The document discusses several theories of human development proposed by prominent psychologists and theorists. It covers Freud's psychosexual stages of development from infancy through adolescence, focusing on the oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital stages. It also summarizes Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Erikson's psychosocial stages, Kohlberg's stages of moral development, and some key concepts from their theories like the id, ego and superego in Freud's model.
A project that focuses on various developmental groups with descriptions of theorists' stages and beliefs according to that group. The impact of hospitalization for that developmental group was also analyzed.
Cognition & Development: Social DevelopmentSimon Bignell
Week 6 Lecture in the module Cognition & Development. 'Social Development'.
Learning Outcomes: Understand what is meant by social development. Outline at least two theories of social development. Evaluate the merits of at least one theory of social development.
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A project that focuses on various developmental groups with descriptions of theorists' stages and beliefs according to that group. The impact of hospitalization for that developmental group was also analyzed.
Cognition & Development: Social DevelopmentSimon Bignell
Week 6 Lecture in the module Cognition & Development. 'Social Development'.
Learning Outcomes: Understand what is meant by social development. Outline at least two theories of social development. Evaluate the merits of at least one theory of social development.
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Which one of the theories discussed in this weeks readings do yjonghollingberry
Which one of the theories discussed in this week's readings do you think is most useful in understanding and explaining personality development in contemporary society? Explain your position.
Be sure to select a theory, briefly describe it and name the theorist, rather than a general concept. Link your chosen theory directly to aspects of personality development in contemporary society you are attempting to explain rather than only summarizing the theory. No points can be assigned if you do the latter.
MUST BE 300 WORDS.
Early Pioneer: Sigmund Freud
Three Parts of the Mind
Importance of Early Childhood Development
Males vs. Females
Defense Mechanisms
The Role of Culture in Personality Development
Major Contributions
INTRODUCTION
This week’s focus will be on some of the pioneers in what would eventually become the subspecialty of personality within the field of psychology. Both Freud and Erikson are known as stage theorists in that they viewed the development of one's personality to occur as an individual sequentially progressed through several distinct stages, characterized by a particular challenge that needed to be overcome. Healthy personality development is associated with the successful navigation through these challenges, while personality problems or limitations are related to an individual's inability to adequately negotiate the challenge(s).
Early Pioneer: Sigmund Freud
When we mention the name Sigmund Freud many people think about sex drives and his concepts of Id, Ego, and Superego to explain structures of the mind. He is sometimes referred to in the behavioral sciences as the father of psychology because he tried to chart the mind. He believed that it was the multidimensional essential cause of motives, thoughts, actions, reactions, feelings, and beliefs. He was an extremely intelligent and developed a theory of personality and psychotherapy that prior to him had not seen. He established new ways of viewing and interpreting human behavior. He was a physician and he considered himself to be a biological scientist. As such he was concerned with biological structures such as the mind. He wondered what effect this framework exerted on psychological reactions.
Freud studied hypnosis under Jean-Martin Charcot who was a famous neuropathologist of the time. He began to use this method to treat what was known at the time as hysteria. Hysteria was considered a nervous ailment whose biological cause could not be determined.
Freud came to realize that hypnosis was not sufficient to treat many of his patients. He began to investigate other forms of suggestion such as free association and dreams. He considered dreams to be a royal road or pathway into the realm of the unconscious. He believed that we are given symbols in dreams that either brings us information about wishes we would want to be fulfilled or about wishes we would want to repress. He felt that the mind disguises our wishes with symbols when the material is too th ...
The three domains of human development are physical, cognitive and p.pdfannammalassociates
The three domains of human development are physical, cognitive and psychosocial.
Physical development:
Individual growth varies according to genetics, gender, culture and socioeconomic status.
Physical development starts at infancy and can last till late adolescence. It is generally divided
into eight stages being infancy; early, mid and late childhood; adolescence; early adulthood;
middle age and old age.Specific physical changes occur at each stage of physical development.
Physical development concentrates on gross and fine motor skills as well as puberty which
includes developing a control over the body, particularly muscles and physical coordination.
