Presentation from the EPRI-Sandia Symposium on Secure and Resilient Microgrids: MCAGCC 29 Palms Microgrid, presented by Gary Morrissett, USMC 29 Palms Base, Baltimore, MD, August 29-31, 2016.
Presentation from the EPRI-Sandia Symposium on Secure and Resilient Microgrids: MCAGCC 29 Palms Microgrid, presented by Gary Morrissett, USMC 29 Palms Base, Baltimore, MD, August 29-31, 2016.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Presentation from the EPRI-Sandia Symposium on Secure and Resilient Microgrids: Microgrids PUC Regulatory Issues, presented by Michael Winda, NJ BPU, Baltimore, MD, August 29-31, 2016.
New York’s Reforming the Energy Vision (REV) initiative seeks to fundamentally transform the way electricity is distributed, generated and used across the State. Utilities are being challenged to adapt their business models and distribution infrastructure to meet these new goals. REV also presents an opportunity for utilities to provide their customers with a broader range of services that lead to a more diverse, innovative and resilient energy infrastructure.
A key focus of REV is the transition to local distributed energy platforms including microgrids, which can be operated in conjunction with the grid or independently in emergencies. TRC recentlypresented an educational webinar to help New York’s utilities and other decision makers take action to plan and implement successful microgrids. This presentation covers:
• Basic concepts for developing a microgrid
• Differences from operating within the conventional grid
• Preliminary engineering steps required
• Options for generation sources
The webinar recording is available at http://blog.trcsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2015-01-22-10.02-Planning-a-Successful-Microgrid.mp4
Intelligent Microgrid and Distributed Generations pptMayur Hiwale
ppt is about microgrid and its evolution to intelligent microgrid. In this ppt you get know about the microgrid its architecture, advantages, disadvantages and application and implemention and also the comparison between old microgrid and new intelligent microgrid.
Roof top solar PV connected DC micro grids as smart gridsBrhamesh Alipuria
The roof top solar systems are becoming popular these days with the need for reliable power and reducing costs. Further, with recent trends to shift towards smart grids; a new system layout has been proposed which is based on the concept of DC micro grids
Micro-Grid Power: Working Intelligently and Working TogetherBrian Lucke
From Army AL&T Magazine, this article written by Marnie de Jong, Research Project Manager for the Renewable Energy for Distributed Undersupplied Command Environments program in CERDEC CPI Army Power, discusses the concept, challenges, and potential solutions to using the "Micro-Grid" to provide a more economical and available source of power for soldiers in austere environments.
The hybrid AC/DC microgrid is considered to be the more and more popular in power systems as increasing DC loads. In this study, it is presented that a hybrid AC/DC microgrid is modelled with some renewable energy sources (e.g. solar energy, wind energy), typical storage facilities (e.g. batteries), and AC, DC load, and also the power could be transformed smoothly between the AC and DC sub-grids by the bidirectional AC/DC converter. Meanwhile, coordination control strategies are proposed for power balance under various operations. In grid-connected mode, the U–Q (DC bus voltage and reactive) or PQ method is adopted for the bidirectional AC/DC converter according to the amount of exchange power between AC and DC system in order to improve the DG utilisation efficiency, protecting the converter and maintain the stable operation of the system. In islanded mode, V/F control is applied to stabilising the entire system voltage and frequency, achieving the power balance between the AC and DC systems. Finally, these control strategies are verified by simulation with the results showing that the control scheme would maintain stable operation of the hybrid AC/DC microgrid.
In these slides we discuss that how to trade a energy which is generated from renewable resources and how to manage that energy
Regards: Dr Muhammad Naeem
Assistant Professor CIIT WAH Cantt
Kuching | Jan-15 | Feasibility of DC-microgrid For Off-grid Communities Elect...Smart Villages
Given by Dr. HS Che
The second in our series of workshops designed to gather input from stakeholders involved in existing off-grid projects in Africa, Asia and Latin America. This event is workshop scheduled to be held in Malaysia for the ASEAN countries will be organised by the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM) in collaboration with Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS).
The presented lectures are related to the Distribution generation and smart grid. Further,suggestions are highly welcomed for the modifications of the lecture.
Learn what makes a microgrid, the types of microgrids and nanogrids and the benefits of microgrids for commercial & industrial facilities. microgrids. Also see how different arrangements of microgrids increase energy savings, sustainability, electrical reliability and resiliency.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Presentation from the EPRI-Sandia Symposium on Secure and Resilient Microgrids: Microgrids PUC Regulatory Issues, presented by Michael Winda, NJ BPU, Baltimore, MD, August 29-31, 2016.
New York’s Reforming the Energy Vision (REV) initiative seeks to fundamentally transform the way electricity is distributed, generated and used across the State. Utilities are being challenged to adapt their business models and distribution infrastructure to meet these new goals. REV also presents an opportunity for utilities to provide their customers with a broader range of services that lead to a more diverse, innovative and resilient energy infrastructure.
A key focus of REV is the transition to local distributed energy platforms including microgrids, which can be operated in conjunction with the grid or independently in emergencies. TRC recentlypresented an educational webinar to help New York’s utilities and other decision makers take action to plan and implement successful microgrids. This presentation covers:
• Basic concepts for developing a microgrid
• Differences from operating within the conventional grid
• Preliminary engineering steps required
• Options for generation sources
The webinar recording is available at http://blog.trcsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2015-01-22-10.02-Planning-a-Successful-Microgrid.mp4
Intelligent Microgrid and Distributed Generations pptMayur Hiwale
ppt is about microgrid and its evolution to intelligent microgrid. In this ppt you get know about the microgrid its architecture, advantages, disadvantages and application and implemention and also the comparison between old microgrid and new intelligent microgrid.
Roof top solar PV connected DC micro grids as smart gridsBrhamesh Alipuria
The roof top solar systems are becoming popular these days with the need for reliable power and reducing costs. Further, with recent trends to shift towards smart grids; a new system layout has been proposed which is based on the concept of DC micro grids
Micro-Grid Power: Working Intelligently and Working TogetherBrian Lucke
From Army AL&T Magazine, this article written by Marnie de Jong, Research Project Manager for the Renewable Energy for Distributed Undersupplied Command Environments program in CERDEC CPI Army Power, discusses the concept, challenges, and potential solutions to using the "Micro-Grid" to provide a more economical and available source of power for soldiers in austere environments.
The hybrid AC/DC microgrid is considered to be the more and more popular in power systems as increasing DC loads. In this study, it is presented that a hybrid AC/DC microgrid is modelled with some renewable energy sources (e.g. solar energy, wind energy), typical storage facilities (e.g. batteries), and AC, DC load, and also the power could be transformed smoothly between the AC and DC sub-grids by the bidirectional AC/DC converter. Meanwhile, coordination control strategies are proposed for power balance under various operations. In grid-connected mode, the U–Q (DC bus voltage and reactive) or PQ method is adopted for the bidirectional AC/DC converter according to the amount of exchange power between AC and DC system in order to improve the DG utilisation efficiency, protecting the converter and maintain the stable operation of the system. In islanded mode, V/F control is applied to stabilising the entire system voltage and frequency, achieving the power balance between the AC and DC systems. Finally, these control strategies are verified by simulation with the results showing that the control scheme would maintain stable operation of the hybrid AC/DC microgrid.
In these slides we discuss that how to trade a energy which is generated from renewable resources and how to manage that energy
Regards: Dr Muhammad Naeem
Assistant Professor CIIT WAH Cantt
Kuching | Jan-15 | Feasibility of DC-microgrid For Off-grid Communities Elect...Smart Villages
Given by Dr. HS Che
The second in our series of workshops designed to gather input from stakeholders involved in existing off-grid projects in Africa, Asia and Latin America. This event is workshop scheduled to be held in Malaysia for the ASEAN countries will be organised by the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM) in collaboration with Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS).
The presented lectures are related to the Distribution generation and smart grid. Further,suggestions are highly welcomed for the modifications of the lecture.
Learn what makes a microgrid, the types of microgrids and nanogrids and the benefits of microgrids for commercial & industrial facilities. microgrids. Also see how different arrangements of microgrids increase energy savings, sustainability, electrical reliability and resiliency.
Demand Response Electricity Markets Dallon Kay Diamond Energy Group 20111101dallon_kay
Presentation on Demand Response in Electricity Markets, Singapore Electricity Roundtable 2011, 1st November 2011, Singapore International Energy Week 2011 "Securing Our Energy Future"
Pildora formativa gratuita de 2 horas para emprendedores celebrada en el INFO en Murcia el 15 de Noviembre ante 150 personas sobre creación de un blog con WordPress paso a paso desde cero para todos.
