Coordination2
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This document summarizes several parts of the eye and vision system. It describes the main sense organs including the eye, ear, nose, tongue, and skin. It then focuses on the eye, explaining that the retina contains rod and cone cells that are receptors sensitive to light. The iris controls the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. The lens focuses light onto the retina, where it is transmitted via the optic nerve to the brain to create an image.
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Coordination(1)
The document discusses coordination between receptors and effectors in the body. It describes how stimuli are detected by receptors and responses are carried out by effectors, such as muscles and glands. There are two pathways for coordination - the nervous system, which uses nerves and electrical impulses, and the endocrine system, which uses hormones. The nervous system allows for very fast coordination, which is important for functions like hunting and avoiding predators. It then describes the basic anatomy and processes of the nervous system in more detail.
Control and co ordination
The document discusses control and coordination in animals through the nervous and endocrine systems. It describes how stimuli are received by receptors and transmitted via sensory, relay, and motor neurons to effectors that coordinate responses. Key terms covered include neurone, synapse, reflex arc, and sense organs like the skin, tongue, nose, ears, and eyes. The roles of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in linking the nervous and endocrine systems are also summarized.
Endocrine system - endocrine v nervous system
The document compares and contrasts the endocrine and nervous systems. The endocrine system is a network of glands that secrete slow-acting hormones into the bloodstream to cause long lasting changes to the body. The nervous system uses fast-acting electrical signals and neurotransmitters between neurons to cause short-term responses to stimuli. It controls and coordinates functions throughout the body.
The nervous system
The document summarizes the key aspects of the human nervous system. It describes how the nervous system and endocrine system both play a role in homeostasis through secreting chemical messages, though the nervous system is much faster. It defines the main cell type, neurons, and describes the three types - sensory, inter, and motor neurons. It also outlines the main components of the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. Finally, it briefly discusses some common malfunctions of the nervous system like cerebral palsy, meningitis, stroke, and polio.
Structure of the nervous system
The document discusses the structure and function of neurons. It describes the five main parts of a neuron - the cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, and myelin sheath. Dendrites receive signals and pass them to the cell body, while the axon carries signals to other neurons. A nerve impulse is when a neuron sends a signal, and there are three types of neurons. Neurons transmit signals via action potentials, which travel faster along myelinated axons.
section 5, chapter 10: nerve impulse conduction
This document summarizes key aspects of impulse conduction and neurotransmitters discussed in Chapter 10. It describes how myelinated axons conduct impulses faster than unmyelinated axons via saltatory conduction between nodes of Ranvier. It also explains how neurotransmitters are released at synapses and can either excite or inhibit postsynaptic neurons through EPSPs and IPSPs. Summation of these synaptic potentials determines whether an action potential is triggered in the postsynaptic cell. Examples of different neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, monoamines, amino acids, and gases are provided, along with how neuronal pools process nerve impulses through convergence and divergence.
Senses
Vision involves light entering the eye, refracting through the cornea and lens, and projecting onto the retina where rods and cones detect light and color. The optic nerve then carries visual impulses to the brain which interprets the upside down image correctly. Hearing involves sound waves stimulating nerve cells in the inner ear which send impulses to the brain, where the location and type of stimulation is interpreted as different sounds. Smell occurs when airborne molecules stimulate olfactory cells in the nose, sending impulses to the brain for identification. Taste works through taste buds on the tongue detecting flavors that are carried by saliva to the brain.
Biology unit 5 overview
1. The document discusses receptors, neurons, and effectors in the nervous and hormonal systems. It explains how stimuli are detected by receptors and transmitted via neurons or hormones to effectors to elicit responses.
2. Neurons transmit signals as electrical impulses, while hormones act as chemical messengers that diffuse through the bloodstream to target cells. Both systems allow the body to detect changes and coordinate responses.
3. Key topics covered include action potentials, neurotransmitters, reflex arcs, muscle contraction, and control of heart rate through receptors in the nervous system.
