Anti Asthmatics Drugs and Pharmacotherapy of AsthmaNikhileshMaruthi
Anti Asthmatic drugs and classification , classification of asthmatic drugs , Drugs acting on the respiratory tract, Pharmacotherapy of Asthma , Asthma and Anti asthmatic drugs.
Nasal decongestants and Respiratory Stimulants.pdfShaikh Abusufyan
At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Discuss definition and therapeutic uses, limitation, classification and pharmacology of nasal decongestant.
B. Explain definition and uses, limitation, classification and pharmacology of respiratory stimulants.
I am happy to share lecture series on different topics of Pharmacology experiments, Pharmacy practice, Clinical pharmacy and Pharmacology. Wish you all happy learning.
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My all and slides mostly try to simplify pharmacy knowledge. Any time you are free to connect me. It's my pleasure to help you to get simplified pharmacy concepts. You may suggest topics needs to simplify the terminolog
Anti Asthmatics Drugs and Pharmacotherapy of AsthmaNikhileshMaruthi
Anti Asthmatic drugs and classification , classification of asthmatic drugs , Drugs acting on the respiratory tract, Pharmacotherapy of Asthma , Asthma and Anti asthmatic drugs.
Nasal decongestants and Respiratory Stimulants.pdfShaikh Abusufyan
At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
A. Discuss definition and therapeutic uses, limitation, classification and pharmacology of nasal decongestant.
B. Explain definition and uses, limitation, classification and pharmacology of respiratory stimulants.
I am happy to share lecture series on different topics of Pharmacology experiments, Pharmacy practice, Clinical pharmacy and Pharmacology. Wish you all happy learning.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
For 2+ video lecture series on Pharmacoeconomics refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY8U1TnlcHttsRB8hwpoJRL
For 5+ video lecture series on Pharmacoepidemiology refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbqIaLoMmuF0Bf66SMFZtnb
For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
For 2+ video lecture series on Therapeutic drug monitoring refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZQtOerZuDjx4yo0eOeTHIy
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My all and slides mostly try to simplify pharmacy knowledge. Any time you are free to connect me. It's my pleasure to help you to get simplified pharmacy concepts. You may suggest topics needs to simplify the terminolog
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
This ppt gives information about the introduction to asthma disease its causes, pathophysiology and classification of antiasthmetic drugs with its stucture , the ppt is made for basic knowledge of antiasthemetic drugs on medicinal chemistry point of veiw for B. pharmacy students.
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
This ppt gives information about the introduction to asthma disease its causes, pathophysiology and classification of antiasthmetic drugs with its stucture , the ppt is made for basic knowledge of antiasthemetic drugs on medicinal chemistry point of veiw for B. pharmacy students.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. I. Drug Therapy of Bronchial Asthma
The term asthma is derived from the Greek word
meaning difficulty in breathing. Asthma is a
chronic inflammatory allergic disease: the patients
suffer with reversible episodes of airways obstruction
due to bronchial hyper-responsiveness.
In the early (acute) phase there are smooth muscle
spasm and excessive bronchial secretion of mucus.
In the late (chronic or delayed) phase, inflammation
continues, accompanied by fibrosis, oedema and
necrosis of bronchial epithelial cells.
4. The cardinal symptoms of asthma are breathlessness
wheezing, cough and chest tightness with worsening of
these symptoms at night. In the acute attack there are ra-
pid respiratory rate and tachycardia. The majority of patients
suffer with atopic extrinsic asthma, which is associated
with exposure to specific allergen (pollen or house-dust
mite) . In non-atopic extrinsic asthma the attack may be
stimulated with some non-specific stimulus, e.g. chemical
irritants. In such cases, IgG and Ig antibodies circulate in
the blood but are not attached to the mast cells or
basophils. Neutrophils destroy these antigen-antibidy
complexes. As a result, the liberated lysosomal enzymes
6. can digest the remaining mucoproteins. Drugs which
stabilize the lysosomal membrane, e.g. GCS provide
relief to these patients. In contrast, the many patients
who acquire asthma after the age of 40 years have no
identifiable external precipitating factor or immunological
basis for asthmatic attack. This can be described as
intrinsic asthma. Many patients suffer from both extrinsic
and intrinsic forms of asthma. In comparison with intrinsic
asthma, extrinsic asthma is episodic and less prone to
develop into status asthmaticus. Status asthmaticus
is a severe acute asthma, which is a life-threatening
condition involving exhaustion, cyanosis, bradycardia,
hypotension, dehydration and metabolic acidosis.