SCEMS (Sistema de Gestión Energética de una Comunidad Inteligente) es un proyecto en el que propone desarrollar un sistema de gestión de energía (EMS) para una “Smart Community” con alta penetración de fotovoltaica y almacenamiento de energía en el marco de las futuras redes eléctricas. Este EMS se comportaría como un agregador de recursos energéticos distribuidos que haría posible la participación activa de los denominados “prosumidores” en un mercado abierto. Este desarrollo permitiría la integración de las energías renovables en las Smart Grids, tarea actualmente complicada debido principalmente a la naturaleza intermitente e impredecible de las fuentes (sol o viento), apoyando la participación de las comunidades en el mercado eléctrico, con el objetivo de minimizar los costos del consumo global de energía. Para llevar a cabo este desarrollo habría que implementar nuevas soluciones para conseguir mejorar el Hosting Capacity (HC) de la red de distribución, minimizando aquellas situaciones en las que la alimentación por generación distribuida reduce o imposibilita la capacidad de nuevas conexiones. Para evaluar el HC es necesario decidir unos índices de comportamiento que indiquen si las condiciones de trabajo de la red son aceptables o no. El límite de capacidad de acogida se presenta como el valor más crítico que puede tomar un índice, de modo que cuando este límite es superado, las condiciones de la red se considerarán inadmisibles, por lo que debe evitarse. Se abordará en qué medida se puede aumentar el HC con el uso de información en tiempo real, tanto de generación como de demanda (DSM-DR), y micro-almacenamiento híbrido, y el cálculo dinámico de determinados índices de Power Quality and Realibility (PQR) que gobiernan el HC. Estos índices podrían ser conocidos al detalle en la interfaz o el PCC (punto de conexión común), pero en este trabajo se propone dar un paso más e incorporar la PQR en la programación de las cargas (Smart Load Management, SLM), técnica que no ha sido considerada hasta la fecha. Mediante este EMS se conseguiría un mejor aprovechamiento de las energías renovables y la reducción de los costos de consumo de energía con beneficios tanto económicos como ambientales. Además, el desarrollo de una ontología y una infraestructura de bases de datos, con toda la información correspondiente tanto a la generación como al consumo, permitirá la representación generalizada de cualquier sistema, lo que posibilitará la transferencia del conocimiento, el compartir, reutilizar y aplicar los estudios llevados a cabo en este proyecto a diferentes instalaciones. De este modo, algoritmos, modelos y resultados de estimaciones podrán ser transportables entre distintas investigaciones e instalaciones, creando un marco de trabajo común tanto a nivel nacional como internacional.
New energy technology businesses are helping change the way EirGrid manages electricity demand during peak times. Companies who are participate are increasing their site resliance, efficiencies and generating new recurring revenues.
A NOVEL SLOTTED ALLOCATION MECHANISM TO PROVIDE QOS FOR EDCF PROTOCOLIAEME Publication
The IEEE 802.11e EDCF mechanism cannot guarantee the QOS of high-priority traffic as the bandwidth consumption of the low-priority traffic increases. Also, in the presence of high priority traffic dampen link utilization of low priority traffic. To overcome these problems, we propose the Novel mechanism in our research that extends IEEE 802.11e EDCF by introducing a Super Slot and Virtual Collision. Compared to EDCF, our proposed approach has EDCF has two advantages: (a) Higher priority traffic achieves Quality of service regardless of the amount of low priority traffic, and (b) Low priority traffic obtains a higher throughput in the presence of same amount of high priority traffic.
Automated deployment of data collection policies over heterogeneous shared se...Cyril Cecchinel
Smart buildings and smart cities rely on interconnected sensor networks that collect data about their environment to support various applications. Developing and deploying the data collection architectures of these systems is a challenging problem. The specificities of the sensor platforms compel software engineers to work at a low level. This make this activity tedious, producing code that badly exploit the network architecture, and hampering reuse of data collection policies. Moreover, several data collection programs cannot be guaranteed to be deployable on a shared infrastructure. We present an automated approach that supports (i) the definition of data collection policies at a higher level of abstraction, (ii) the representation of the diverse platforms and the network topology, and (iii) the automatic composition and deployment of the policies on top of heterogeneous sensing infrastructures following different strategies. The approach is tooled and has been assessed on both realistic and simulated deployments.
Accurate wireless channel modeling for efficient adaptive Forward Error Corre...IJERD Editor
In this paper, we evaluate the impact of accurate 802.11 based wireless channel modeling on the
efficiency of dynamic Forward Error Correction (FEC) schemes in Motion JPEG 2000 video streaming systems.
We derive a compromise on the suitable trace length for practical estimation of Packet Error Rate (PER) at
decoder side. We demonstrate the validity of the derived trade-off using a real JPEG 2000 based video streaming
system.
Thirty states in the United States have renewable portfolio standards. The U.S. EPA is targeting many coal plants for shutdown. Electricity rates may rise 50% in five years. Electric vehicles could add significant strain to an aging infrastructure. Wind and solar could add significant instability to power quality and reliability. Demand response (DR) is the answer to remaining globally competitive in an uncertain energy future. Once a novel way to earn extra cash, DR is rapidly becoming a key competitive strategy as utilities realize they must encourage more interaction with customers. Explore the evolving world of DR and how to plan for it. Copyright AIST Reprinted with Permission
Demand-Response in the Smart Grid Gotland projectDaniel A. Brodén
A presentation I gave in Eindhoven, Netherlands about demand-response in the Smart Grid Gotland project. The presentation shows results from the wind power integration, market test and market installation subprojects. The subprojects are part of the Smart Grid Gotland project.
ADVANCED RAILWAY SECURITY SYSTEM (ARSS) BASED ON ZIGBEE COMMUNICATION FOR TRA...rashmimabattin28
The principle point of this paper is to build up an inserted framework to distinguishing rail track flaw sending message to close station utilizing ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY.
"CHALLENGES AND ISSUES OF SMART GRID IMPLEMENTATION: THE CASE OF GHANA", A research project conducted by Calebina Fosuaa, Alex Pobi and Derrick Mifetu from University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
La Universidad de Córdoba ha participado el pasado 15 de septiembre de 2021 en el 22 Congreso Nacional de Hospitales y Gestión Sanitaria, en la que ha presentado los resultados del Proyecto Improvement en una conferencia plenaria que ha tenido como título: Proyecto IMPROVEMENT - Integración de Microrredes de Generación Combinada de Calor, Frío y Electricidad en entornos con Altos Requerimientos de Calidad y Continuidad de Servicio. Este congreso, que se realiza cada dos años, se ha convertido en una cita fundamental para La Sociedad Española de Directivos de la Salud (SEDISA) y la Asociación Nacional de Directivos de Enfermería (ANDE), como entidades organizadoras, con la gestión sanitaria en general y con la profesionalización de los directivos de la salud, en particular.
El proyecto IMPROVEMENT (Integración de microrredes de generación combinada de calor, frio y electricidad en edificios públicos de consumo cero bajo criterios de alta calidad y continuidad de suministro) busca la reconversión de este tipo de edificios públicos en edificios de energía cero mediante la integración de microrredes de energía renovable con generación combinadas de calor, frío y electricidad con inversores con control active del neutro que utilizan sistemas híbridos de almacenamiento de energía que garantizarán la calidad energética y la continuidad de servicio a equipos sensibles a perturbaciones de calidad de suministro (equipamiento de alta tecnología) mientras que aumenta la eficiencia energética en este tipo de edificios, mediante los siguientes objetivos específicos: Desarrollo de un sistema para mejorar la eficiencia energética en edificios públicos a través de un sistema de generación de calefacción y refrigeración solar y la incorporación de técnicas activas / pasivas para edificios con consumo de energía cero. Desarrollo de un sistema de control de potencia resistente a fallos para microrredes bajo criterios de diseño de alta calidad y continuidad de suministro Desarrollo de un sistema de gestión de energía para microrredes de generación renovable con sistema hibrido de almacenamiento de energía bajo criterios de degradación mínima, máxima eficiencia y prioridad en el uso de energías renovables.
