Review lecture 5 chapter 5
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This document discusses the physical, motor, sensory, and cognitive development of infants. It covers how an infant's body size, brain, senses, motor skills develop in the first years of life. It also addresses important public health measures for infants such as immunizations, breastfeeding, nutrition and reducing SIDS. Close monitoring of development is important in infancy as this is a critical period where experiences shape brain growth and long-term outcomes.
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Review lecture 5 chapter 5
- 1. PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 2. 2 1. Introduction 2. Fact or Fiction? 3. Body Changes 4. Senses and Motor Skills 5. Public Health Measures 6. Closing Thoughts PART II: INFANCY TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 3. Introduction 3 Video: Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 4. 4 Fact or Fiction? Fiction Fact 1. During the first year of life, most infants triple their body weight. 2. At birth, newborns can sleep for up to 17 uninterrupted hours a day. 3. All healthy infants develop the same motor skills in the same sequence. 4. At birth, infants’ vision is better developed than their hearing. PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 5. 0- to 4- month-old baby: Weight doubles by month 4, mostly baby fat. 1-year-old: Weight triples. 2-year-old: Half of adult height; one-fifth of adult weight. Body Size How does body size change in an infant? 5 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 6. What parts of the cortex are developed in the brains of infants? The Developing Cortex Frontal cortex The front part of the cortex assists in planning, self-control, and self-regulation. It is very immature in the newborn. Cortex The crinkled outer layer of the brain (colored here in grey and different shades of green) is the cortex. Auditory cortex Hearing is quite acute at birth, the result of months of eavesdropping during the fetal period. Visual cortex Vision is the least mature sense at birth because the fetus has nothing to see while in the womb. 6 cortex: The outer layers of brain in humans and other mammals. neurons: Nerve cells in the central nervous system, especially the brain. PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 7. Connections in the Brain What mnemonic can help you remember the function of axons and dendrites? axon: A fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons. dendrite: A fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons. Dendrites Detect 7 Axons Announce PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 8. Experience Enhances the Brain How does the brain grow in response to experience? Seeing/hearing Receptive language areas/speech production Higher cognitive functions Synapse Formation and Dendrite Formation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Months YearsAge Source: Adapted from R. A. Thompson & Nelson, 2001, p.8. transient exuberance: The great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that occurs in the infant’s brain during the first two years of life. 8 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 9. 9 Experience Enhances the Brain Video: Brain Development Animation: Infants and Toddler PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 10. Usual and Unexpected Experiences experience-expectant brain functions: Certain basic common experiences for normal development. experience-dependent brain functions: Particular, variable experiences that may or may not develop in a particular infant. 10 experience-expectant experience-dependent Which vision experience shows a brain function that is experience-expectant and experience-dependent? PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 11. What does early brain development mean for babies (and their caregivers)? Implication for Caregivers self-righting: The inborn drive to remedy development deficits. 11 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 12. Sleep Time percentile: A point on a ranking scale of 0 to 100. For how long do infants sleep? Infant Sleeps Times, by Percentile 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 Total sleep time (in hours) Age (in months) 95th percentile 75th percentile 50th percentile 25th percentile 5th percentile 12 All kids sleep fewer hours per 24 hours as they grow, and the range of hours of sleep seems to become less over time. 0-2 3-5 6-8 9-11 18-2312-17 24-36 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 13. Sleep Time 13 Video: Sleep in Infancy and Toddlerhood PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 14. Types of Sleep REM sleep: Rapid Eye Movement sleep, a stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves. Do infants dream? 14PHOTOS: CORBIS/SUPERSTOCK PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 15. Sensation and Perception Do you perceive the green bars as the same length? sensation: The response of the sensory system when it detects a stimulus. perception: The mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation. 15 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 16. Hearing How is hearing checked in young children? Hearing is the most advanced of the newborn senses. 16 A newborn’s hearing can be checked with advanced equipment, but screening is needed for hearing loss that may occur later. As a check, does a child react to loud sounds, imitate sounds —as in peek-a-boo—or begin to respond to his or her name? Sean?peekaboo? PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 17. Seeing binocular vision: The ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image. Which image does a baby prefer? 17 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 18. Tasting, Smelling, and Touching What part do taste, smell, and touch play in the lives of infants? 18Photo credits: Left: iStockphoto/Thinkstock; Middle: Nancy G Western Photography, Nancy Greifenhagen / Alamy; Right: Stockbyte/Getty Images PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 19. Tasting, Smelling, and Touching 19 Video: The Senses in Infancy and Toddlerhood PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 20. How do infants use gross motor skills? 3 6 9 12 13 15 18 26 4 7 10 14 15 17 20 29 Gross Motor Skills gross motor skills: Physical abilities involving large body movements. Skill Sit, head steady Sit, unsupported Pull to stand (holding on) Stand alone Walk well Walk backward Run Jump up When 95% of All Babies Master the Skill (months) At about this time Age Norms (in Months) for Gross Motor Skills When 50% of All Babies Master the Skill (months) 20 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 21. Gross Motor Skills 21 Video: Physical Development in Infancy: Crawling PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 22. Gross Motor Skills 22 Video: Gross Motor Skills in Infancy and Toddlerhood PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 23. 4 months 9 months 1 year 2 years What fine motor skills do infants use? 23 Fine Motor Skills fine motor skills: Physical abilities involving small body movements. PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 24. Fine Motor Skills 24 Video: Fine Motor Skills in Infancy and Toddlerhood PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 25. How do nations compare in terms of deaths of young children? Afghanistan 257 Sierra Leone 194 Nigeria 186 India 69* Philippines 32* Brazil 22+ China 21+ Mexico 17+ United Kingdom Australia Spain Italy Japan Sweden Iceland Singapore Vietnam Russia United States Canada 6* 6* 4+ 4+ 4* 3+ 3+ 3+ 6* 13+* 8+ 14+ Deaths of Children Under Age 5 in Selected Countries *Reduced by at least one- third since 1990. +Reduced by half or more since 1990. Source: UNICEF, 2009. Country Number of Deaths per 1,000 Surviving in Good Health 25 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 26. Immunization 26 What are some diseases that have been largely eradicated due to childhood immunization? PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 27. Why is breastfeeding important? Nutrition 27Science Photo Library/Alamy PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 28. 28 Nutrition Video: Nutritional Needs of Infants and Children: Breast Feeding Promotion PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 29. What happens to children who are malnourished? Nutrition stunting: The failure of children to grow to normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition. wasting: The tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition. 29 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 30. 30 Nutrition Video: Nutritional Needs of Infants and Children: Worldwide Malnutrition PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 31. What did the 1994 Back to Sleep program do to help reduce the incidence of SIDS? Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 31 SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome): Phenomenon of baby (2- to 4-months) going to sleep healthy but never awakening. PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 32. Closing Thoughts Why do you think that close monitoring of development is especially important during infancy? 32 PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development
- 33. PART II: Infancy TOPIC 5: Biosocial Development