This document discusses several types of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions. It includes sections on antiasthmatics like bronchodilators and corticosteroids; expectorants and mucolytics to loosen mucus; antitussives to suppress cough; antihistamines used for allergies; and decongestants to relieve nasal congestion. For each drug class, it provides examples of medications, their mechanisms of action, dosages, indications for use, contraindications, adverse effects, and nursing responsibilities.
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit IX Drugs used in nervous system and it is most benefited for B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit IX Drugs used in nervous system and it is most benefited for B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit V Drugs used on Respiratory systems and it is most benefited for 2nd yr B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject.
Ondansetron
Class
• Seratonin ( 5-HT3) antagonist.
Uses
1. The management of nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy and
radiotherapy .
2. In the prevention and treatment of PONV
Main action
• Antiemetic.
Title: Exploring Respiratory System Pharmacology: A Comprehensive Guide for Students
Introduction:
The respiratory system plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis by facilitating gas exchange and regulating oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body. Understanding the pharmacology of respiratory medications is essential for healthcare students to effectively manage respiratory conditions and optimize patient outcomes. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of respiratory system pharmacology, covering key medications, mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit V Drugs used on Respiratory systems and it is most benefited for 2nd yr B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject.
Ondansetron
Class
• Seratonin ( 5-HT3) antagonist.
Uses
1. The management of nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy and
radiotherapy .
2. In the prevention and treatment of PONV
Main action
• Antiemetic.
Title: Exploring Respiratory System Pharmacology: A Comprehensive Guide for Students
Introduction:
The respiratory system plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis by facilitating gas exchange and regulating oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body. Understanding the pharmacology of respiratory medications is essential for healthcare students to effectively manage respiratory conditions and optimize patient outcomes. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of respiratory system pharmacology, covering key medications, mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
pharmacology is the most important part of the pharmacy field and every pharmacist should have the good knowledge about that and there are different parts and one important part is consists of the anticholinesterase drugs.
Anti Asthmatics Drugs and Pharmacotherapy of AsthmaNikhileshMaruthi
Anti Asthmatic drugs and classification , classification of asthmatic drugs , Drugs acting on the respiratory tract, Pharmacotherapy of Asthma , Asthma and Anti asthmatic drugs.
UNIT 1_QUALITY ASSURANCE_QC,QA,GMP,TQM and NABLSayali Powar
UNIT – I
Quality Assurance and Quality Management concepts: Definition and concept of Qualitycontrol, Quality assurance and GMP
Total Quality Management (TQM), NABL
UNIT 1 QUALITY ASSURANCE B. PHARMACY PART 2Sayali Powar
Quality Assurance and Quality Management concepts: Definition and concept of Quality control, Quality assurance and GMP
Total Quality Management (TQM): Definition, elements, philosophies
ICH Guidelines: purpose, participants, process of harmonization, Brief overview of QSEM, with special emphasis on Q-series guidelines, ICH stability testing guidelines
Quality by design (QbD): Definition, overview, elements of QbD program, tools
ISO 9000 & ISO14000: Overview, Benefits, Elements, steps for registration
NABL accreditation : Principles and procedures
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
5. Define as is a medication that relaxes and opens the airways,
or bronchi, in the lungs.
Mechanism of action: They causes widening of the airway by
relaxing bronchial smooth muscles by stimulate beta receptors
6. S.
No.
Drugs Doses
1 Salbutamol 2-4 mg orally
2 Terbutaline 5mg orally.
3 Formoterol 80 mcg B.D. orally
4 Albuterol 200-400 mcg inhaled every 6 hrly.
7. Indications/uses
• Relieving the distress of asthma.
• Bronchospasm or broncho- constriction.
Contraindication:
• Patient with uncontrolled arrythmias.
• Prolonged use of albuterol may cause hypokalemia
Adverse effect:
• Nervousness, Anxiety,Tremor, Headache, Palpitations, Tachycardia &Arrhythmias
Drug interaction:
• (beta) blocker antagonize effects of adrenergic agonists.
• Prolonged use of theophylline cause additive effects.
8. Nursing Responsibilities
• Nurse should monitor the patient’s blood pressure, pulse,
respiratory rate, and breathing sounds.
• Teach the patients that how to use inhalers.
• Instruct the patient to avoid respiratory irritants, such as smoke,
dust, and strong smell.
9. •Mechanism of action: These drugs are weak
CNS stimulants that are powerful smooth
muscle relaxants thus they relax the smooth
muscle of bronchi. They also havediuretic
effect.