El proyecto está financiado dentro del programa de la Unión Europea y apoya el desarrollo regional en el sudoeste de Europa, financiando proyectos transnacionales a través del Fondo FEDER. Así, promueve la cooperación trasnacional para tratar problemáticas comunes a las regiones de dicho territorio, como la baja inversión en investigación y desarrollo, la baja competitividad de la pequeña y mediana empresa y la exposición al cambio climático y riesgos ambientales
https://www.improvement-sudoe.es/
The Research and Development Group Industrial Electronics and Instrumentation (IEI) belongs to the University of Cordoba (Spain), and it is located at the School of Engineering Science. Its research lines include all the systems related to Energy Management and the concept of Smart Grid.
Aplicaciones del Control Predictivo basado en el Modelo para la Gestión de Ca...Antonio Moreno-Munoz
Aplicaciones del Control Predictivo basado en el Modelo para la Gestión de Calidad de Suministro en Microrredes por el Dr. D. Felix Garcia Torres del CNH2
https://www.cnh2.es/cnh2/laboratorio-de-microrredes/
Within the framework of Smart Grids, a modular structure based on Nanogrids coordinated to constitute Microgrids, suppose a challenge for the distribution power system. Those Nanogrids (a single building or a small community of consumers), must work properly both isolated and grid-connected, providing adequate security and quality of supply. The scope of this project is the integrated management of a Nanogrid, with its own photovoltaic production system, hybrid energy storage of batteries and supercapacitors, and smart appliances (manageable loads).
Intelligent system for production, storage and management of Multi-MW Solar P...Antonio Moreno-Munoz
The aim of this project is the design and implementation of an integral supervisory system for a PV plant. This system will not only monitor general parameters such as power or energy, but it will also delve deeply into detailed operation indicators. Weather Conditions (Wind, temperature, rain rate, humidity...) Production per PV module (DC current, Module temperature) Inverters' electrical parameters (voltage, current, harmonic, PQ ...)
Likewise, all the information will be collected and processed by a centralized applicacion which will have some of the following features:
Visualization and Control (SCADA)
Signal and events procressing
Measurements storage (Database and ftp server)
Thus, this project will allow us to analyze a real PV plant with different PV modules and inverters, and therefore, the detailed study of plant operation. This will provide a better comprehension of the system and it is the cornerstone in order to ensure the system reliability and subsequently decrease the operation costs.
Tigris es un proyecto I+D Feder Innterconecta. El objetivo del proyecto TIGRIS es desarrollar una solución Smart Grid integrada y segura, para hacer que la distribución eléctrica se realice de forma optimizada (eficaz, económica, automatizada y confiable). Se pretende con ello aumentar la capacidad del sistema sin invertir en nuevas infraestructuras. Para ello se construirán demostradores experimentales que permitan validar las propiedades de la solución desarrollada.
El proyecto se estructura en cinco pilares fundamentales que son: Smart network devices, Smart meetering, Integrated systems, Street lighting, Smart building
Cada uno de estos elementos estudia aspectos claves a desarrollar en el marco del Smart Grid y serán claves para el éxito del proyecto.
So why hasn’t technology played a more significant role in helping U.S. enterprises effectively measure
and manage the billions of dollars they spend annually on energy consumption?
Sistemas de transmisión de corriente continua en alta tensión, HVDCAntonio Moreno-Munoz
Sistemas de Alta Tensión en Corriente Continua (HVDC, High Voltage Direct Current). Un enlace HVDC realiza la interconexión de dos sistemas trifásicos de corriente alterna a través de una conexión eléctrica en corriente continua. Existen dos tecnologías: LCC que usa tiristores y VSC que usa IGBT.
Turn up demand response: educate and incent energy consumersAntonio Moreno-Munoz
Energy providers need their customers to participate in demand response programs. However, our recent research reveals that only 14% of consumers are currently participating. Get the “Turn Up Demand Response: Educate and Incent Energy Consumers” infographic now to learn exactly what utility companies can do to increase participation.
Instrumentos para el análisis de la calidad de energía eléctricaAntonio Moreno-Munoz
Analizadores de calidad eléctrica
Los analizadores de calidad eléctrica avanzados permiten detectar y registrar todos los detalles de las perturbaciones eléctricas, realizar análisis de tendencias y verificar la calidad del suministro eléctrico conforme a la clase A durante intervalos definidos por el usuario.
Master´s Degree in Distributed Renewable Energy presentationAntonio Moreno-Munoz
http://www.uco.es/idep/masteres/energias-renovables-distribuidas
En los últimos años, la generación eléctrica proveniente de fuentes de energía renovables ha tomado mayor relevancia. La creciente demanda expuesta, junto con la disminución de recursos energéticos, constituyen una serie de factores que condicionan el desarrollo del escenario energético en general, y el de las infraestructuras energéticas en particular. Además, debe garantizarse el respeto por el medioambiente en todos los procesos, como principio básico de actuación, siguiendo como objetivo el Desarrollo Sostenible. Aunque actualmente se habla de “Generación Distribuida”, quizás es más correcto hablar en términos de “Recursos Energéticos Distribuidos”. Se pretende participar en el nuevo escenario tecnológico de las “Smart Grids” para la integración de la Generación Distribuida basada en energías renovables, lo que se ha venido a llamar Energías Renovables Distribuidas.
En este contexto, el principal objetivo de este Máster será adquirir conocimientos sólidos en las distintas energías renovables, así como las habilidades y capacidades necesarias que faciliten la investigación e implantación de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (TIC) en el ámbito de las Energías Renovables Distribuidas. Los diferentes convenios de colaboración suscritos con instituciones y empresas líderes del sector permitirán completar la formación práctica.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
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Residential Demand Response Operation in a Microgrid
1. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 1
Residential Demand Response Operation in a Microgrid
Pierluigi Siano
Professor of Electrical Energy Engineering
University of Salerno, Italy
e-mail: psiano@unisa.it
Short Course on Residential Demand Response
Operation in a Microgrid
Universidad de Córdoba. Campus de Rabanales,
Bldg. Leonardo Da Vinci.
2. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 2
The University of Salerno
The University of Salerno, one of the
largest universities in Italy, this year
was ranked as the first university in
southern Italy.
Its structure is that of a University
Campus and its modern buildings
offer many efficient services for
teaching, research and student life in
general such as laboratories,
multimedia equipment, a language
centre, libraries, a canteen, gyms and
other sports facilities.
3. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 3
The University of Salerno
4. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 4
The University of Salerno
5. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 5
The University of Salerno
6. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 6
Outline
Demand response: motivations, capabilities and key drivers
Enabling Smart Technologies for Demand Response
Energy Management Systems
Results of a pilot Demand Response project in Italy
Developing Demand Response research activities at University of Salerno
Key challenges for Demand Response
7. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 7
Demand Response
The objective of Demand Response (DR) is to make the load an active participant in balancing
electricity supply and demand around the clock via side-by-side competition with supply-side
resources
DR allows loads curtailment/management in response to changes in the price of electricity over time,
or to incentive payments designed to induce lower electricity use at times of high wholesale market
prices or when system reliability is at risk1
1
http://ieeechicago.org/Portals/18/IEEE%20Chicago%20April%2013%20Newsletter%20FINAL.pdf
8. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 8
Demand Response Activities
Strategic conservation
Load shiftingValley filling
Flexible load shape
Peak clipping
Strategic load growth
9. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 9
Demand Response implementation drivers
The main drivers for Demand Response implementation are:
Environmental concerns
Reliability
Smart grids technologies
Advent of energy management service provider
Policy incentives
10. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 10
Key Features of Smart Grids
Smart grid applications increase the opportunities for Demand Response by providing real time data to
producers and consumers
Advanced metering solutions: to replace the legacy metering infrastructure
Deployment of appropriate technologies, devices and services: to access and influence energy usage
information in smart appliances and in the integration of renewable energy
Combined digital intelligence and real-time communications: to improve the control of the transmission
and distribution grids
11. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 11
Smart Grids
12. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 12
Active Networks
Different conceptual models can be mentioned such as: Active Networks supported by ICT, Microgrids,
Virtual Power Plants and an ‘Internet’ model - all of which could find applications, depending on
geographical constraints and market evolution.
Active Distribution Networks (ADNs) represent a possible development of “Smart Grid” concepts within
distribution power systems.
The active networks have been specifically identified as facilitators to offer connectivity and interaction
capability for both DGs and customers.
13. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 13
Active Networks
In the initial stage, ANM will allow monitoring and remote control of the generation at the
connection point to facilitate it integration in the system.
In the intermediate stage, ANM will permit the complete control system for all the distributed
energy resources (DER) in a controlled area.
14. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 14
Active Networks
Source: ADINE project
The more advanced and emerging
concept of AM is based on real-time
monitoring and control of the grid.
The AM scheme allows
communication between coordinated
voltage control and generator controls,
loads and network devices, such as
reactive compensators, voltage
regulators, and on-load tap changers.
15. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 15
Microgrids
They are low voltage networks with DG sources, together with local storage devices and controllable
loads (e.g. water heaters and air conditioning).
They have a total installed capacity in the range of between a few hundred kilowatts and a couple of
megawatts.
EMS
16. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 16
Microgrids – USA concept
The Consortium for Electric
Reliability Technology Solutions
(CERTS) microgrid (CM) concept
is one of the most world famous
research project on microgrids.
Its background is into the will to use
the DERs to reduce the cost of
electrical energy and improve the
Power Quality Requirements
principally considering the needs of
industrial power plants.
DERs are supervised by a centralized
Energy Manager which maintains
economic dispatch sending active
power and voltage set-point to each
Microsource Controller.
17. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 17
Microgrids –European concept
The main differences with the US concept are in the attention here devoted to the market participation on
which is based the optimal operation of the microgrid. The Figure shows a possible configuration of a
microgrid and a general control scheme.
The MGCC which is always responsible for the optimization of the Microgrid operation.
Load Controllers are installed at the controllable loads to provide load control capabilities following
demands from the MGCC, under a Demand Side Management policy or for load shedding.
The hierarchical system
control architecture
comprises three critical
control levels:
• Local Micro Source
Controllers (MC) and Load
Controllers (LC)
• MicroGrid System Central
Controller (MGCC)
• Distribution Management
System (DMS).
EMS
18. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 18
Virtual power plant
DER units are too small and too numerous to be visible or manageable on an individual basis. Because of
their size and multitude, distributed generators and responsive loads are currently not fully integrated
into system operation and market-related activities.
The concept of Virtual power plant (VPP) counteracts this problem by aggregating DER units into a
portfolio that has similar characteristics to transmission connected generation today.
A portfolio of smaller generators and demands. The concept is closely related to DER aggregation.
19. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 19
The ‘Internet’ model
The vision of the internet model is:
- “Every node in the electrical network of the future will be awake, responsive, adaptive, price-smart,
eco-sensitive, real-time, flexible, humming - and interconnected with everything else”
In the Internet model:
decision-making and control are distributed across nodes spread throughout the system
flows are bi-directional
the supplier of power for a given consumer vary from one time period to the next
the network use could vary as the network self-determines its configuration.
20. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 20
Enabling Smart Technologies for Demand Response
Automated response technologies, enabling
both enhanced and remote control of the
energy consumption and peak load can be
divided into three general categories:
control devices,
monitoring systems,
communication systems.
21. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 21
Control Devices for Demand Response
Load control devices are both stand-alone and integrated into an EMS for large facilities and consist of
technologies such as:
Load control switches are used for remote control of specific end use loads such as compressors or
motors and are connected to the utility by means of communications systems.
Smart thermostats are remotely controlled by the utility and/or the customer and allow the control of
variations in temperatures’ settings with a softer control instead of using on-off switching devices.
22. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 22
Monitoring and Communications Systems for Demand Response
Smart meter systems measure customer consumption in a certain time-interval and transmits
measurements over a communication network to the utility or other actor responsible for metering.
This information can be shared with end-use devices informing the customers about their energy
consumption and related costs.
Smart-meter types are distinguished according to the combination of some features such as the data-storage capability of the meter,
the communication type (i.e. one-way or two-way), the connection with the energy supplier.
The accuracy requirements of static billing meters are defined in IEC 61036 standards in order to preserve the accuracy of the
measurement data.
Smart meters generally exist within a broader infrastructure which is often called Advanced Metering
Infrastructure (AMI).
23. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 23
Monitoring and Communications Systems for Demand Response
Home Area Networks
Smart Meters
Neighborhood
Area Networks
Edge Routers (Collectors)
Neighborhood
Area Networks
Meter Data
Management System
Utility Wide Area Network
AMI System
AMI denotes a system that, on request or on a pre-defined
schedule, measures, saves and analyses energy usage, receiving
information from devices such as electricity meters using various
communication media.
The smart grid communication architecture consisting of two-
way communicating devices with the central SG controller, exhibits
a hierarchical structure.
An AMI network consists of a number of integrated
technologies and applications including smart meters, wide-area
networks (WANs), home area networks (HANs), meter data
management systems (MDMS), operational gateways and systems
for data integration into software application platforms,
Neighborhood Area Networks (NANs).
24. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 24
Monitoring and Communications Systems for Demand Response
Home Area Networks (HANs) allow connecting smart meters to controllable electrical devices and
implement energy management functions by using devices such as programmable communicating
thermostats and other load-control devices.
Neighborhood Area Networks (NANs) are networks used for meter data collection. These data are
transferred to a central database and used for various purposes.
A Meter Data Management System (MDMS) is a database performing validation, editing and
estimation on the AMI data in order to guarantee that the data are accurate and complete. It is also
endowed with analytical tools that enable the cooperation with other information systems (operational
gateways) thanks to which AMI can also support advanced management systems.
The standard for the exchange of information of the distribution networks is based on CIM
(Common Information Model) defines a control architecture that can deal with the complexity of
smart grids and a bus of information, accessible to the different control functions, that can exchange the
information related to the state of the system on the basis of a common format.
25. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 25
Monitoring and Communication Systems for Demand Response
Networked Appliances
Appliances can be designed for control via a network with access ports that connect to a communications
bus sharing a common medium, as shown in Figure.
A key component in any local area network
is the network interface module (access
port for remote control) contained in
every device that uses the network.
The interface converts internal device
signals to a uniform format for the
communications medium of the HAN.
The technical elements for remote control
for an appliance with energy mode control
are:
a connection to a communication
medium,
circuits to encode and decode the
communication signals and embedded
messages, plus a link to the appliance
controller.
Smart Grid Impact on Consumer
Electronics
Consumer Electronics Association (CEA),
2013
26. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 26
Monitoring and Communication Systems for Demand Response
Both wireless and wired communication technology should accomplish to IEC 61850.
Wireless communication technology can be either an option for HANs, NANs and WANs, or
obligatory in case of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) communications, and various communication technology
and standards could coexists in different part of the smart grid.
IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee) and IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) are appropriate technologies for smart meters in
HANs and NANs, where the coverage range varies from tens to hundreds of meters.
The coverage requirements (of tens of kilometers) for WANs impose the use of cellular wireless
networks like GPRS, UMTS, LTE, or broadband wireless access networks like IEEE 802.16m
(WiMax).
Wired communication systems: depending on the desired coverage area, various technologies can be
used for wired communication. Power Line Communications (PLCs) may be adopted for HANs and
NANs in order to cover local/micro SG portions (up to hundreds of meters).
Fiber optic communications may instead be implemented for WANs (tens of kilometers, and more).
27. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 27
Customer conceptual model in smart grids
The ESI provides a secure interface for Utility-to- Consumer interactions.
The ESI can act as a bridge to Building Automation System (BAS) or Energy Management System (EMS).
The ESI serves as the information management gateway through which the customer domain interacts with
energy management service providers.
Basic functions of the ESI include demand response signaling (for example, communicating price information or critical peak period signals) as well as provision
of customer energy usage information to residential energy management systems or in-home displays.
The National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) elaborated the
Framework and Roadmap for Smart
Grid Interoperability Standards.
It describes a high-level conceptual
reference model for the Smart Grid.
The boundaries of the Customer
domain are typically considered to be
the utility meter and the Energy
Services Interface (ESI).
NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid
Interoperability
28. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 28
Energy Management Service Provider - Aggregator
ESCOs offer commercial customers comprehensive energy usage analysis and recommendations for
savings. They usually propose a financial arrangement to share in the savings, rather than just being
paid for their advice.
The EMSP is authorized to act as an
intermediary between the Independent
System Operator (ISO)/Regional
Transmission Organization (RTO) and
the users to deliver DR capabilities to
meet ISO/RTO needs in its markets.
Commercial service providers are also
called Energy Service Companies
(ESCOs) or Curtailment Service
Providers (Aggregators).
NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability
29. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 29
Energy Management Service Provider - Aggregator
Load Aggregators are energy management companies that offer to help utilities shed load in response to
supply or distribution limitations.
A Load Aggregator acts as intermediator between electricity end-users, who provides distributed energy
resources, and those power system participants who wish to exploit these services.