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The document discusses coordination between receptors and effectors in the body. It describes how stimuli are detected by receptors and responses are carried out by effectors, such as muscles and glands. There are two pathways for coordination - the nervous system, which uses nerves and electrical impulses, and the endocrine system, which uses hormones. The nervous system allows for very fast coordination, which is important for functions like hunting and avoiding predators. It then describes the basic anatomy and processes of the nervous system in more detail.
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The document compares and contrasts the endocrine and nervous systems. The endocrine system is a network of glands that secrete slow-acting hormones into the bloodstream to cause long lasting changes to the body. The nervous system uses fast-acting electrical signals and neurotransmitters between neurons to cause short-term responses to stimuli. It controls and coordinates functions throughout the body.
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The document summarizes the key aspects of the human nervous system. It describes how the nervous system and endocrine system both play a role in homeostasis through secreting chemical messages, though the nervous system is much faster. It defines the main cell type, neurons, and describes the three types - sensory, inter, and motor neurons. It also outlines the main components of the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. Finally, it briefly discusses some common malfunctions of the nervous system like cerebral palsy, meningitis, stroke, and polio.
Structure of the nervous system
The document discusses the structure and function of neurons. It describes the five main parts of a neuron - the cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, and myelin sheath. Dendrites receive signals and pass them to the cell body, while the axon carries signals to other neurons. A nerve impulse is when a neuron sends a signal, and there are three types of neurons. Neurons transmit signals via action potentials, which travel faster along myelinated axons.
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This document summarizes key aspects of impulse conduction and neurotransmitters discussed in Chapter 10. It describes how myelinated axons conduct impulses faster than unmyelinated axons via saltatory conduction between nodes of Ranvier. It also explains how neurotransmitters are released at synapses and can either excite or inhibit postsynaptic neurons through EPSPs and IPSPs. Summation of these synaptic potentials determines whether an action potential is triggered in the postsynaptic cell. Examples of different neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, monoamines, amino acids, and gases are provided, along with how neuronal pools process nerve impulses through convergence and divergence.
Senses
Vision involves light entering the eye, refracting through the cornea and lens, and projecting onto the retina where rods and cones detect light and color. The optic nerve then carries visual impulses to the brain which interprets the upside down image correctly. Hearing involves sound waves stimulating nerve cells in the inner ear which send impulses to the brain, where the location and type of stimulation is interpreted as different sounds. Smell occurs when airborne molecules stimulate olfactory cells in the nose, sending impulses to the brain for identification. Taste works through taste buds on the tongue detecting flavors that are carried by saliva to the brain.
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1. The document discusses receptors, neurons, and effectors in the nervous and hormonal systems. It explains how stimuli are detected by receptors and transmitted via neurons or hormones to effectors to elicit responses.
2. Neurons transmit signals as electrical impulses, while hormones act as chemical messengers that diffuse through the bloodstream to target cells. Both systems allow the body to detect changes and coordinate responses.
3. Key topics covered include action potentials, neurotransmitters, reflex arcs, muscle contraction, and control of heart rate through receptors in the nervous system.
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This document discusses the nervous system and how it controls and regulates the body. It describes how neurons send and receive signals through electrical and chemical processes. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral system includes cranial and spinal nerves that connect to muscles and organs. Sensory neurons receive signals from stimuli and motor neurons send signals to muscles and glands. The nervous system maintains homeostasis through reflexes and control systems that regulate vital functions like breathing and heart rate.
Peripheral nervous system
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Here is the completed reflex arc:
When you stand on a pin, the pain sensor sends an electrical impulse along the sensory neuron. This is passed across a synapse as a chemical and processed in the CNS in a relay neuron. It is passed across another synapse and through the motor neuron as an electrical impulse. This causes the muscle to move away from the pin. It is an involuntary response.
CNS motor synapse electrical involuntary sensor
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The document discusses the nervous and endocrine systems. The nervous system includes billions of neurons and is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The brain acts as the central control center and uses electrical impulses and neurotransmitters to communicate. The endocrine system is made up of hormone-producing glands that regulate body functions through chemicals called hormones, which are released into the bloodstream. The pituitary gland controls many other glands. The nervous and endocrine systems work together to control the body, with the nervous system reacting fast to changes and the endocrine system responding more slowly.