11. • To treat and prevent bronchospasm.
• To treat asthma, bronchitis, emphysema
Contraindications/ Precautions
• Hypersensitivity to any xanthine.
• Infection or irritation of rectum or lower portion.
• Give cautiously in neonates, in elderly patients, heart disorders hepatic disorders.
• Drug Interaction:
• (beta) Blocker may antagonize the effects ofmethylxanthines.
• Erythromycin may increase the half life of methylxanthines, and increasing the risk of
methylxanthines toxicity.
• Rifampicin, phenobarbital phenytoin, cigarette smoking and charcoal – broiled food may shorten the half-
life of drugs and reducing their effectiveness.
• Diarrhea.
• Respiratory arrest.
• Irritability.
• Insomnia.
• Vomiting.
• Peptic ulcer.
• Epigastric pain.
• Tachycardia.
12. Nursing Responsibilities
• Nurse should assess for signs and symptoms of toxicity.
• Nurse also should know that therapeutic sr. level of
theophylline ranges from 10 to 20 mcg/ml.
• Advise patients to decrease consumption of xanthine –
containing food and beverages.
• Todetect toxicity, nurse should monitor sr drugs levels.
13.
14. Mast cell Stabilizers –
Introduction
•Mast cell stabilizers works to prevent allergy cells
called mast cell from breaking open and releasing
chemicals that help to cause inflammation.
•They are not effective once the allergic reaction has
occurred and mediators are released from mast cells.
So they are useless during asthmatic attack.
•They are used in the prophylaxis of asthma.
15. • They inhibit mast cell activity, thus prevent the
release of allergic mediators like histamine,
serotonin, prostaglandins, cytokines.
• These chemical are essential for an inflammation
and allergic reactions
• They block mast
cell degranulation, stabilizing the cell and thereby
preventing the release of histamine and related
mediators..
16. S. No. Drug Doses
1 Cromolyn
sodium
20mg 4times a day
(Nebulization solution)
2 Sodium
cromoglicate
20mg 6hrly
3 Ketotifen 1-2mg OD or BD
17. Indication / uses
• Prevent asthma symptoms from occurring or prophylaxis to asthmatic attack.
• Todecrease inflammation or bronchospasm.
• Todecrease allergic reactions.
• Rhinitis/conjunctivitis.
Contraindications/ precautions
• Hypersensitivity.
• Precautiously with renal dysfunction, hepatic dysfunction.
• Lactation, Cardiac arrhythmias
•Adverse effect
• Throat irritations, Nasal irritations, Wt. Gain, Headache, Drowsiness, Dry mouth,
Dizziness
18. • Nurse should monitor drugs adverse reactions.
• Instruct patients that this drug is not effective in an acute attack.
• Nurse should instruct the patient how to use metered – dose inhaler or
nebulizer.
• If more than one inhalation is ordered, advise patient to wait 1-2 minutes
before taking second puff.
• If the parents is also receiving an inhaled bronchodilator, advise the
patient to use bronchodilators first to open the airways and then wait
approximately 5min before using cromolyn sodium to maximize its
effectiveness.
19. •These drugs have anti-
inflammatory as well as anti-
allergic actions thus they are
effective in bronchial asthma.
20. •They prevent the release of or
counteract the bronchial mediators
(Kinins, serotonin, Histamine) that
cause tissue inflammation
responsible for edema and airway
narrowing.
21. S. No Drugs Doses
1 Prednisolone 5-60mg per day in divided dose.
2 Beclomethasone
Dipropionate
100μgm (microgram) 6hrly by aerosol
inhalation.
3 Budesonide 400 μgm (microgram) daily in divided dose.
4 Fluticasone 100-250μgm (microgram) BID by aerosol
5 Betamethasone
Valerate
200μgm (microgram) 6hrly by aerosol.
25. • Nurse should instruct the patient to rinse his mouth, after using inhaled
steroids.
• Nurse should teach the patient to:
Use bronchodilators several minutes before glucocorticoid inhaler.
Rinse mouth after using inhaled steroids.
Use and care for inhaler properly.
26. •Antihistamines are the drugs
used in the treatment od
allergic disorders and some
other conditions.
27. •These drugs block the effect of histamine and its
receptors. They also provide some sort of sedation.
There are four types of antihistamines drugs.
1. Highly sedatives.
2. Moderate sedatives.
3. Mild sedatives.
4. Non sedatives.
30. •Allergic reactions (Hay fever, Vasomotor rhinitis
urticaria, asthma,Anaphylaxis).