The aggregator's job is to enable the demand response and bring it to the wholesale market.
This requires that the aggregator:
1) studies which customers can provide profitable demand response,
2) actively promotes the demand response service to customers,
3) installs control and communication devices at customer's premises and
4) provides financial incentives to the customers to provide demand response.
30. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 30
Energy Management Service Provider - Aggregator
Who can be an aggregator?
In the current liberalized regime, DSO’s cannot perform demand response aggregation because they cannot
participate in electricity markets.
Currently retailers are in the best position to become aggregators because they have connections to the
electricity market and an existing relationship with the customers.
The aggregator could also be a third party, a company who does not have any existing relationship with the
customers as far as electricity business is considered. However, it could have a relationship in another field,
such as facility management.
31. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 31
Energy Management Service Provider - Aggregator
Customer’s remuneration
Aggregators write contracts with commercial customers who are offered lower energy costs in exchange for
occasional load shedding. They can arrange better energy prices for their customers by pooling loads.
This offloads the marketing and management of load control from the utility.
An availability fee is given for customers who make a contract with the aggregator and enable load
control or control of other types of DER. The availability fee may be reduced by penalty payments if
the customer does not follow the aggregator's control signals.
An opposite to the availability fee is a rental payment for the control and communication equipment
which the aggregator has installed. Payment can also be based explicitly on following the control calls
(yes/no) or the power reduced due to control call in a demand response event.
The customer's benefit can be based on dynamic tariffs provided by an aggregator retailer.
The customer can be given a certain percentage of the aggregator's gross profit from selling DER to the
market.
A combination of the different payment components can be used to achieve a suitable risk and
incentive level.
32. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 32
Energy Management Service Provider - Aggregator
The remuneration, especially for the call payment, is closely connected to the way the customer’s resources
are controlled. There are several ways to affect the customer behaviour to obtain DR.
In case of small and medium-sized customers these can be divided into price-based options and direct load
control.
Price-based control refers to changes in electricity use by customers in response to changes in the prices
they pay (electricity tariff). In other words, the customer receives price information from his aggregator
at specified intervals. The time resolution of the prices can be from several hours to less than one hour.
Volume-based control where the aggregator controls the total power drawn by a consumer, without
regard to individual appliances.
In direct load control the aggregator can directly control the power drawn by one or more appliances at
customer’s premises. This can take place automatically so that the aggregator can remote-control the
appliances or so that he first notifies the customer who performs the actual control.
33. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 33
Energy Management Service Provider - Aggregator
34. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 34
Energy Management Systems for Demand Response
In DR applications, Indirect Load Control is replacing Direct Load Control (where utility suppliers do
operate customer appliances or devices remotely).
Customers’ choices about using appliances are influenced by price or event messages and carried out
with:
manual action by consumers
automatic actions by smart appliances
decisions by an Energy Management Agent (EMA) that manages appliance operation.
A system with EMA is called Distributed Load Control exploiting microprocessor based and
combining Local and Direct Load Control with much increased flexibility and customer control.
It is also possible to implement Distributed Load Control by sending utility prices and event
notifications directly to smart appliances (Prices-to-Devices).
35. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 35
Energy Management Systems for Demand Response
The EMA may switch energy sources from the public grid to local generators or a battery.
The utility or service provider send price or event messages to all houses in real-time over a HAN such
as the Internet. These signals enter the house through a residential gateway (Energy Service Interface) that
also serves as a line of demarcation between utility and home owner equipment.
Distributed Load Control with an Energy Management Agent (via Utility or Indipendent Service Providers)
36. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 36
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
37. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 37
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
Decision Support and Energy
Management System (DSEMS) Messages for
Customers
Loads
Configuration
Storage System
Supply from the grid
Supply local sources
Enviromental
Parameters
UserRequirement
Tariff
Available
Components
ContractConstrain
Messagesfrom
DNO
Energy Management System
An Energy Management System has been designed and implemented that receives price and system
signals and provides energy management of loads, air conditioning units, storages, local generation units
according to user preferences. Outputs are the command signals used for the control of thermal and electrical
loads and the messages for the end user.
Pilot industrial research project
“System for Energy Savings with
Integrating of Air Conditioning”
funded by the Italian Ministry of
Economic Development and carried
out with BTicino and other Italian
Universities.
Coordinator and Principal
Investigator for the University of
Salerno (2010-2014).
38. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 38
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
The EMS ensures the power supply and performs detachment or control of the electrical loads based
on given priorities and according to different control functions that may be selected by the user.
The Economy function determines during each period the best electrical load configuration to reduce
the energy cost also considering user requirements and constraints and assuming a TOU tariff with
different costs for “peak” and for “off-peak” hours.
Shiftable loads (dishwasher, washing machine) are moved to the off-peak tariff period.
The temperature set point of the air-conditioning units is controlled to reduce energy consumption:
during the peak tariff period
during the off-peak tariff period when the power consumption exceeds the available power
(including local resources).
39. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 39
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
The Emergency function is automatically selected by the EMS after a failure in the distribution grid
supply. In this case, the electrical supply is provided by a local generation (photovoltaic, micro-wind,
micro-turbine, etc.) and by an electric energy storage system.
The Energy function aims at assuring a given electrical energy consumption or economic expense in a
prefixed period of time (according to the contract agreed with the supplier). The EMS sends messages
to the user informing it about:
the daily-average consumption;
the allowed consumption to achieve the prefixed target.
The Thermal Storage function changes the temperature set point of the air-conditioning in order to
allow an anticipated cooling/heating in each controlled zone also on the basis of the local generation.
40. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 40
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
The Power function is selected so that the absorbed active power is limited by a prefixed threshold
value and may allow user receiving an economic benefit from the DSO.
The NET-Service function allows DSO controlling some selected electric loads in order to achieve
benefits for the grid, while the end-user will receive a premium for the service it offers to the DSO.
The Comfort function is selected when the user is willing to assure the maximum comfort in the house
in terms both of indoor temperature and of electrical load usage.
Controllable and shiftable loads are managed only to avoid that the maximum available active power is
exceeded, thus improving the continuity of supply for the end-user.
41. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 41
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
TiDomus: mask for the selection of the electric loads.
These control functions have been implemented in a simulation tool, named TiDomus that is able to
reproduce different house environments by varying:
the type and the nominal power of the electric loads;
the thermal characteristics of the building;
the type and the technical characteristics of the air conditioning system;
the presence/absence of inhabitants in the house.
42. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 42
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
ESS
Electric Source
Simulator
TBS
Thermal Behaviour
Simulator
ELS
Electric Load
Simulator
CLS
Control Logic
Simulator
MAIN
INPUTDATA
OUTPUTDATA
43. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 43
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
Mask for the calculation of the primary energy requirements. Mask for the evaluation of the economic saving.
TiDomus uses Monte Carlo Simulation for the extraction process of the daily power profile of the house
starting from the knowledge of some social and economic factors.
44. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 44
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
The control functions have been coded
with Stateflow of Matlab and then
implemented on an ARM9 processor.
45. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 45
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
A new device (an IR interface) has been produced that is able to control the temperature set point of the air
conditioning system by sending infrared commands.
The interface is connected to the fieldbus and is therefore directly manageable by the EMS2
.
2
Applications made with SW OpenWebNetProtocol operating in various operating systems through appropriate gateway (SCS/SCS or
USB/IP). SCS is an acronym for “Simplified Wiring System”. It uses a fieldbus network protocol and has applications in the field of home
automation and building automation. It is used mainly in BTicino and Legrand installations.
46. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 46
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
Simulation tests have been performed.
The system considers the following electrical loads:
• Fixed loads;
• Lights;
• Dishwasher;
• Washing Machine;
• Dryer.
The active absorbed power of dishwasher, washing machine and dryer (shiftable loads) is assumed to be
constant in a cycle of work, while steady loads and lights have a fixed power consumption.
The air-conditioning system is used both for summer cooling and for the winter heating. Its consumptions
depends on the outdoor temperature and on the temperature set-point defined by the user.
47. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 47
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
The following inputs/outputs to the EMS have been considered:
Inputs.
• contractual power;
• absorbed active power;
• load on signal;
• net availability;
• tariff profile;
• load priority list;
• temperature set-point;
• outdoor temperature.
Outputs.
• load control signals;
• supply energy;
• energy cost.
48. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 48
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
- Normal scenario
In Fig. 3 is shown the outdoor temperature, the constant set-point temperature, TSet-Point (of 20 °C) and the
indoor temperature, following TSet-Point.
