Lesson 20 unit 4 - dna
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DNA is made of two strands that twist together in a spiral shape called a double helix. Each strand contains a series of bases - adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). The bases bond together in a complementary pairing with A always bonding to T and C always bonding to G. The sequence of these bases provides a code that determines the proteins made in cells and thus controls development and characteristics.
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Research finds that yoga has effect on DNA gene expressions. Food we eat has last long effect on us, on our grandchildren and so on. food alters the DNA gene expression. find our more in this slides.
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Glow in the dark cats can be created by genetically engineering cats with bioluminescent genes from jellyfish. DNA contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. It is a double-stranded molecule that uses the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine and is found in the cell nucleus. RNA is single-stranded and can be found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. It uses the same bases except replaces thymine with uracil and has various functions in protein synthesis.
Molecular basis of inheritance ..The DNA
The document discusses several key topics regarding molecular genetics and DNA/RNA structure and function. It defines DNA and RNA as genetic materials, with DNA acting as the genetic material in most organisms and RNA serving additional roles. It describes nucleic acids as polymers made of nucleotides, and how DNA is a double-stranded helix composed of two polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide bases. The document also discusses DNA replication, transcription, translation, and the central dogma proposed by Francis Crick regarding the flow of genetic information.
DNA_RNA_11_.ppt.pptx
DNA contains the genetic instructions that determine all the characteristics of living organisms. It is made up of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, a phosphate group, and a sugar. The bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine form base pairs between two DNA strands that coil together in the shape of a double helix. DNA stores and transmits genetic information to make proteins through replication and transcription. During replication, DNA makes copies of itself before cell division. Transcription produces messenger RNA from DNA, which carries instructions to the ribosome for protein production through translation.
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Biology unit 6 dna rna protein synthesis dna structure notes
Biology unit 6 dna rna protein synthesis dna structure notes
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Reprodinhumans 170322174812
1. The male gamete (sperm) fuses with the female gamete (ova/egg) during fertilization to form a zygote.
2. The zygote develops into an embryo, which implants in the uterus and develops further into a fetus through the roles of the placenta and umbilical cord.
3. Childbirth occurs when contractions push the baby through the birth canal, after which the placenta detaches from the uterus and is delivered.
Human repro part2
1. The document discusses reproduction in humans, including ante-natal care for the mother during pregnancy and care for the newborn baby. It emphasizes the importance of diet, exercise, and avoiding harmful substances during pregnancy.
2. Breastfeeding is described as important for providing nutrients and antibodies to help the baby grow and avoid infection. Other topics covered include birth control methods and some common sexually transmitted infections.
Reprod in humans
1. The male gamete (sperm) fuses with the female gamete (ova/egg) during fertilization to form a zygote.
2. The zygote develops into an embryo that is implanted in the uterus and receives nutrients via the placenta and umbilical cord without mixing of the mother and embryo's blood.
3. Childbirth is triggered by contractions that open the cervix and push the baby through the birth canal, after which the placenta detaches and is delivered.
Reprod in humans
The document describes human reproduction. It explains that sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes. The male system produces sperm in the testes and transfers them via the sperm ducts. The female system contains ovaries which hold eggs from birth. At ovulation, an egg is released into the fallopian tubes where fertilization by sperm may occur, forming a zygote. The zygote implants in the uterus and develops via the placenta and umbilical cord until birth.
Rep plants part 3
This document summarizes the processes of plant reproduction, including pollination and fertilization. It discusses:
- How pollen is transferred from the stamen to the carpel during pollination.
- The pollen tube grows and transfers the male gamete to the ovule contained in the ovary. Fertilization occurs when the male and female gametes fuse.
- After fertilization, the zygote develops into an embryo inside the seed. The ovary develops into fruit, protecting the seed until conditions allow for germination.
Rep in plants 2
The document describes the structure and function of flower parts, including that flowers produce male and female gametes. Sepals protect the developing flower, petals attract insects for cross-pollination, the nectary produces nectar, the carpel contains ovules for female gamete production, and the stamen contains pollen grains with male gametes. Pollination is the transfer of pollen and can occur through insect-pollination, where insects carry pollen between flowers, or wind-pollination. Fertilization happens when pollen nuclei fuse with ovule nuclei.
Repr in plants
Plants can reproduce both asexually and sexually. Asexual reproduction involves mitosis and results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes, resulting in offspring with a unique combination of genes from both parents. Gametes are haploid cells that are formed through meiosis in the parent organism in order to combine and form a diploid zygote.
Homeostasis pt2
The hypothalamus regulates body temperature through negative feedback by sensing blood temperature and sending signals to alter processes like shivering, sweating and blood vessel constriction/dilation. The pancreas and liver also use negative feedback to keep blood glucose levels steady by secreting insulin and glucagon which signal the liver to store or release glucose as needed. Diabetes occurs when this process is disrupted, resulting in dangerous fluctuations in blood glucose.
Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body, keeping factors such as temperature, water concentration, and glucose levels stable despite changes in the external environment. This allows cells to function efficiently and prevents damage. Endothermic animals like mammals and birds internally regulate their body temperature, while ectothermic animals like reptiles rely on external temperatures. The skin plays an important role in homeostasis through its structure - the epidermis contains cells that protect the body and produce melanin and keratin, while the dermis contains sweat glands, blood vessels, and nerves that help regulate temperature.