Gross motor skills involves moving the large muscles in the body like the arms and legs,
consciously and deliberately. It also involves balancing and stability with movements like
jumping, skipping, throwing, catching, hopping, kicking, running and galloping.
Fine motor skills involves controlling small muscles in the hands and wrists. This is achieved by
using small objects like handling scissors and writing instruments.Fine motor skills generally
follow gross motor development.
Physical growth at the infancy stage is rapid. Ther weight of the infant generally doubles over a
period of 6 months. The infant grows by 10-12 inches in length( or height) and the the
propartions change over a period of two years. The size of the head also decreases.The
subcortical areas of brain start developing first followed by cortical areas. At birth, the barin
weighs 25% of and adult brain which increases to 80% by puberty.
Physical development at childhood is rapid. By the end of second year, most children can
standup,walk/run, climb stairs, jump, and skip. From ages 4-5 they develop more speed and
agility and posture control. Fine motor skills start developing at this stage.
Physical development at adolescence starts with the beginning of puberty and ends with
adulthood. The physical age ranges from 12-18 years. At puberty distinctive physiological
changes occur, which involve increase in height, weight, sex characteristics, body composition
and internal systems. These changes are influenced by changes in hormone activity (growth
hormones, thyroid hormones and androgens).
Males develop a deeper voice during puberty and females develop breasts and increased hip size
start menstruation.
Physical development at early adulthood is observed at ages 20-40 years. At this period the
physical abilities are at their peak like muscle strength, sensory abilities, cardiac functioning etc.
One also starts aging at this period. Age related changes now varies to a great extent depending
on the biological factors like molecular and cellular changes and also choice of lifestyle. Aging
process starts during early adulthood and is characterized by changes in skin, vision and
reproductive capability. Women reach a menopause
Physical development at middle age is characterized by failing organs and body functions,
wrinled skin, lo.
The process of growth and development starts before the baby born I.e. from the conception in the mother’s womb. The period extends throughout the life cycle.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
2. Many health professionals base their practice on a
conceptual model of psychiatric treatment. A
model is a way of organizing a complex body of
knowledge, such as concepts related to human
behavior.
Models help clinicians by suggesting:
1. Reasons for observed behavior
2. Therapeutic treatment strategies
3. Appropriate roles for patient &
therapist
3. The developmental process is unique for each
person, and what develops in the future depends
on what has already happened
General theories of developmental behavior
provide a foundation for examining the
characteristics of the life cycle.
Understanding the relative norms for important
stages of development in the life cycle enables a
nurse to assess whether a patient has made
satisfactory progress within expected boundaries.
4. Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is probably the most well
known theorist when it comes to the development of
personality. Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development
are, like other stage theories, completed in a predetermined
sequence and can result in either successful completion or
a healthy personality or can result in failure, leading to an
unhealthy personality.
Considered the father of psychoanalysis, described
psychosexual development through adolescence.
6. Oral Stage (Bir th to 18 months).
During the oral stage, the child if focused on oral
pleasures (sucking). Too much or too little
gratification can result in an Oral Fixation or Oral
Personality which is evidenced by a preoccupation
with oral activities.
This type of personality may have a stronger
tendency to smoke, drink alcohol, over eat, or
bite his or her nails. Personality wise, these
individuals may become overly dependent upon
others, gullible, and perpetual followers. On the
other hand, they may also fight these urges and
develop pessimism and aggression toward others.
7. Anal Stage (18 months to three years).
The child’s focus of pleasure in this stage is on
eliminating and retaining feces. Through society’s
pressure, mainly via parents, the child has to learn
to control anal stimulation.
In terms of personality, after effects of an anal
fixation during this stage can result in an obsession
with cleanliness, perfection, and control (anal
retentive). On the opposite end of the spectrum,
they may become messy and disorganized (anal
expulsive)
8. Phallic Stage ( ages three to six)
The pleasure zone switches to the genitals. Freud
believed that during this stage boys develop
unconscious sexual desires for their mother.
Because of this, he becomes rivals with his father
and sees him as competition for the mother’s
af fection. During this time, boys also develop a
fear that their father will punish them for these
feelings, such as by castrating them.