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This lesson is about coordination in the nervous system. It discusses the two main systems - the central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system comprising nerves. It explains how the nervous system works through a multi-step process involving receptors detecting stimuli and transmitting signals via sensory neurons to the central nervous system, which then sends signals to effectors via motor neurons to elicit responses in the body. It describes the structure and function of neurons, including dendrites, axons, myelin sheaths and nodes of Ranvier. The lesson also contains diagrams, videos and quizzes to reinforce these concepts.
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The document discusses coordination and response in biology. It covers coordination in animals through the nervous and endocrine systems. It describes the key parts of the human nervous system including neurons, the central nervous system, and reflex arcs. It also discusses the endocrine system, listing the major endocrine glands and their functions. The document then covers coordination and response in plants through tropisms such as phototropism and geotropism, which are influenced by the plant hormone auxin.
The nervous system
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It enables control of the body and provides feedback about the external world. The nervous system contains neurons that transmit electrochemical signals through electrical and chemical synapses. Sensory neurons carry signals from receptors to the central nervous system, while motor neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. Reflexes provide fast responses without involving conscious thought by forming neural pathways that bypass the brain.
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The human excretory system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine via tiny tubules called nephrons. The urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters and into the bladder, where it is stored until excretion through the urethra. For those with kidney failure, dialysis provides an artificial filtration of the blood to remove waste, while transplantation involves surgically implanting a donor kidney to replace non-functioning ones.
Homeostasis pt2
The hypothalamus regulates body temperature through negative feedback by sensing blood temperature and sending signals to alter processes like shivering, sweating and blood vessel constriction/dilation. The pancreas and liver also use negative feedback to keep blood glucose levels steady by secreting insulin and glucagon which signal the liver to store or release glucose as needed. Diabetes occurs when this process is disrupted, resulting in dangerous fluctuations in blood glucose.
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A British woman visiting India was bitten by a dog but did not seek medical treatment. Seven weeks later back in Britain, she fell ill and doctors could not diagnose her mild symptoms. She was eventually taken to a specialist tropical diseases hospital where it was discovered she had rabies from the dog bite in India. Rabies is a viral disease transmitted through infected animal bites that is almost always fatal if left untreated.
Repr in plants
Plants can reproduce both asexually and sexually. Asexual reproduction involves mitosis and results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes, resulting in offspring with a unique combination of genes from both parents. Gametes are haploid cells that are formed through meiosis in the parent organism in order to combine and form a diploid zygote.
Rep in plants 2
The document describes the structure and function of flower parts, including that flowers produce male and female gametes. Sepals protect the developing flower, petals attract insects for cross-pollination, the nectary produces nectar, the carpel contains ovules for female gamete production, and the stamen contains pollen grains with male gametes. Pollination is the transfer of pollen and can occur through insect-pollination, where insects carry pollen between flowers, or wind-pollination. Fertilization happens when pollen nuclei fuse with ovule nuclei.
Excretion
Excretion is the removal of waste products from an organism. These waste products include the byproducts of metabolism like urea and ammonia, as well as toxic materials and substances in excess. Egestion refers specifically to the passing out of undigested food through the anus, whereas excretion removes metabolic waste products. In mammals, excess protein is broken down into urea in the liver through a process called deamination and then transported to the kidneys for excretion in urine. The liver plays an important role in metabolizing nutrients and filtering waste from the bloodstream.
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This document discusses various drugs and their effects on the human body. It provides information on antibiotics and how bacteria are evolving resistance. It also discusses opioids like heroin and their addictive properties. The document covers alcohol consumption and alcoholism. It addresses anabolic steroids used for muscle growth and the health risks. Finally, it summarizes the harmful effects of smoking tobacco, including increased cancer and heart disease risks.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system communicates messages via hormones released directly into the bloodstream from ductless glands. Hormones are carried throughout the body and affect target organs. Important endocrine glands include the adrenal glands, which secrete adrenaline in response to stress signals from the brain, causing effects like increased heart rate and breathing. Plants also respond to stimuli through hormones like auxin, which is produced in shoot tips and causes phototropism by stimulating faster growth on the shady side of shoots, bending them towards light sources.