•Because of their anticholinergic actions they are
used as antiemetics and useful in motion
sickness.
•As hypnotics, Mild sedative/anxiolytics.
•Parkinsonism.
32. Due to anticholinergic effect
• Drowsiness in common.
• Dryness of mouth.
• Blurring of vision.
• Urinary retention.
• Constipation.
• Delirium.
• Convulsions.
• Severe toxicity may causes death to cardiac and respiratory failure.
33. Nursing Responsibilities
•Antihistamines are best given in the evening
since all antihistamines cause drowsiness.
•Advise to patient not to drive vehicle or do not
operate machinery.
•Advise to patient to avoid sedative such as
alcohol or sedative hypnotics.
34. • These drugs reduced the viscosity of sputum that leads to
easily expel the sputum.
35. S No. Drugs Doses
1 Acetylcysteine 2.5 ml of 10-20% solution given
by inhalation or nebulization
2 Bromhexine 8-16 mg TDS.
36. • Totreat abnormal viscid, or
thick and hard mucus.
• As an antidote for
acetaminophen overdose
(acetylcysteine).
Hypersensitivity to these
drugs.
Cautiously in elderly,
pregnant or breastfeeding
mothers
• Stomatitis.
• Drowsiness.
• Bronchospasm.
• Nausea/vomiting.
• Severe rhinorrhea
• Activated charcoal
decreases acetylcysteine
effectiveness.
• Incompatible with
chlortetracycline, erythromycin,
amphotericin B, Hydrogen
peroxide
Contraindications
/precautions
Adverse effect
Indication/Use
Drug Interaction
37. •To assess the airway and maintain it patent.
•Provide suction if needed.
•Assess the pattern breath sounds, cough, and
bronchial secretions.
•Advise patient to maintain a fluid intake of 2-
3litres/day.
•Warn the patient about the rotten egg smell of
acetylcysteine.
39. Mechanism of action
•Decongestants are sympathomimetic drugs
that act by stimulating the α (alpha) –
adrenergic receptors. The decongestant
effect due to vasoconstriction of the blood
vessel in the nose sinuses etc. the
vasoconstriction effect reduces swelling or
inflammation and mucous formation in the
nasal passage and make it easier to breath.
41. Indications /uses
•For temporary relief of nasal congestion due
to common cold.
•Hay fever.
•Sinusitis.
•Upper respiratory tract allergens.
•To promote nasal and sinus drainage.
42. •Hypersensitivity to these drugs.
•MAO (Monoamine oxidase) inhibiters drugs therapy.
•Use cautiously in older age patient they are more likely to
experience adverse reaction.
•Nasal contestant should not be used for more than three
days, and oral decongestant should not used more than
7days because prolonged use will result in rebound
congestion.
44. •If given with other
sympathomimetic amines may
increase central nervous system
stimulation.
•If given with MAO inhibiters may
cause severe hypertension.
45. • Nurse should assess adverse effect of drugs.
• Monitor pulse rate, BP, and ECG.
• Advise patient not to share the container with other
people and not allow the tip of
the container to touch the nasal passage to avoid
contamination.
46. Drugs for cough
•The drug which used in cough are:
1.Antitussive.
2.Expectorants.
3.Bronchodilators.
49. •They are used to suppress dry cough
mostly because their aim to control
rather than eliminate cough. These
are also called cough center
suppressants.
50. •These are the drugs that act in
the CNS to increase threshold of
cough center.
51. S.
No
Drugs Doses
1 Codeine (Opioids) 15-60mg up to every 4 hrs
2 Noscapine (Non opioids) PO 15-30 mg itramin maleate
3 Dextromethorphan (Non
opioids)
10-30mg PO 4-8hrs max.
120/day
4 Chlorpheniramine
(Antihistamine)
4 mg PO 4-6 hrly
5 Diphenhydramine
(Antihistamine)
25 mg PO 4hrly not to exceed
150 mg / day.
55. •Assess the side effects or adverse
reaction during the therapy.
•Special precaution should be keep in
mind before drug administration.
•Advise to patient not to driving after
taken opioids drugs such as codeine
pholecodiene.
56. •These drugs help in removal of
secretions of respiratory tract and
mucolytic agents produce liquification of
mucous making expectoration easier.
57. •They increase bronchial secretions or
reduce its viscosity, sodium and
potassium citrate increase bronchial
secretion by salt action also these drugs
stimulate gastric mucosa or directly
acting on mucous membrane of lungs to
increase the secretion of mucous.