7. Cardiac asthma is a bronchospasm precipitated by
uncompensated congestive heart failure.
Pathophysiology of Asthma
Antigens (pollen and house-dust mites) sensitize patients
by eliciting the production of IgE type of antibodies, which
remain either circulating in the blood or become attached to
the mast cells of nasal or bronchial tissues and basophils.
On re-exposure the same antigen, the resulting antigen-
antibody reaction in the early phase causes degranulation
of the lung mast cells and releasing of the powerful
bronchoconstrictors: histamine, 5-HT, PGD2 and
cysteinyl leucotriens (LTB , LTC and LTD ).
8. Lung mast cells also release ILs (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13).
In the late (delayed) phase of asthma, these mediators
activate additional inflammatory cells (eosinophils,
basophils, and alveolar macrophages) which also release
LTs and ILs.
Other mediators of inflammation, in delayed phase,
are: adenosine (causing bronchconstriction), neuropeptides
(SP, causing mucus secretion and increase in vascular
permeability; neurokinin A, causing bronchoconstriction),
PAF etc.
The normal tone of bronchial smooth muscle is influenced
by a balance between parasympathetic, sympathetic and
non-adrenergic–non-cholinergic (NANC) mediators activity.
9. Activation of M3-receptors by the release ACh results in
increase in cGMP levels and leads to bronchoconstriction
and increase in mucus secretion. β2-receptor stimulation
leads to an increase of cAMP levels which results in
bronchodilation.
The main NANC inhibitory neurotransmitter is NO.
The main NANC excitory transmitters are neuropeptides
(neurokinin A and SP), released from unmyelinated
sensory C-fibres when stimulated by inflammatory
mediators and irritant chemicals (SO2, cigarette smoke).
13. Bronchodilators – relievers (β-agonists,
M-cholinolytics, Methyl Xanthins) provide a rapid sympto-
matic relief but they do not control the disease process.
Selective β2-agonists activate β2-receptors present on
irway smooth muscle and mast cells too. These agents
elax airway smooth muscle, inhibit the release of
ronchoconstricting mediators from the adipocytes
nd increase the mucociliary transport by increasing the
mucociliary activity.
ADRs: tremor, tachycardia, desensitization/down-regulation.
f β2-receptors that results in diminished responsiveness.
16. Short acting beta-2
agonists: the onset
of effect (per inhalation)
begins after 3 to 5 min
and continues 4–6 h:
•Salbutamol (albuterol)
•Fenoterol, Terbutaline
Highly lipid, soluble long-acting agents
(t1/2 12 h)
Effect: after 15–20 min, duration 12 h:
•Salmeterol, Formoterol
Beta-2-agonists are available as metered-dose aerosol.
19. Primarily, the site of bronchodilation action of inhaled β2-adrenergic
agonists is mainly the bronchiolar smooth muscle. Atropinic drugs
cause bronchodilation by blocking cholinergic constrictor tone,
act primarily in large airways.
Anticholinergics
in asthma
•Ipratropium
•Tiotropium
20. Methyl Xanthines
(Theophylline, Aminophylline, Theotard):
a) inhibit phosphodiesterase III (present in airway
muscle) and IV (present in eosinophil and mast cells),
the two specific isoenzymes responsible for the
degradation of cAMP;
b) block the adenosine-1-receptors on airway muscle
and adenosine-3-receptors, present on mast cells.
The main use of methyl xanthins is in the management
of asthma and COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease), usually as combination therapy with
beta-2-agonists.
21. Glucocorticosteroids provide long-term
stabilization of the symptoms due to their anti-inflammatory
effects. Inhaled GCS, along with beta-2-agonists are the
first choice drugs for chronic asthma.
GCS inhibit the release of PGs and LTs and thus prevent
smooth muscle contraction, vascular permeability and
airway mucus secretion.
GCS produce eosinopenia which prevents cytotoxic effects
of the mediators released from eosinophils.
GCS enhance beta-2-adrenergic response by up-regulating
the beta-2-receptors in lung cells and leuckocytes. Several
hours are required for DNA transcription and RNA
translation to occur after administering GCS.
22. The anti-inflammatory actions of GCS are mediated by
stimulation of synthesis of lipocortin, which inhibits pathways
for production of PGs, LTs and PAF. These mediators
would normally contribute to increased vascular
permeability and subsequent changes including
oedema, leucocyte migration, fibrin deposition.