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This document summarizes the processes of plant reproduction, including pollination and fertilization. It discusses:
- How pollen is transferred from the stamen to the carpel during pollination.
- The pollen tube grows and transfers the male gamete to the ovule contained in the ovary. Fertilization occurs when the male and female gametes fuse.
- After fertilization, the zygote develops into an embryo inside the seed. The ovary develops into fruit, protecting the seed until conditions allow for germination.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body, keeping factors such as temperature, water concentration, and glucose levels stable despite changes in the external environment. This allows cells to function efficiently and prevents damage. Endothermic animals like mammals and birds internally regulate their body temperature, while ectothermic animals like reptiles rely on external temperatures. The skin plays an important role in homeostasis through its structure - the epidermis contains cells that protect the body and produce melanin and keratin, while the dermis contains sweat glands, blood vessels, and nerves that help regulate temperature.
Respiration
The respiratory system allows for gas exchange in humans. Air enters through the nose or mouth and passes through the trachea into the lungs. In the lungs, the bronchi branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles that end in alveoli, which are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the inhaled air passes into the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide passes from the bloodstream into the alveoli to be exhaled. Breathing is driven by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contracting and relaxing to expand and contract the lungs and chest.
Immunity2
The document discusses how the immune system responds to pathogens. When a pathogen enters the body, lymphocytes recognize it and produce antibodies specific to that pathogen. The antibodies coat the pathogen and recruit phagocytes to destroy it. Memory cells remain after an infection to allow for a faster response if the same pathogen is encountered again. It takes time for antibodies to be produced and for the pathogen to be eliminated, during which time the pathogen may continue to reproduce. Vaccination provides active immunity by exposing the body to dead or weakened pathogens to stimulate memory cell production without causing disease.
Reprod in humans
The document describes human reproduction. It explains that sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes. The male system produces sperm in the testes and transfers them via the sperm ducts. The female system contains ovaries which hold eggs from birth. At ovulation, an egg is released into the fallopian tubes where fertilization by sperm may occur, forming a zygote. The zygote implants in the uterus and develops via the placenta and umbilical cord until birth.
Reprod in humans
1. The male gamete (sperm) fuses with the female gamete (ova/egg) during fertilization to form a zygote.
2. The zygote develops into an embryo that is implanted in the uterus and receives nutrients via the placenta and umbilical cord without mixing of the mother and embryo's blood.
3. Childbirth is triggered by contractions that open the cervix and push the baby through the birth canal, after which the placenta detaches and is delivered.
Human repro part2
1. The document discusses reproduction in humans, including ante-natal care for the mother during pregnancy and care for the newborn baby. It emphasizes the importance of diet, exercise, and avoiding harmful substances during pregnancy.
2. Breastfeeding is described as important for providing nutrients and antibodies to help the baby grow and avoid infection. Other topics covered include birth control methods and some common sexually transmitted infections.
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Lesson 12 levels of organisation (1)
This document discusses different types of specialized cells and their functions. It provides examples of:
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This document summarizes the structure and function of several key cell types:
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This document discusses the human sense organs and the structure and function of the eye. It contains the following key points:
1. The five main human sense organs are the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin, each of which contains receptor cells that respond to stimuli like light, sound, smell, taste, and touch.
2. The eye contains specialized structures like the retina, cornea, iris, lens, and optic nerve that work together to allow vision. Rod and cone cells in the retina detect light and send signals to the brain.
3. The iris controls the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. The lens and ciliary muscles work together to focus
Vision.ppt
The document discusses the physiology of vision. It describes the structure and function of the eye and its accessory structures. The eye contains three layers - the fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and retina. The retina contains light-sensitive rod and cone cells. Vision occurs when light enters the eye, is refracted by the cornea and lens, and stimulates the photoreceptor cells in the retina, which transmit signals to the brain via the optic nerve. The lens focuses light onto the retina through accommodation and changes in pupil diameter regulate the amount of light entering the eye.
