of
development
Moral Development?
•
The gradual development of an individual’s concept of
right and wrong.
• Includes the development of a ‘conscience’, spiritual
values, social attitudes, certain behaviours.
• Morals are learned from experience.

16. What does “moral” mean?
• At various times in our lives, our morals are
challenged when we are confronted with a
moral dilemma. In these situations we have to
decide which one of two courses of action to
take, both of which can make us feel
psychologically uncomfortable.
• Moral dilemma: A social problem which has
two or more solutions, each of which is
‘wrong’ in some way.

17. Stages