This group of feelings is known as Oedipus
Complex ( af ter the Greek Mythology figure who
accidentally killed his father and married his
mother).
9. Latency Stage (age six to puber ty).
It’s during this stage that sexual urges remain repressed
and children interact and play mostly with same sex
peers.
Genital Stage (12 to adult)
The final stage of psychosexual development begins at
the star t of puber ty when sexual urges are once again
awakened. Through the lessons learned during the
previous stages, adolescents direct their sexual urges
onto opposite sex peers, with the primar y focus of
pleasure is the genitals.
10. A person’s personality consists of three parts:
Id: the unconscious mind, operates instinctively and without
control
Ego: The conscious mind, maintains contact with reality,
examining all environmental and physiologic changes
experienced by the person
Superego: the human conscience that directs and controls
thoughts and feelings
11. Problems in adulthood can all be
traced back to strong fixations at
psychosexual stages
Individual differences in personality
due to what happened during the
first five years.
12. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a biologist
who originally studied molluscs (publishing
twenty scientific papers on them by the time
he was 21) but moved into the study of the
development of children's understanding,
through observing them and talking and
listening to them while they worked on
exercises he set.
13. Sensori-motor Stage (Birth-2 years)
Differentiates self from objects Recognizes self as
agent of action and begins to act intentionally: e.g.
pulls a string to set mobile in motion or shakes a
rattle to make a noise
Achieves object permanence: realizes that things
continue to exist even when no longer present to
the sense
14. (Pre-conceptual 2-4yrs) Learns to use language and to
represent objects by images and words Thinking is
still egocentric: has difficulty taking the viewpoint of
others
(Intuitive phase 4-7yrs) Classifies objects by a single
feature: e.g. groups together all the red blocks
regardless of shape or all the square blocks
regardless of color. Expands expressive language.
15. Can think logically about objects and events
Achieves conservation of number (age 6), mass
(age 7), and weight (age 9)
Classifies objects according to several features
and can order them in series along a single
dimension such as size
16. Can think logically about abstract propositions
and test hypotheses systematically
Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the
future, and ideological problems
17. Lawrence Kohlberg (1969) modified and elaborated
Piaget's work, and laid the groundwork for the current
debate within psychology on moral development.
Consistent with Piaget, he proposed that children form ways
of thinking through their experiences which include
understandings of moral concepts such as justice, rights,
equality and human welfare.
Kohlberg followed the development of moral judgment
beyond the ages studied by Piaget, and determined that the
process of attaining moral maturity took longer and was
more gradual than Piaget had proposed.
18. Kohlberg identified six stages of moral reasoning grouped into
three major levels. Each level represented a fundamental shift
in the social-moral perspective of the individual.
At the first level, the preconventional level (premoral
level) a person's moral judgments are characterized by a
concrete, individual perspective.
As in Piaget's framework, the reasoning of Stage 1 is
characterized by ego-centrism and the inability to consider the
perspectives of others.
19. Individuals at the conventional level of reasoning,
however, have a basic understanding of conventional
morality, and reason with an understanding that
norms and conventions are necessary to uphold
society.
They tend to be self-identified with these rules, and
uphold them consistently, viewing morality as acting in
accordance with what society defines as right.
20. The post conventional level (level of principled
moral reasoning) is characterized by reasoning based
on principles, using a "prior to society" perspective.
These individuals reason based on the principles
which underlie rules and norms, but reject a uniform
application of a rule or norm.
21. Like Piaget, Erik Erikson (1902-1994) maintained that children
develop in a predetermined order. Instead of focusing on
cognitive development, however, he was interested in how
children socialize and how this affects their sense of self.
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development has eight
distinct stage, each with two possible outcomes. According to
the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a
healthy personality and successful interactions with others.
Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced
ability to complete further stages and therefore a more
unhealthy personality and sense of self. These stages, however,
can be resolved successfully at a later time.
22. From ages birth to one year, children begin to learn the ability
to trust others based upon the consistency of their caregiver(s).
