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This document discusses respiration and gas exchange. It explains that aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down glucose, releasing carbon dioxide and water. Anaerobic respiration in yeast breaks down glucose into alcohol and carbon dioxide without oxygen. Anaerobic respiration in humans produces lactic acid instead of alcohol when oxygen cannot be supplied fast enough to muscles during vigorous exercise.
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The document discusses how the immune system responds to pathogens. When a pathogen enters the body, lymphocytes recognize it and produce antibodies specific to that pathogen. The antibodies coat the pathogen and recruit phagocytes to destroy it. Memory cells remain after an infection to allow for a faster response if the same pathogen is encountered again. It takes time for antibodies to be produced and for the pathogen to be eliminated, during which time the pathogen may continue to reproduce. Vaccination provides active immunity by exposing the body to dead or weakened pathogens to stimulate memory cell production without causing disease.
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The document describes the structure and function of flower parts, including that flowers produce male and female gametes. Sepals protect the developing flower, petals attract insects for cross-pollination, the nectary produces nectar, the carpel contains ovules for female gamete production, and the stamen contains pollen grains with male gametes. Pollination is the transfer of pollen and can occur through insect-pollination, where insects carry pollen between flowers, or wind-pollination. Fertilization happens when pollen nuclei fuse with ovule nuclei.
Repr in plants
Plants can reproduce both asexually and sexually. Asexual reproduction involves mitosis and results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes, resulting in offspring with a unique combination of genes from both parents. Gametes are haploid cells that are formed through meiosis in the parent organism in order to combine and form a diploid zygote.
Excretion
Excretion is the removal of waste products from an organism. These waste products include the byproducts of metabolism like urea and ammonia, as well as toxic materials and substances in excess. Egestion refers specifically to the passing out of undigested food through the anus, whereas excretion removes metabolic waste products. In mammals, excess protein is broken down into urea in the liver through a process called deamination and then transported to the kidneys for excretion in urine. The liver plays an important role in metabolizing nutrients and filtering waste from the bloodstream.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system communicates messages via hormones released directly into the bloodstream from ductless glands. Hormones are carried throughout the body and affect target organs. Important endocrine glands include the adrenal glands, which secrete adrenaline in response to stress signals from the brain, causing effects like increased heart rate and breathing. Plants also respond to stimuli through hormones like auxin, which is produced in shoot tips and causes phototropism by stimulating faster growth on the shady side of shoots, bending them towards light sources.
Rep plants part 3
This document summarizes the processes of plant reproduction, including pollination and fertilization. It discusses:
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- The pollen tube grows and transfers the male gamete to the ovule contained in the ovary. Fertilization occurs when the male and female gametes fuse.
- After fertilization, the zygote develops into an embryo inside the seed. The ovary develops into fruit, protecting the seed until conditions allow for germination.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body, keeping factors such as temperature, water concentration, and glucose levels stable despite changes in the external environment. This allows cells to function efficiently and prevents damage. Endothermic animals like mammals and birds internally regulate their body temperature, while ectothermic animals like reptiles rely on external temperatures. The skin plays an important role in homeostasis through its structure - the epidermis contains cells that protect the body and produce melanin and keratin, while the dermis contains sweat glands, blood vessels, and nerves that help regulate temperature.
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The document describes human reproduction. It explains that sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes. The male system produces sperm in the testes and transfers them via the sperm ducts. The female system contains ovaries which hold eggs from birth. At ovulation, an egg is released into the fallopian tubes where fertilization by sperm may occur, forming a zygote. The zygote implants in the uterus and develops via the placenta and umbilical cord until birth.
Reprod in humans
1. The male gamete (sperm) fuses with the female gamete (ova/egg) during fertilization to form a zygote.
2. The zygote develops into an embryo that is implanted in the uterus and receives nutrients via the placenta and umbilical cord without mixing of the mother and embryo's blood.
3. Childbirth is triggered by contractions that open the cervix and push the baby through the birth canal, after which the placenta detaches and is delivered.
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1. The document discusses reproduction in humans, including ante-natal care for the mother during pregnancy and care for the newborn baby. It emphasizes the importance of diet, exercise, and avoiding harmful substances during pregnancy.
2. Breastfeeding is described as important for providing nutrients and antibodies to help the baby grow and avoid infection. Other topics covered include birth control methods and some common sexually transmitted infections.
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1. The document defines cellular respiration as the chemical process by which plants and animals break down glucose to release energy. It occurs differently in plants and animals.
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Resp intro
- 2. Respiration • Why do organisms need energy? • Muscle contraction. Why? • Making protein molecules. How? • Cell division. Why? • Active transport. What? - movement of molecules and ions in or out of a cell, across a membrane, from lower concentration to higher against concentration gradient. • Nerve impulses. Why? • Internal heat. Why?
- 3. How do we get this energy? • Food is ingested (eaten) • Food is digested (broken down into smaller molecules) • Molecules absorbed (from intestines into the blood) • Blood transports nutrients to the body • Cells take up the nutrients as needed
- 4. What is the main nutrient for energy? GLUCOSE C6H12O6 How does our body make use of glucose? A series of metabolic reactions (respiration) break down the glucose to release its chemical energy
- 5. Aerobic Respiration • By combining glucose with oxygen Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water Balanced Equation (same number of elements on each side) C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O Most of the steps of Aerobic Respiration takes place in mitochondria
- 6. Anaerobic Respiration • An = without so Anaerobic = without air (oxygen) • Yeast breaks glucose down to alcohol (beer) Glucose = Alcohol + Carbon dioxide C6H12O6 = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 • The energy released is low per glucose molecule
- 7. Humans can respire Anaerobically • If produces poor energy/glucose molecule, why? • During vigorous exercise, muscles are using oxygen faster than it can be supplied. • For short periods • Instead of alcohol and CO2, Lactic Acid is produced • Glucose = Lactic Acid
- 8. Draw 3 columns Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast Anaerobic Respiration in Humans
- 9. Mini Test