Drugs
This document discusses various drugs and their effects on the human body. It provides information on antibiotics and how bacteria are evolving resistance. It also discusses opioids like heroin and their addictive properties. The document covers alcohol consumption and alcoholism. It addresses anabolic steroids used for muscle growth and the health risks. Finally, it summarizes the harmful effects of smoking tobacco, including increased cancer and heart disease risks.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system communicates messages via hormones released directly into the bloodstream from ductless glands. Hormones are carried throughout the body and affect target organs. Important endocrine glands include the adrenal glands, which secrete adrenaline in response to stress signals from the brain, causing effects like increased heart rate and breathing. Plants also respond to stimuli through hormones like auxin, which is produced in shoot tips and causes phototropism by stimulating faster growth on the shady side of shoots, bending them towards light sources.
Coordination2
This document summarizes several parts of the eye and vision system. It describes the main sense organs including the eye, ear, nose, tongue, and skin. It then focuses on the eye, explaining that the retina contains rod and cone cells that are receptors sensitive to light. The iris controls the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. The lens focuses light onto the retina, where it is transmitted via the optic nerve to the brain to create an image.
Coordination(1)
The document discusses coordination between receptors and effectors in the body. It describes how stimuli are detected by receptors and responses are carried out by effectors, such as muscles and glands. There are two pathways for coordination - the nervous system, which uses nerves and electrical impulses, and the endocrine system, which uses hormones. The nervous system allows for very fast coordination, which is important for functions like hunting and avoiding predators. It then describes the basic anatomy and processes of the nervous system in more detail.
Unit 12
The human excretory system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine via tiny tubules called nephrons. The urine travels from the kidneys down the ureters and into the bladder, where it is stored until excretion through the urethra. For those with kidney failure, dialysis provides an artificial filtration of the blood to remove waste, while transplantation involves surgically implanting a donor kidney to replace non-functioning ones.
Excretion
Excretion is the removal of waste products from an organism. These waste products include the byproducts of metabolism like urea and ammonia, as well as toxic materials and substances in excess. Egestion refers specifically to the passing out of undigested food through the anus, whereas excretion removes metabolic waste products. In mammals, excess protein is broken down into urea in the liver through a process called deamination and then transported to the kidneys for excretion in urine. The liver plays an important role in metabolizing nutrients and filtering waste from the bloodstream.
Immunity2
The document discusses how the immune system responds to pathogens. When a pathogen enters the body, lymphocytes recognize it and produce antibodies specific to that pathogen. The antibodies coat the pathogen and recruit phagocytes to destroy it. Memory cells remain after an infection to allow for a faster response if the same pathogen is encountered again. It takes time for antibodies to be produced and for the pathogen to be eliminated, during which time the pathogen may continue to reproduce. Vaccination provides active immunity by exposing the body to dead or weakened pathogens to stimulate memory cell production without causing disease.
Immunity
A British woman visiting India was bitten by a dog but did not seek medical treatment. Seven weeks later back in Britain, she fell ill and doctors could not diagnose her mild symptoms. She was eventually taken to a specialist tropical diseases hospital where it was discovered she had rabies from the dog bite in India. Rabies is a viral disease transmitted through infected animal bites that is almost always fatal if left untreated.
Future form
This document discusses the uses and meanings of various future tense forms in English, including:
1. The future tense forms "will" and "shall" are used to indicate intentions, predictions, promises and other future meanings.
2. "Be going to" is used to express plans and intentions for the future, as well as predictions based on present evidence.
3. Other future forms discussed include the future continuous (e.g. "will be having") to refer to future activities in progress, and the future perfect (e.g. "will have done") to refer to completed future actions.
Relatives (1)
The document discusses relative pronouns and relative clauses in English grammar. It defines the relative pronouns who, whom, which, whose, and that. It explains the difference between defining and non-defining relative clauses, and notes that defining clauses are essential to understand the meaning, while non-defining clauses provide extra information. It provides examples of using relative pronouns in subject, object, and indirect object positions. It also provides guidelines on omitting object and indirect object pronouns and using prepositions with relative pronouns. Finally, it includes some practice examples applying these rules.
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Lesson 20 unit 4 - dna
- 1. DNA UNIT 4 Biological Molecules
- 2. Starter – Food tests • A student carried out tests on two foods. – Starch test: • Food A went brown • Food B went black – Benedict’s reagent: • Food A went orange-red • Food B went blue • What do the results tell you about Food A and Food B?
- 3. Learning Objectives • Describe the structure of DNA
- 4. What is DNA? • DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. • It is the chemical that makes up our genes & chromosomes. • It is inherited (passed down from your ancestors) and is responsible for giving us many of our characteristics.
- 5. The structure of DNA • DNA is made of 2 long strands. • Each strand has a series of bases along it. • The bases are held together by bonds forming crosslinks • The two strands twist together to make a spiral called a double helix. (see Figure 4.14 on page 47)
- 6. DNA base pairing • There are 4 bases: – Adenine A – Cytosine C – Guanine G – Thymine T For iGCSE you only need to know the letters!!!
- 7. DNA Base Pairing • If you look at the diagram on page 47, you will see that: – A always pairs up with T – C always pairs up with G • This is called complimentary base pairing. T A G C
- 8. Base pairing • Base-pairing means you will always find equal amounts of A and T in a DNA sample – as well as equal amounts of G and C. – For example: • If a DNA sample contains 30% A • There will be 30% T • How much C will there be in this sample? • How much G?
- 9. What does the sequence of bases do? • The sequence provides a code that is used to determine the kinds of proteins that are made in our cells. • This will determine how our cells, tissues and organs develop. • It will determine all kinds of this such as personal characteristics (hair colour, eye colour, blood group).
- 11. End of chapter questions • Coursebook page 48