If trust develops successfully, the child gains confidence and
security in the world around him and is able to feel secure even
when threatened.
Unsuccessful completion of this stage can result in an inability
to trust, and therefore an sense of fear about the inconsistent
world. It may result in anxiety, heightened insecurities, and an
over feeling of mistrust in the world around them.
23. Between the ages of one and three, children begin to assert
their independence, by walking away from their mother, picking
which toy to play with, and making choices about what they like
to wear, to eat, etc.
If children in this stage are encouraged and supported in their
increased independence, they become more confident and
secure in their own ability to survive in the world.
If children are criticized, overly controlled, or not given the
opportunity to assert themselves, they begin to feel inadequate
in their ability to survive, and may then become overly
dependent upon others, lack self-esteem, and feel a sense of
shame or doubt in their own abilities.
24. Around age three and continuing to age six, children
assert themselves more frequently. They begin to plan
activities, make up games, and initiate activities with
others.
If given this opportunity, children develop a sense of
initiative, and feel secure in their ability to lead others
and make decisions.
Conversely, if this tendency is squelched, either
through criticism or control, children develop a sense
of guilt. They may feel like a nuisance to others and
will therefore remain followers, lacking in self-initiative.
25. From age six years to puberty, children begin to develop a
sense of pride in their accomplishments. They initiate
projects, see them through to completion, and feel good
about what they have achieved. During this time, teachers
play an increased role in the child’s development.
If children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative,
they begin to feel industrious and feel confident in their
ability to achieve goals.
If this initiative is not encouraged, if it is restricted by
parents or teacher, then the child begins to feel inferior,
doubting his own abilities and therefore may not reach his
potential
26. During adolescence, the transition from childhood to
adulthood is most important. Children are becoming
more independent, and begin to look at the future in
terms of career, relationships, families, housing, etc.
During this period, they explore possibilities and begin
to form their own identity based upon the outcome of
their explorations.
This sense of who they are can be hindered, which
results in a sense of confusion ("I don’t know what I
want to be when I grow up") about themselves and
their role in the world.
27. Occurring in Young adulthood, we begin to share
ourselves more intimately with others. We explore
relationships leading toward longer term commitments
with someone other than a family member.
Successful completion can lead to comfortable
relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and
care within a relationship.
Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and
relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and
sometimes depression.
28. During middle adulthood, we establish our careers, settle
down within a relationship, begin our own families and
develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture.
We give back to society through raising our children, being
productive at work, and becoming involved in community
activities and organizations.
By failing to achieve these objectives, we become
stagnant and feel unproductive.
29. As we grow older and become senior citizens, we tend
to slow down our productivity, and explore life as a
retired person. It is during this time that we
contemplate our accomplishments and are able to
develop integrity.
If we see our lives as unproductive, feel guilt about our
pasts, or feel that we did not accomplish our life goals,
we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair,
often leading to depression and hopelessness.
Editor's Notes
This theory is probably the most well known as well as the most controversial, as Freud believed that we develop through stages based upon a particular erogenous zone. During each stage, an unsuccessful completion means that a child becomes fixated on that particular erogenous zone and either over– or under-indulges once he or she becomes an adult.
Unresolved conflicts at any stage of psychosexual development become fixated and remain part of the person’s personality.
Emphasized cognitive development and social experience in the development of a personal morality, proposing 6 stages.
Obedience: the person obeys an authority figure and views misbehavior in terms of damage done Instrumental: person defines right as that which is acceptable to and approved by the self
Interpersonal: person maintains cordial human relations and the approval of others Authority and Duty: person develops respect for authority and a duty to maintain the social order
In essence this last level of moral judgment entails reasoning rooted in the ethical fairness principles from which moral laws would be devised. Laws are evaluated in terms of their coherence with basic principles of fairness rather than upheld simply on the basis of their place within an existing social order. Thus, there is an understanding that elements of morality such as regard for life and human welfare transcend particular cultures and societies and are to be upheld irrespective of other conventions or normative obligations. Social: person accepts the morality of having democratically established laws Universal ethics: person understands the principles of human rights and personal conscience