Anticholinesterase
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This document discusses cholinesterase inhibitors, which prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine and butyrylcholine neurotransmitters. It covers their classification into natural alkaloids, semisynthetic derivatives, and synthetic compounds. Cholinesterase inhibitors increase levels of acetylcholine and butyrylcholine in the synaptic cleft by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Their therapeutic uses include treatment of glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease, myasthenia gravis, cobra bites, and belladonna poisoning. Common adverse drug reactions are nausea, increased salivation, flushing, and bronchospasm.
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This document discusses anticholinesterase drugs, which inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase and thereby increase cholinergic transmission. It describes the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and uses of specific anticholinesterase drugs including neostigmine, pyridostigmine, edrophonium, and physostigmine. It also covers overdose effects and treatment with atropine and pralidoxime. The document provides detailed information on the pharmacological properties and clinical applications of anticholinesterase drugs.
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This document discusses various cholinomimetic drugs that act directly or indirectly on acetylcholine receptors. Direct acting drugs such as carbachol, methacholine and pilocarpine mimic acetylcholine, while indirect acting drugs like neostigmine and pyridostigmine inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. The document also summarizes the pharmacological effects, therapeutic uses, and side effects of specific cholinomimetic drugs including atropine, homatropine, propantheline, neostigmine and pilocarpine.
Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System
A good read for undergraduate students in Pharmacy studying at the University of Mumbai. I will highly recommend Essentials of Medical Pharmacology by KD Tripathi. All copyright to the original authors and publishers.
Anticholinergic drugs
This document summarizes anticholinergic drugs. It discusses that they block the effects of acetylcholine on cholinergic receptors, with atropine being the prototype drug. The document classifies anticholinergic drugs into natural alkaloids like atropine and hyoscine, semisynthetic derivatives, and synthetic derivatives. It then describes the mechanism of action, effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, belladonna poisoning, and uses of these anticholinergic drugs like atropine.
Physical examination
This document discusses drugs used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. It covers proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists, prostaglandin analogues, mucosal protectants, antacids, laxatives, and antidiarrheal drugs. The goals of treatment for peptic ulcer disease are to reduce acid secretion, protect the mucosal lining, and use antibiotics to treat Helicobacter pylori infections. Common proton pump inhibitors include omeprazole and pantoprazole, while ranitidine and cimetidine are H2 receptor antagonists. Sucralfate and bismuth compounds protect ulcers. Laxatives include bulk formers like psyllium while antidiarrhe
Anti cholinergic drugs
Anticholinergic drugs block the effects of acetylcholine at cholinergic receptors. Atropine is a prototypical anticholinergic drug obtained from deadly nightshade plants. It acts as a competitive antagonist at muscarinic receptors. Atropine increases heart rate and reduces secretions but can cause side effects like dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, and urinary retention. It is used as an antispasmodic, mydriatic for eye exams, and pre-anesthetic to reduce secretions. Many semisynthetic and synthetic derivatives have been developed with fewer side effects for specific conditions like asthma, peptic ulcers, and Parkinson's disease.
Anticholinergics
The document discusses the properties, mechanisms, and clinical uses of anticholinergic drugs such as atropine and hyoscine. It describes how these drugs act as muscarinic receptor antagonists to reduce secretions and cause dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation and other effects. Common uses include treating peptic ulcer disease, Parkinsonism, asthma, urinary incontinence, and as a mydriatic for eye examinations.
Poisoning & Drug overdose
Poisoning can result from overdose of drugs, ingestion of toxic substances, or exposure to household/industrial chemicals. All poisoning patients should be admitted to the hospital. Treatment involves identifying the poison, administering antidotes if available, removing/preventing absorption of the poison, accelerated elimination, supportive care, and monitoring for complications. Activated charcoal and gastric lavage can help remove ingested poisons from the gastrointestinal tract before absorption.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PHARMACOLOGY FOR STUDENTS
Title: Exploring Respiratory System Pharmacology: A Comprehensive Guide for Students
Introduction:
The respiratory system plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis by facilitating gas exchange and regulating oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body. Understanding the pharmacology of respiratory medications is essential for healthcare students to effectively manage respiratory conditions and optimize patient outcomes. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of respiratory system pharmacology, covering key medications, mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Drugs used in respiratory system
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Drugs used on respiratory system
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drugsusedonrespiratorysystem-180822110547-1.pdf
The document discusses various drugs used to treat respiratory conditions. It describes different classes of drugs including bronchodilators, methylxanthines, corticosteroids, antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, mucolytics, and decongestants. For each drug class, it provides details on mechanisms of action, examples of drugs and their doses, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, drug interactions, and nursing responsibilities.
