Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and causes persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloody stools. Complications include malnutrition, colorectal cancer, and intestinal rupture. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver with symptoms like fatigue, jaundice, and abdominal pain. It can cause liver scarring, cancer, and failure. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the synovial membrane in joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and joint damage. Osteoporosis is a disease where bone mineral density decreases, risking fractures especially in the spine and hips. Gout occurs when uric acid crystals form in joints due to

1. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 1

2. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 2
Inflammatory bowel diseases,
DEFINE: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term
for two conditions (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis)
that are characterized by chronic inflammation of the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract..
CAUSES OF IBD:

3. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 3
Inflammatory bowel diseases,

4. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 4
Common symptoms of IBD:
• Persistent diarrhea.
• Abdominal pain.
• Rectal bleeding/bloody stools.
• Weight loss.
• Fatigue
Complications
• Malnutrition with resulting weight loss
• Colorectal cancer
• Intestinal rupture,
• Bowel obstruction

5. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 5
Due to any chemical toxin &
blood transfusion
Increased destruction of RBC
Increased amount of
unconjugated bilirubin in blood
causes
jaundice

6. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 6
COMPLICATIONS OF JAUNDICE
•Bleeding
•Anemia
•Infections
•Abdominal bloating
•Swelling of legs
•Liver failure
•Kidney failure
•Constipation
•Stomach pain
•Flatulence
•Diarrhea
• which occurs when there
is excessive red blood cell
breakdown called
haemolysis.
Hemolytic
jaundice:
• This occurs when the
liver suffer from
damage or infection.
Hepatocellular
jaundice:
• which can occur as a result of
an obstruction in the bile duct
preventing bilirubin from
leaving the liver.
Obstructive
jaundice:

7. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 7
DEFINE: Hepatitis is an inflammation
of the liver that is caused by a variety of
infectious viruses and noninfectious
agents
Common symptoms of infectious hepatitis include:
• fatigue
• flu-like symptoms
• dark urine
• pale stool
• abdominal pain, loss of appetite
• unexplained weight loss, yellow skin and eyes, which may be signs of
jaundice

8. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 8
COMPLICATIONS
• Scarring of the liver (cirrhosis).
• Liver cancer. ...
• Liver failure. ...

9. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 9
Disease of bones and joints:
1. Rheumatoid arthritis
2. Osteoporosis
3. Gout

10. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 10
RA mainly attacks the joints, usually many joints at once.
Rheumatoid arthritis:

11. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 11
Rheumatoid arthritis:
Complication

12. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 12
Rheumatoid arthritis:
Autoimmune disorder in which
Immune system identifies the synovial
membrane as "foreign“ and begins
attacking it With long-term exposure
to the antigen, normal antibodies
become auto-antibodies that target
self-antigens in the synovial
membrane.
Once the antigen or immune complex
reaches the synovial membrane First,
the Antigen Presenting Cell usually a
macrophage in synovium engulfs the
antigen.
Enzymes (peroxides) inside break
down the antigen into smaller
particles
The processed antigens is now
presented to T-cells (CD4 cells ie.
T-helper cell ) or CD8 (cytotoxic T
cells) which the T-cell receptor
(TCR) recognizes and binds
Once the T-cell binds to the Antigen it
becomes activated, then secrete
cytokines like Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Interferon-alpha (IFN-a)
Interferon-gamma (IFN-g) Tumor
necrosis factor (TNF) also Secretes
Lysozymes, Elastases and
Collagenases these enzymes cause
cartilage breakdown.
On exposure to IL-1, synoviocytes
proliferate and produce following
factors Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Prostaglandin's (e.g. , PGE2) , and
platelet-activating factor, which are
involved in the pain mechanism
that cause activation of
collagenase, an enzyme required
for cartilage breakdown.

13. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 13
Osteoporosis:
Osteoporosis is a bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone
mass decreases, or when the quality or structure of bone changes.

14. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 14
Bone fractures, particularly in the spine
or hip, are the most.
COMPLICATIONS

15. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 15

16. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 16
Under-excretion of
uric acid
Overproduction
of uric acid
Elevated uric acid
level
Ureate crystals
formation
Interaction with
inflammatory systems
GOUT Formation

17. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 17
CANCER

18. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 18

19. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 19

20. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 20

21. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 21

22. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 22

23. 28-07-2023 TKCP WARANANAGAR 23