The power absorbed by the shiftable loads without considering the EMS are shown in in Fig..
Indoor, outdoor and Set-Point temperatures
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
15
20
25
30
35
40
Time [h]
Degrees[C°]
Tout
Troom
TSet-Point
49. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 49
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
Shiftable loads without control
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Time [h]
Power[kW]
Steady Loads
Lights
Dishwasher
Washer
Dryer
50. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 50
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
Air-conditioning energy consumption without control
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Energy[kWh]
Time [h]
Air-Conditioning Energy
51. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 51
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
Daily cost without control
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
Time [h]
Cost[€]
Energy Cost without control
52. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 52
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
Economy scenario
In this scenario the EMS modifies the temperature set-point of the air-conditioning system in order to
reduce the cost. As shown in Fig. , in the period from 8.00 to 19.00 (high tariff) the TSet-Point is increased up to
24 °C, while a constant temperature set-point of 22 °C has been set by the user during the day. As during the
time period from 0.00 to 8.00 the windows are closed and there are some people inside the house, the air-
conditioner works normally and the indoor temperature reaches the user set-point. On the other side, when
there are no people inside the house and/or one window is opened, the air-conditioner switches off (see Fig.).
Indoor and Set-Point temperatures
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
15
20
25
30
35
40
Time [h]
Degrees[C°]
Troom
TSet Point
53. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 53
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
The way the EMS translates shiftable loads and turn on these loads in correspondence of a low price tariff
period is shown in Fig. . In this case, the dishwasher and washing machine are shifted. Moreover, the system
turn off the lights in absence of people in the home.
In details, the system reduces the absorbed power by the lights of 20% after 15 minutes and turn off the
lights after 30 minutes.
Shiftable loads with control
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Time [h]
Power[kW] Lights
Dishwasher
Washer
Dryer
54. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 54
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
The Figures show the energy consumption of the air-conditioning and the daily cost, respectively. It’s
worth noting that the amount of energy consumption and the daily cost are lower with respect to the previous
case without EMS.
Air-conditioning energy consumption with control
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Energy[kWh]
Time [h]
Air-Conditioning Energy
55. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 55
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
Daily cost with control
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
Time [h]
Cost[€]
Energy Cost with control
56. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 56
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
SUMMER DAY RESULTS
Weekday
Energy
Consumption
[kWh/day]
Holiday
Energy
Consumption
[kWh/day]
Weekday
Cost
[€/day]
Holiday
Cost
[€/day]
With
EMS
4.1 6.3 3.0 4.5
Without
EMS
8.2 8.4 5.7 4.8
57. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 57
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
A comparison between the normal and economy scenario is obtained by using the MCS.
Some results are shown in next figures in order to evidence the difference in terms of daily cost, considering
a summer weekday without control and with control.
Daily cost without control Daily cost with control
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
N simulations
Cost[€/day]
Energy Cost without control
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
N simulations
Cost[€/day]
Energy Cost with control
58. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 58
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
Daily cost without control Daily cost with control
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Cost [€/day]
Frequency
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Cost [€/day]
Frequency
59. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 59
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
SUMMER WEEKDAY RESULTS OBTAINED WITH MCS
Energy
Consumption
[kWh/day]
Cost
[€/day]
With
EMS
4.0 3.2
Without
EMS
10.4 6.1
60. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 60
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
Experimental tests have been performed on two real apartments and compared with simulation results
in order to validate the models and the implemented functions.
With the economy function, a mean percentage annual costs reduction in the range 5% - 10%
depending on the efficiency class (from A to G) of the house can be evidenced.
The first site, located in Cantù, near Como’s lake, is a cottage of 160 m2
(with energy performance class
B). The installed electric power capacity is 6 kW with a 6 kW rated power PV system and a controlled
air conditioning system.
The Thermal Storage function exploits the excess electrical energy generated by the PV system for
thermal storage by increasing the power consumption of the air conditioning systems for an anticipated
cooling of the involved zones.
Scenario Simulation Results
Consumption
[kWh/day]
Experimental Results
Consumption
[kWh/day]
Deviation [%]
COMFORT 12.93 13.30 2.78%
ECONOMY 9.58 9.23 3.79%
61. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 61
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
Cantù site with PV production. August 7, 2013.
The programmed temperature profile is set every day at 26 °C, from 24.00 p.m. to 06.00 a.m., at 30 °C, from 06.00 a.m. to 18.00 p.m., and 26°C, from 18.00 p.m.
to 24.00 a.m. The Thermal Storage is enabled during the whole day. With a change of 6 °C, the control system modifies the preset temperatures for each time slots.
The activation of the “Thermal Storage” function
occurs in the time period from 10 a.m. to 12 a.m.,
when the energy not consumed exceeds the set
threshold. In the "zone 4 living" there is a change in
the set-point (from 30 °C to 24 °C) and an increase in
the energy consumption for the air conditioning.
62. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 62
Results of a pilot DR project in Italy
References
Int. Journals
P. Siano, “Demand response and smart grids - A survey.” Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews,
vol. 30, p. 461-478, 2014.
P. Siano, G. Graditi, M. Atrigna, A. Piccolo, “Designing and testing decision support and energy
management systems for smart homes”. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing,
Vol. 4, pp. 651- 661, 2013.
P. Siano, G. Graditi, M.G. Ippolito, R. Lamedica, A. Piccolo, A. Ruvio, E. Santini, G. Zizzo,
Innovative Control Logics for a Rational Utilization of Electric Loads and Air-Conditioning Systems in
a Residential Building, Energy and Buildings, 102 (2015) 1–17
Int. Conferences
P. Siano, G. Graditi M. Atrigna, A. Piccolo,“Energy management system for smart homes: Testing
methodology and test-case generation”, 2013 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power
(ICCEP 2013), pp. 766-771, 2013.
P. Siano, M.G. Ippolito, G. Zizzo, A. Piccolo, “Definition and application of innovative control logics
for residential energy optimization”, SPEEDAM 2014, Ischia, Italy, 18-20 June 2014.
P. Siano, et alii, “Designing an Energy Management System for Smart Houses”, IEEE International
Conference on Enviroment and Electrical Engineering, EEEIC 2015, Rome, 2015.
Smart Grid Impact on Consumer Electronics, Consumer Electronics Association (CEA), 2013.
63. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 63
Developing DR research activities:
a probabilistic methodology for evaluating the
benefits of residential DR in a real time
distribution energy market
64. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 64
Developing DR research activities: a probabilistic methodology for evaluating the
benefits of residential DR in a real time distribution energy market
The idea is that of considering real time nodal prices (D-LMPs) at the distribution level instead of a TOU
tariff with different costs for “peak” and for “off-peak” hours that is, instead, based on transmission prices
(without considering the distribution system constraints and power losses).
The proposed approach introduces nodal prices3
at the distribution level in a distribution energy market
(as in a microgrid). D-LMPs are based on three cost components (energy costs, congestions and power
losses).
In the developed probabilistic methodology the uncertainties related to the stochastic variations of the
involved variables (load demand, user preferences, environmental conditions, house thermal behavior and
wholesale market trends) are modeled by using Monte Carlo Simulation.
3
DSOs are in charge of purchasing high voltage energy from the wholesale market and transferring it to clients of distribution networks
at a flat energy price generally calculated on the basis of the transmission nodal price, which can cause market inefficiencies because
of the lack of consideration of the distribution system constraints.
65. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 65
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
Transactive controllers are designed to control air conditioning units and some shiftable loads and to
make bids on the distribution electricity market in response to D-LMPs and according end-user
requirements.
Temperature set-point and its maximum allowable variations are considered for the air conditioning.
The desired operating period is taken into account for shiftable loads.
66. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 66
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
System architecture
market
DR aggregator
gateway
controller house
appliances
DSO
DGs
offers
bids
Distribution network
A DR aggregator,
according to the signals
received by the transactive
controllers, makes the bids
and gives feedback signals
(bid acceptance or
rejection).
67. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 67
Demand Response Economics
Under inelastic demand (D1) extremely high price (P1) may result on a strained electricity market.
If DR measures are employed the demand becomes more elastic (D2) and a much lower price will result in the market (P2).
It is estimated that a 5% lowering of demand would result in a 50% price reduction during the peak hours of the California
electricity crisis in 2000/2001.3
3
The Power to Choose - Enhancing Demand Response in Liberalised Electricity Markets Findings of IEA Demand Response Project, Presentation 2003
MCP
MCQ
68. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 68
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
Distribution acquisition market
DR aggregators and DGs owners submit active power bids and offers to the DSO acquisition market in form
of blocks for each time slot.