Drugs modulating cholinesterase enzyme
This document discusses drugs that modulate the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. It begins by describing acetylcholine and how it is synthesized and degraded by acetylcholinesterase. It then discusses anticholinesterases, which are drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase, increasing acetylcholine levels. The main classes described are reversible inhibitors like carbamates and tacrine, and irreversible inhibitors like organophosphates. It provides details on the mechanisms, pharmacology, individual drug properties, uses and treatment of organophosphate poisoning with atropine and pralidoxime.
Ans pharmac,shrikant,shraddha
The document discusses the autonomic nervous system and pharmacology of drugs that act on it. It covers the cholinergic and adrenergic systems, describing receptors, endogenous neurotransmitters, and exogenous drugs that act on these systems. For the cholinergic system, it details acetylcholine, cholinoceptors, cholinomimetic and anticholinergic drugs. It provides information on mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, clinical uses and pharmacokinetics of representative drugs from each class.
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Anticholinesterase
- 1. By : Mehrasa Nikandish Subject : Pharmacology University of Georgia 2020-2021
- 2. • Introduction • Receptors • Classification • Mechanism of action • Therapeutic uses • Adverse drug reactions
- 3. • Cholinesterase inhibitors, also known as anti-cholinesterase, are chemicals that prevent the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine or butyrylcholine. • This increases the amount of the acetylcholine or butyrylcholine in the synaptic cleft that can bind to muscarinic receptors, nicotinic receptors and others. Cholinesterase inhibitors Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors Butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors
- 5. Natural Alkaloids • Atropine • Hyoscine (Scopolamine) Semisynthetic derivatives • Atropine methonitrate • Homatropine • Hyoscine butyl bromide • Ipratropium bromide • Tiotropium bromide Synthetic compounds : 1. quaternary comps. : propantheline- oxyphenonium- clidinium- isopropamide 2. tertiary amines: diclycomine- valethamate- pirenzepine. Cyclopentolate - Tropicamide oxybutynin – flavoxate- tolterodine. trihexyphenidyl (benzhexol)- procyclidine - biperiden
- 6. Enzyme inhibition: inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase reversibly- results in greater availability of ACH at its sites of action. Presynaptic effects: in the absence of nondepolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drugs, administration of an anticholinesterase drug may produce spontaneous contractions of skeletal muscles. Direct effects on the neuromuscular junction
- 7. 1. Eyes • Glaucoma • Pilocarpine or physostigmine Alzheimer’s disease • Treatment: cholinergic replacement using cholinesterase inhibitors such as: • Donepezil • Rivastigmine Myaesthenia Gravis • Diagnosis: edrophonium is used forTensilon test. • Treatment: 1. pyridostigmine 60-120 mg 2. Neostigmine 15 mg
- 8. Cobra bite • Treatment : • Neostigmine • Pyridostigmine Belladonna poisoning • (atropine poisoning ) • Physostigmine 0.5-2 mg is used by IV route.
- 9. 1. Nausea, increased salivation, increased sweating 2. Flushing, Bradycardia 3. Bronchospasm 4. Abdominal pain, Diarrhea 5. Increased urination 6. At high doses: convulsions; skeletal muscle weakness 7. ADR on eyes when used as eye drops: Miosis, decrease vision in Dim-light, Impaired accommodation.
- 10. 1. Termination of further exposure to the poison fresh air, wash the skin and mucous memberanes with soap and water, gastric lavage according to the needs. 2. Specific antidots: a) atropine b) cholinesterase reactivators 3. Supportive measures: maintain blood pressure, hydration, control of convulsions with judicious use of diazepam. 4. Maintain patent airway, positive pressure respiration if it is falling.
- 12. • What are anticholinesterase drugs used for? Major contraindications to the use of muscarinic agonists A) postoperative abdominal distention B) asthma C) treatment of diminished salvation, secondary to radiation D) peptic ulcer E) hyperthyroidism Answer: Reversal of nondepolarizers Answer: B-D-E