The Eye.pdf
The document describes the structure and function of the human eye, including the accessory structures like the eyelids, eye muscles, and tear glands. It explains how light enters the eye and is refracted through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor to form an image on the retina. The retina contains light-sensitive photoreceptor cells that detect light and convert it into nerve signals to produce vision.
2 sense organ and their function the eyes
1. Living organisms have sense organs that detect stimuli from the environment through different senses like touch, smell, taste, hearing and sight.
2. The skin detects touch, pressure, heat and cold. The nose detects smell. The ear detects sound. The eye observes by seeing and the tongue detects taste.
3. Each sense is associated with a specific sense organ and stimuli. For example, the eye detects light, the ear detects sound, and the tongue detects chemicals that provide taste.
ppt on Eye anatomy
The eye has three layers - the outer sclera, middle choroid layer, and inner retina. It contains several important structures like the iris, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, and aqueous humor. The iris controls the size of the pupil to regulate light entering the eye. The retina contains light-sensitive rods and cones that convert light into nerve signals. Accessory structures like the eyebrows, eyelids, and lacrimal glands help protect and lubricate the eye.
ppt on EYE
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and parts of the human eye. It discusses the three layers that make up the eye - sclera, choroid, and retina. Important structures are described within each layer, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, suspensory ligament, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor. Accessory organs that protect the eye like the eyelids, eyelashes, and lacrimal glands are also outlined. The document explains the blood supply to the eye and different types of photoreceptor cells in the retina responsible for vision.
Nervous system
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The nervous system's functions are to gather information from inside and outside the body, transmit this information to the brain for processing, and initiate responses by sending messages to muscles, glands and organs. Homeostasis refers to maintaining a constant internal balance in the body.
The Sensory Organs, Anatomy and Function
The three main senses organs are the eyes, ears, and skin.
The eyes contain light-sensitive receptors that detect light and transmit signals to the brain. These signals are interpreted as visual images. The ears contain receptors for both hearing and balance. They detect sound vibrations and head position. The skin is our largest sensory organ and contains receptors for touch, temperature, and pain that provide information about our external environment.
Eye Anatomy & Physiology
The eye has three layers - an outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, and inner nervous tissue layer. It contains structures like the lens, aqueous and vitreous fluids, iris, pupil, retina with rods and cones, optic nerve, and extraocular muscles. The retina contains light-sensitive photoreceptors that convert light into nerve impulses which travel via the optic nerve to the brain where vision is perceived. Accessory structures like the eyelids, eyelashes, lacrimal glands, and conjunctiva help protect and lubricate the eye.
eyeanatomyakki-140511011547-phpapp01.pdf
The eye has three main layers - the outer sclera, middle choroid layer, and inner retina. The sclera provides a tough outer coating while the choroid layer supplies blood vessels and contains pigment. The retina lines the inside and contains light-sensitive rod and cone cells. Accessory structures like the eyebrows, eyelids, and lacrimal glands help protect and lubricate the eye. Muscles inside and outside the eye control eye movements and shape of the lens. Fluids inside the eye, like the aqueous humor and vitreous humor, help maintain its shape. Blood is supplied to the eye by arteries like the ophthalmic and central retinal arteries.
Special senses
The document summarizes the key aspects of the special senses and the anatomy and function of the eye. It discusses how sensory receptors in sense organs like the eyes, ears, nose and tongue detect stimuli from the environment and send signals to the brain via sensory neurons. It then focuses on describing the different parts of the eye, including the sclera, choroid, retina, lens, iris and pupil. It explains how light enters the eye and is focused on the retina, and how different structures like the lens and iris help with vision.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF SPECIAL SENSES.pptx
The peripheral nervous system has both general and special senses. General senses like touch are detected by receptors throughout the body, while special senses like sight and smell have specialized organs located in the head. Both types of senses rely on sensory receptors. The eye is a special sense organ that detects light and allows for vision. It has several main components including the cornea, iris, lens, retina, and optic nerve. Light enters the eye and is focused on the retina by the cornea and lens. The retina contains light-sensitive cells that convert the image into nerve impulses which travel via the optic nerve to the brain for processing and perception of images.
lec 7 sensation.pptx
This document discusses sensation and perception. It defines sensation as the process by which the senses receive sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain, while perception is the interpretation of sensory information by the brain. It then focuses on describing sensation in more detail, including the role of sensory receptors, thresholds, adaptation, and transduction. Finally, it provides an in-depth overview of vision and the anatomy of the eye, describing the external structures, internal structures like the retina, and processes like accommodation and adaptation.