The DSO carries out a RT intraday optimization every time slot (15 minutes).
The market clearing quantity and prices (D-LMPs) at each bus are determined by maximizing the social
welfare considering inter-temporal constraints as follows:
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑆𝑊( 𝐱, 𝐮) = ∑ 𝐵𝑗(𝑑𝑗
𝑁 𝑗
𝑗=1
) − ∑ 𝐶ℎ(𝑔ℎ
𝑁ℎ
ℎ=1
)
0)(
0)(
osubject t
gd,u,x,g
gd,u,x,h
69. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 69
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
For air conditioning units, the bid quantity is computed based on the required energy to achieve
the desired indoor temperature.
The bid price is computed on the basis of the mean of D-LMP at the bus in the previous 24 hours
and on the indoor temperature distance from the set point.
The air conditioning unit is switched on during the subsequent time slot only if the bid is
accepted.
A similar approach is adopted for shiftable loads whose bid prices are determined on the basis of
a price forecast and of a prediction error on it. The bid price increases with time, also according
to the appliance working time interval allowed by the user.
70. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 70
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
Thermal loads management: HVAC algorithm
71. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 71
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
Bidding curve (t)
72. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 72
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
Shiftable loads algorithm
73. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 73
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
Optimal interval in the float
74. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 74
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
Blocks of the simulation model
75. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 75
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
S/S - 2S/S - 1
49 4748
53
5051
52
5455
58 565762 596061
63
64
67 656671 68
69
70
72
75 737476
79 7778
83 80
8182
43
46
4544
30 353433
32
31 36 37 38
39
41
40
42
25 29282726
15
22
20
19181716 21 23 24
12
1311
14
2 3 4 5 6 7
8
1
10
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
M
DG
DG
DG
L
n
n
Legend
Bus with dispatchable
loads with DR
Bus with fixed loads
Diesel GeneratorDG
Distribution Network used to test the model - 84-bus network 11.4-kV radial distribution system
76. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 76
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
Simulation data
Class of input Type of Input Data
Network Feeders supply two 20 MVA, 33/11.4 kV transformers
Feeder thermal limits between 150 A and 60 A
Voltage limits ±10% of nominal value
Buses’ loads 83 buses with fixed and dispatchable loads (each one with 120 residential loads) 29 buses with
dispatchable loads and the remaining buses with non dispatchable loads
Diesel generators
(DGs)
each of 660 kW, located at groups of 4 at buses 53, 69, and 83, and characterized by constant
offer quantity equal to the size of the generators and a constant offer price equal to 160
euro/MWh (with takes into account both start-up, shutdown costs and operation costs)
Houses A house has about 150 m2
useful floor area. Transmittances and thickness of walls, roof, floor,
windows and doors make the energy efficiency class of the house being G as defined by EN
15217.
In accordance to a usual practice for residential loads, power factors equal to 0.9 and constant
in time have been assumed.
External temperature (𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑡
) Time series have been collected for winter period in the south of Italy
Thermal loads User’s air
conditioning comfort
setting
At average, 200
C with an allowed variation of ± 20
C
Shiftable
loads
Washing
machines (𝑚 = 1)
Rated power (𝑃𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡1
) of 2 kW and Operations Time (𝑂𝑇1) of 2 h.
Dishwashers (𝑚 = 2) Rated power (𝑃𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡2
) of 2 kW and Operations Time (𝑂𝑇2) of 1.5 h.
77. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 77
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
78. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 78
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
Average percentage of cost savings for a house considering all 29 dispatchable loads involved in the DR
program (100% DR involvement)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
8
16
24
32
Average percentage cost savings for the buses with DR [%]
Percentagefrequency[%]
79. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 79
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
Average percentage of cost savings for a house considering all dispatchable loads involved in the DR program
5%
15%
25%
35%
45%
55%
65%
75%
85%
5 8 13 27 29 37 39 43 44 45 46 50 52 53 54 55 58 61 62 63 66 68 72 74 76 78 80 81 83
Costsavingspercentage[%]
Bus [identification number]
100% DR involvement
50% DR involvement
25% DR involvement
feeder G
feeder M
feeder I
Higher cost savings since without
DR there are congestions on the
lines 47-48 and M-77
Cost savings always
higher than 10%
80. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 80
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
Average percentage of cost savings for a house considering all dispatchable loads involved in the DR program
5%
15%
25%
35%
45%
55%
65%
75%
85%
5 8 13 27 29 37 39 43 44 45 46 50 52 53 54 55 58 61 62 63 66 68 72 74 76 78 80 81 83
Costsavingspercentage[%]
Bus [identification number]
100% DR involvement
50% DR involvement
25% DR involvement
feeder G
feeder M
feeder I
The transactive controller of
the air conditioning unit
operates in such a way to
decrease the temperature set
point to its lower bound when
the D-LMPs are high due to
congestions and expensive
electrical power from the DG.
This is more frequent when the
customers’ involvement is
equal to 25% and causes
higher average daily energy
savings.
Cost savings tends largely to increase with the
reduction of costumers’ involvement in DR.
81. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 81
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
Average percentage of cost savings for a house considering all dispatchable loads involved in the DR program
5%
15%
25%
35%
45%
55%
65%
75%
85%
5 8 13 27 29 37 39 43 44 45 46 50 52 53 54 55 58 61 62 63 66 68 72 74 76 78 80 81 83
Costsavingspercentage[%]
Bus [identification number]
100% DR involvement
50% DR involvement
25% DR involvement
feeder G
feeder M
feeder I
Cost savings for a 100% of
customers’ involvement are
lower than those related to a
50% of customers’
involvement.
Simultaneously displacement
of many shiftable loads to
hours characterized by a lower
price forecast determines the
peak rebound effect (due to
the generation of electrical
power from expensive DG
during some few hours and
consequent higher D-LMPs).
82. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 82
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
Average percentage of cost savings for a house considering all dispatchable loads involved in the DR program
5%
15%
25%
35%
45%
55%
65%
75%
85%
5 8 13 27 29 37 39 43 44 45 46 50 52 53 54 55 58 61 62 63 66 68 72 74 76 78 80 81 83
Costsavingspercentage[%]
Bus [identification number]
100% DR involvement
50% DR involvement
25% DR involvement
feeder G
feeder M
feeder I
Differently from what happens
on other feeders, a percentage
of 25% of customers’
involvement cannot generally
alleviate congestions on
feeder G.
This implies lower cost savings
for a 25% of customers’
involvement if compared to a
50% of customers’
involvement allowing
alleviating congestions in most
cases.
83. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 83
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
Bus 52. D-LMP, active power and indoor temperature 50%DR
(some relevant variables during a winter day considered in the MCS)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
0
100
200
D-LMP
[euro/MWh]
DR
WODR
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
0
0.05
0.1
Active
Power[MW]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
15
20
25
Time [h]
Temperature[C]
84. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 84
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
Bus 52. D-LMP, active power and indoor temperature 25%DR
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
0
100
200D-LMP
[euro/MWh] DR
WODR
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
0
0.05
0.1
Active
Power[MW]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
15
20
25
Time [h]
Temperature[C]
85. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 85
A probabilistic methodology for evaluating the benefits of residential DR
Bidding curve (t)
86. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 86
Discussion
The method is able to guarantee a percentage of cost savings always higher than 10% both in the case
without and with congestions on the distribution network.
The transactive controllers generally allow reducing the peak of daily load curve.
The adoption of D-LMPs in a RT electrical energy market can in most cases prevent congestions.
This method enables a case by case detailed analysis that, as evidenced by the previous analysis, is in
general required to evaluate cost savings (due to the complexity of interactions among transactive
controllers, distribution network topology and technical constraints).
References
P. Siano, D. Sarno “Assessing the Benefits of Residential Demand Response in a Real Time Distribution
Energy Market”, Applied Energy 161 (2016) 533–551.
P. Siano et alii “A Novel Method for Evaluating the Impact of Residential Demand Response in a Real
Time Distribution Energy Market” Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, in press.
87. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 87
Key challenges for Demand Response
88. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 88
Demand Response regulatory
and policy frameworks
Potential benefits of Demand Response
89. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 89
Demand Response regulatory and policy frameworks - US
Regulatory and policy frameworks, such as the Energy Policy Act of 2005, have been recently
enacted that promote DR and allow customers and load aggregators taking part by means of DR
resources in energy, capacity, and ancillary services markets.