25. • Cushing’s syndrome
• Osteoporosis
• Tendency to hyperglycaemia
• Negative nitrogen balance
• Increased appetite
• Increased susceptibility
to infections
• Obesity etc.
Adverse
effects
of GCS
Cushing’s
syndrome
26. Leukotriene Modulators
Metabolism of arachidonic acid via 5-lipoxigenase
pathway yields the cysteinyl LTs – C4, D4 and E4,
which activate cysteinyl leukotriene receptors to
cause bronchoconstriction, stimulate mucus
secretion and increase capillary permeability, leading
to pulmonary oedema.
Zileuton (p.o.) inhibits the 5-lipoxigenase and blocks
synthesis of LTs.
Zafirlukast, Montelukast and Pranlukast (new agent)
block cysteinyl LT-receptors and used with
inhaled GCS in poorly respond asthmatic patients.
28. Cromoglycate – per inh.
(Cromolyn – USAN)
Ketotifen (p.o.)
Nedocromil – per inh.
Mast cell stabilizers prevent transmembrane influx
of calcium ions, provoked by antigen-IgE antibody
reaction on the mast cell membrane. They prevent
degranulation and release of histamine and other
autacoids from mast cells. They also inhibit leukocyte
activation and chemotaxis.
Indications: prophylactic treatment of asthma.
29. Monoclonal Anti-IgE Antibody
Omalizumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal
antibody. (1) It inhibits the binding of IgE to mast cells and
basophils; (3) it inhibits the activation of IgE already bound
to mast cells and prevents their degranulations; (3) it
down-regulates Fc epsilon receptor-1, present on mast
cells and basophils.
Omalizumab is indicated for asthmatic patients who are
not adequately controlled by inhaled GCS and who
demonstrate sensitivity to aero-allergens.
30. Treatment of Status Asthmaticus
It is a potentially life-threatening acute attack of severe
asthma needing immediate treatment. Most often
hospitalization is necessary.
(1) A high concentration (40–60%) of O2 is administered.
(2) High doses of inhaled short acting beta-2-agonist.
(3) High doses of systemic GCS (p.o./i.v.)
(4) Ipratropium through inhalation.
31. II. Drug Therapy of Cough
The cough is a physiological useful protective reflex that
clears the respiratory pathway of the accumulated mucus
and foreign substances. Many times it occurs as a
symptom of an underlying disorder and needs treatment.
The cough may be non-productive (dry) and productive.
The productive cough is characterized by the presence of
excessive sputum and may be associated with chronic
bronchitis and bronchiectasis.
32. . Antitussive Agents. Antitussive Agents are used for the treatmentare used for the treatment
f non-productive cough which increases discomfort tof non-productive cough which increases discomfort to
e patients.e patients.
entrally Acting Antitussivesentrally Acting Antitussives
upress the cough center that mediates the cough reflex)upress the cough center that mediates the cough reflex)
Codeine (methylmorphine)Codeine (methylmorphine)
DihydrocodeineDihydrocodeine
DextrometorphanDextrometorphan
Glaucin (GlauventGlaucin (Glauvent®®
))
erpheral Acting Antitussiveserpheral Acting Antitussives
Prenoxidiazine (LibexinPrenoxidiazine (Libexin®®
– tabl. 100 mg)– tabl. 100 mg)
Poppy
33. 2. Expectorants
These drugs increase the volume or/and decrease the
viscosity of the respiratory secretions and facilitate their
removal by ciliary action and coughing.
Mucokinetic Expectorants stimulate the flow of
respiratory tract secretions by stimulating the bronchial
secretory cells (to increase the volume) and the
ciliary movement (to facilitate their removal).
•Essential oils (oil anise, oil eucalyptus)
•Syrup of Ipecacauanha (in sub-emetic doses)
•Infusum of Radix Primulae
•Ammonium chloride, Sodium citrate
•Guaiacol and Guaifenasin (obtained from creosote wood)
34. Mucolytic Expectorants decrease the viscosity of mucus
by splitting the disulfide (–S–S–) bonds of mucoproteins.
This action is further facilitated by alkaline pH (7–9).
•Ambroxol
•Acetylcystene
(used also for the treatment
of paracetamol intoxication)
•Bromhexine
•Dornase-alfa
•Mesna (used also for protection of cancerogenic activity
of cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide too)