EYE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ppt.pptx
Eye Anatomy and Physiology in b.pharm 1 semester and 2 semester of pharmacy education.
This slide help to more to make notes and easily read out this subject.
9515293.ppt
The eye has three main parts - the receptor, sensory pathway, and brain center. Light is converted to nerve impulses by photoreceptors in the eye, which are then transmitted along the optic nerve and interpreted as vision in the brain. The eye is protected and supported by accessory organs like the eyebrows, eyelids, lacrimal glands, and extraocular muscles. The main internal parts of the eye include the sclera, cornea, iris, pupil, retina, lens, vitreous humor, and aqueous humor. The retina contains light-sensitive photoreceptors that convert light to nerve signals.
SENSE_ORGANS_physiology[1].pptx
Sense organs allow animals to monitor their internal and external environments by detecting stimuli via specialized receptor cells. There are five main types of receptors that respond to mechanical, thermal, light, chemical, and painful stimuli. Receptors are classified as extroceptors on the surface, visceroceptors for internal organs, or proprioceptors for body position. Special sense organs like the eye, ear, nose and tongue contain concentrated sensory cells and detect vision, sound, smell and taste respectively. The eye contains three tunics - fibrous, vascular and nervous - that house light-sensitive retinal cells. Accessory structures like the eyelids and muscles help move and protect the eyeball.
1 GNM anatomy Unit - 12 - sense organs.pptx
By: M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 12:
Skin, eye, ear, nose and tongue
Physiology of vision, hearing, smell, touch, taste and equilibrium.
Sensory organs or Special senses:
The nervous system must receive and process information about the world outside in order to react, communicate, and keep the body healthy and safe.
Skin, eye, ear, nose & tongue (taste buds) are called sensory organ or special senses.
Sensory organs have special receptors that allow us to smell, taste, see, hear, touch and maintain equilibrium or balance.
Information conveyed from these receptors to the central nervous system is used to help maintain homeostasis(self-regulating process by which biological systems help to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival).
Skin:
Skin is the largest organ of our body.
It is related to the sense of touch. The sense of touch is also referred to as tactioception.
The skin contains general receptors which can detect touch, pain, pressure & temperature.
They are present throughout the skin.
Skin receptors generate an impulse, and when activated, is carried to the spinal cord and then to the brain.
Structure of the skin:
The skin is composed of 3 major layers of tissue:
Epidermis layer
Dermis layer
Subcutaneous layer.
The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone.
The dermis - the middle layer, under the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
The subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) - deeper/ innermost layer, it is made of fat and connective tissue.
Epidermis:
The epidermis is the thin, outer layer of the skin that is visible to the eye.
Contains different types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans cells.
The skin’s color is created by special cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin. Melanocytes are located in the epidermis. These form a pigment shield against UV radiation.
It does not contain blood vessels
The epidermis consists of 4 layers: Stratum germinativum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum corneum
Main functions: protection, absorption of nutrients and homeostasis.
Dermis:
The dermis is the middle layer of the skin that offers elasticity.
It is composed of connective tissues and collagen fibers.
is much thicker than the epidermis
The dermis provides a site for the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, lymph vessels, sensory receptors, nerve fibers, muscle fibers & specialized cells (mast cells and fibroblasts).
The main functions of the dermis are:
Protection
Cushioning the deeper structures from mechanical injury;
Providing nourishment to the epidermis;
Playing an important role in wound healing
Subcutaneous:
The subcutaneous is the layer of tissue directly underneath the dermis.
It is also called hypodermis.
This layer of tissue is composed of fat cells and connective tissue.