Also, the FERC (Federal Energy Regulatory Commission) Order 719 contributed to remove
obstacles to the participation of DR in wholesale markets by allowing load aggregators bidding DR on
behalf of retail customers into markets.
In 2011, FERC Order 745, determined that DR resources should be compensated at the Locational
Marginal Price (LMP) for their participation in wholesale markets, thus establishing an equal treatment
between demand-side resources and generation.
The order is highly controversial and has been opposed by a number of energy economists.
90. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 90
Demand Response regulatory and policy frameworks - Europe
The existing EU regulatory framework makes DR possible, but its full potential will not be realized
without further action from national policy-makers, regulators and energy companies, additional
efforts should aim at:4
(i)Creating market-based and transparent incentives for DR that reward participation through dynamic
prices without unnecessary constraints whilst respecting legal considerations on data security and
protection, privacy, intrusion.
(ii) Opening up the market to exploit the potential of DR, treating demand side resources fairly in
relation to supply and elaborating clear and transparent market rules and technical requirements.
(iii) Bringing the technology into the market through the roll-out of smart metering with the
appropriate functionalities, creating the necessary framework for smart appliances and energy
management systems.
4
European Commission Staff Working Document, Incorporing demand side flexibility, in particular demand response, in electricity markets, 2013.
91. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 91
Demand Response regulatory and policy frameworks - Europe
Jessica Stromback, Demand Response: the value of non-use Smart Energy Demand Coalition,
Smart Energy Demand Coalition, Berlin Energy Forum, Berlin, 10-11 February 2014
Demand side products and
programmes are being created
within the wholesale electricity
market, with an increasing
number of aggregators active in
the markets (e.g. UK).
Entry barriers to balancing and
reserve markets are gradually
being removed and time of use
tariffs are available in several
Member States for residential
consumers (e.g. UK, FR, IT,
ES).
More comprehensive residential
pricing and industrial load
balancing programmes are
being developed (e.g. FR).
92. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 92
Demand Response regulatory and policy frameworks in Italy
In Italy, policy has focused mostly on efficiency, supported by tariffs related to peak loads (i.e.,
capacity) for many residential customers.
Actually, demand side resources can participate in the day ahead market, but the interest has been
low. Wholesale market operators can act as demand aggregators (dispatching user). However, there are
no independent DR aggregators in Italy. (The bidder can decide to make a bid with an indication of
price or to bid at 0 price). The interest in making bids with an indication of price in the day ahead
market is currently low. 5
5
However, in 2012 there was an increase of 23% in the bids with indication of price, showing that consumers are willing to use more
suitable pricing strategies, probably due to the effect that the economic crisis is having on the wholesale electricity market.
In regard to the balancing market, the current requirements give access only to generation units and the regulatory framework for
aggregated DR participation is under development. A capacity market administered by TERNA should be launched in 2017, but it
will only be accessible by generation side resources. Participation in the balancing market would require an always operating control
centre, which is a cost barrier for a new aggregator. The rules regarding verification and definition of baseline for demand side
resources are not explicit yet.
93. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 93
Demand Response regulatory and policy frameworks in Italy
Industrial loads participate via two “interruptible contracts” programs managed by the Italian TSO
(TERNA): one for the mainland and one for Sicily and Sardinia. This program foresees a payment
subject to a mechanism based on the number of interruptions called in the year.6
Italy has developed a wide interval smart meter (without an in-home display) rollout and has a long
tradition in Time of Use programs for high & medium voltage consumers.
Mandatory TOU tariffs have been introduced since July 2010 for the majority of customers who buy
from the main supplier, ENEL (two time bands: one for “peak” hours and the other for “off-peak”
hours). The regulator is running a major study in order to understand what impact this TOUP has on
household consumption7
. (It is not necessarily popular: ENEL’s competitors advertise flat rates as an
inducement to switch supplier.)
6
i.e. extra €/MW for each additional interruption if the number of interruptions is >10 or paid back if the number of interruptions is
<10. In the case of Sardinia and Sicily extra €/MW for each additional interruption is paid if the number of interruptions is > 20. The
total interruptible power contracted under the two mechanisms reached 4.318 MW in June 2012. The minimum bid limit is 1 MW.
7
RES caused an increase of pries during the previously considered “off-peak” hours thus making the TOUP not useful.
94. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 94
Potential benefits of Demand Response
Operation Expansion Market
Transmission
and
Distribution
Relieve congestion
Manage contingencies, avoiding outages
Reduce overall losses
Facilitate technical operation
Defer investment in network
reinforcement or increase long-
term network reliability
Generation Reduce energy generation in peak times:
reduce cost of energy and possibly
emissions
Facilitate balance of supply and demand
(especially important with intermittent
generation) Reduce operating reserves
requirements or increase short-term
reliability of supply
Avoid investment in peaking
units
Reduce capacity reserves
requirements or increase long-
term reliability of supply
Allow more penetration of
intermittent renewable sources
Retailing Reduce risk of
imbalances Reduce price
volatility. New products,
more consumer choice
Demand Consumers more aware of cost and
consumption, and even environmental
impacts. Give consumers options to
maximize their utility: opportunity to
reduce electricity bills or receive
payments
Take investment decisions with
greater awareness of
consumption and cost
Increase demand
elasticity
95. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 95
Key challenges for Demand Response
Need to establish reliable control strategies and market frameworks so that the DR resource can be
optimized.
Due to the lack of experience it is still needed to employ extensive assumptions when modelling and
evaluating this resource.
Reacting to high-prices, DR loads could all switch to the same low price-period, causing a peak
rebound (which can be, in most cases, coped with RT transactions between customers and suppliers).
If the DR is limited the system benefits may not be sufficient to cover the cost of the control and
communications infrastructure for DSO.
If differentials in real time prices vary over only a small range, the savings for consumers may not be
sufficient to induce investments in DR programs (as consumers may not be able to recoup their costs of
installation or justify the burden of responding to prices).
96. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 96
Key challenges for Demand Response
Electric utilities need ruling to allow consumers and consumer electronics companies using any means
and devices to manage energy, as long as they do not harm the grid.
Consumers should not need the approval of the public utility before buying an energy management
product from a consumer electronics company.
Likewise, consumers should be free to contract with third-party energy management service providers
without approval of the utility.
97. SHORT COURSE ON RESIDENTIAL DEMAND RESPONSE OPERATION IN A MICROGRID PIERLUIGI SIANO 97
Additional References on Demand Response
P. Siano, “Demand response and smart grids - A survey.” Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 30, p.
461-478, 2014.
Zakariazadeh A, Homaee O, Jadid S, P. Siano. A new approach for real time voltage control using demand response
in an automated distribution system. Appl Energy Elsevier2014;114:157–66.
Zakariazadeh A, Jadid S, P. Siano. Stochastic operational scheduling of smart distribution system considering wind
generation and demand response programs. Int J Electr Power Energy SystElsevier2014;63:218–25.
Zakariazadeh A, Jadid S, P. Siano. Multi-objective scheduling of electric vehicles in smart distribution system.
Energy Convers Manage Elsevier 2014;79:43–53.
Zakariazadeh A, Jadid S, P. Siano. Economic-environmental energy and reserve scheduling of smart distribution
system: A multiobjective mathematical programming approach. Energy Convers Manage Elsevier 2014;78:151–64.
Zakariazadeh A, Jadid S, P. Siano. Stochastic multi-objective operational planning of smart distribution systems
considering demand response programs. Electr Power Syst Res Elsevier 2014;111:156–68.
Mazidi M, Zakariazadeh A, Jadid S, P. Siano. Integrated scheduling of renewable generation and demand
responseprograms in a microgrid Energy Convers Manage Elsevier 2014;86:1118–26.
Zakariazadeh A, Jadid S, P. Siano. Smart microgrid energy and reserve scheduling with demand response using
stochastic optimization. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst Elsevier 2014;63:523–33.
C. Cecati, C. Citro, P. Siano, (2011). “Combined Operations of Renewable Energy Systems and Responsive
Demand in a Smart Grid”, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. Vol. 2 (4). pp. 468-476.
Shafie-khah, M., Heydarian-Forushani E., Golshan M.E.H., P. Siano., Moghaddam, M.P., Sheikh-El-Eslami,
M.K., Catalão, J.P.S., Optimal trading of plug-in electric vehicle aggregation agents in a market environment for
sustainability, Applied Energy, Vol. 162, 2016, pp. 601-612.