It is the thickest l
Mechanisms of Human Behavior
There are three main mechanisms of human behavior:
1) Receiving mechanisms (receptors) which receive stimuli through the senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch.
2) Connecting mechanisms (connectors) which are the central and peripheral nervous systems that transmit sensory information to the brain and motor responses from the brain.
3) Reacting mechanisms (reactors) which are muscles and glands that produce behavioral responses through movement or internal secretions in response to sensory stimuli.
Specail senses ana. physio
The document discusses the special senses of the head including vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. It describes the structures involved in each sense like the eyes, ears, tongue, and nose. It outlines the pathways that sensations travel through to be perceived, including cranial nerves, tracts, and areas of the brain involved. It compares types of receptors, sensations, and pain pathways. It provides details on visual and auditory anatomy, focusing on the eyes, ears, and how they transduce and transmit sensory information.
The Human Eye
The human eye is like a camera that takes in light and forms an image on the retina. It has several main parts including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, and optic nerve. The cornea and lens work together to refract light and focus it onto the light-sensitive retina. The retina then converts the light into neural signals that are sent to the brain via the optic nerve. Common defects of the eye that affect vision include near-sightedness, far-sightedness, cataracts, and presbyopia. These defects can typically be corrected using lenses in glasses or contact lenses.
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Reprodinhumans 170322174812
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Coordination2
- 2. Sense Organs • Parts of the body that detect stimuli (receptors) Definition: groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli: light, sound, touch, temp. and chemicals. • Eye – vision • Ear – hearing and balance • Nose – smell • Tongue – taste • Skin – touch, temperature and pain
- 3. Eye • Eye is a sense organ. • Rod and cone cells in the retina are receptors. Sensitive to light. • Protected by a bony socket in the skull (orbit). Completely surrounded by bone except for the front. • Conjunctiva – a thin, transparent membrane, to protect Tear glands keep this membrane moist and contain an enzyme lysozyme to kill bacteria. Blinking spreads the fluid across the eye
- 4. Eye (cont.) • Eyelids, eyebrows and eyelashes help stop dirt/dust landing on the eye. • Sclera protects inside part of the eye. • Retina - (back of the eye) Receptors receive light Send electrical impulses to brain Along optic nerve Brain creates image
- 5. Retina (cont.) • Fovea – tightly packed with receptor cells which focus an image when we look straight at an object • Blind spot – part of retina where the optic nerve leaves (NO RECEPTORS), light falling on this area won't send impulses to the brain (we can't see) • Chloroid – absorbs the light passed through the retina
- 6. Rod and Cone receptors • Two kinds of receptors in the retina • Rod sensitive to dim light (not colour) • Cone distinguish between colours (bright light) 3 types of Cone for red, blue and yellow. Fovea contains almost mainly cone – meaning we can focus an image Further out in retina rods, show less detailed images. In darkness we can see in black and white in less detail.
- 7. Rods Cones Number in the retina 120 million 7 million Where concentrated Outer edges of the retina The fovea Work best in Dim light Bright light
- 8. Iris • Iris is circular piece of tissue in front of the lens. Coloured part • The gap is the pupil • Adjusts to allow more/less light through to the retina • Strong light = smaller pupil • Why? • To stop too much light damaging the retina
- 9. How does iris adjust size? • Iris contains muscles • Circular muscles around the pupil contract – makes pupil smaller (constrict) • Radial muscles around the edge contract – makes pupil larger (dilate) • Iris reflex • Reflex action – we don't need to think about this action. Our brains do it automatically • What are the advantages of this reflex action?
- 11. Cornea - Refracts light - bends it as it enters the eye Iris - Controls how much light enters the pupil Lens - Focuses light onto the retina Retina - Contains the light receptors Optic nerve - Carries impulses between the eye and the brain
- 13. Focusing light • The lens can change its shape to focus near and distant objects. This is called accommodation. • Accommodation – the change of the shape of the lens, in order to focus on objects at different distances. • Position of object Ciliary muscles Suspensory ligaments Muscle tension on lens Lens shape • Near Contract Slackened Low Fat • Distant Relax Stretched High Thin