The document discusses the architecture of microgrid energy storage systems, highlighting key components such as batteries, ultra capacitors, and smart stations that enable efficient energy management. It outlines both the benefits, such as improved energy efficiency and environmental advantages, and drawbacks, like challenges in power quality and resynchronization with the utility grid. Ultimately, the microgrid system provides a flexible solution for integrating renewable energy sources and enhancing grid resilience during power shortages.

4. Architecture of microgrid

5. Energy storage systems
 Batteries
 Ultra capacitors
 Flywheels
Point of common coupling (PCC):-PCC is the point in the
electric circuit where a micro grid is connected to a main grid.

7. These objectives are achieved using two distinct components
of the microgrid; a smart meter at every end user and a smart
station for each locality.
 Intelligent microgrid architecture governed by an efficient
communication technique and control algorithms.
 Microgrid with renewable sources which is integrated with
the grid, having parallel AC and DC systems.
 Self sufficient in case of loss of power or shortage of power.

10. Node or end user: –
having a renewable energy source attached to it generates
enough power to run most of its own loads. Sometimes,
these sources generate more power than the loads require
than supplies to grid.
D.C.B:-
Combines the DC output generates by number of nodes or
consumers.
MVDC (medium voltage dc line):-
D.C.B output is converted to medium voltage Direct current
(MVDC) to reduce line losses. A DC boost converter is used
for the conversion.

11. Smart station:-
 The function of the smart station is to regulate the power
coming in from the nodes through the MVDC line and the High
Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) transmission line and send
it as 230V AC to end users for consumption.
The smart station acts like the master whereas the nodes act
as slaves in the network of the grid with regard to
communication.
The smart station gets input from the nodes through the
combiner box.
This output is given to a boost converter which converts the
voltage line to a MVDC line which is fed to smart station.

12. Smart Meter:-
The smart meter should be able to:
i. Measure the instantaneous power drawn by the loads,
measure the outgoing power from the batteries and
estimate the instantaneous differential power and charge
the end user appropriately.
i. Communicate with the SS regarding its status and unique
ID.
ii. Update its battery level status to check if it is within
threshold and also check if it has any incoming AC power.
iii. Have a switching mechanism that can connect or
disconnect the node from the MVDC line based on the
request sent by the SS to send power.

13. Pros of implementation of intelligent microgrid :-
A major advantage of a Microgrid, is its ability ,during a
utility grid disturbance, to separate and isolate itself from
the utility seamlessly with little or no disruption to the loads
within the Microgrid i.e. islanding.
Significant environmental benefits made possible by the
use of low or zero emission generators.
Consumers are able to deliver there excess generation to
the grid.
The use of both electricity and heat permitted by the close
proximity of the generator to the user, thereby increasing
the overall energy efficiency.

14. Microgrid can act to mitigate the electricity costs to its
users by generating some or all of its electricity needs.
Cons of implementation intelligent micro grid:-
Voltage, frequency and power quality are three main
parameters that must be considered and controlled to
acceptable standards whilst the power and energy balance is
maintained.
Electrical energy needs to be stored in battery banks thus
requiring more space and maintenance.
Resynchronization with the utility grid is difficult.

15. Microgrid protection is one of the most important Issues such
as standby charges and net metering may pose obstacles for
Microgrid.
Interconnection standards needs to be developed to ensure
consistency. IEEE P1547, a standard proposed by Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers may end up filling the void.

16. CONCLUSION
microgrid draws lesser power from central grid and is capable of
sustaining itself during power shortage for a considerable amount of time.
By having a parallel DC and AC distribution system with efficient control,
the renewable sources can be integrated into the grid with higher
penetration and can serve as more than just backup sources to the grid.
With net metering and the 4th line, the microgrid can power the grid
during peak time, reduce dependency of the microgrid from utility grid and
can power essential loads during power shortage thus reducing its
dependency on conventional power sources.
The system is flexible because it does not require major changes to the
current distribution system and renewables sources can be easily added
through the 4th line making the microgrid even greener.
This architecture can work well with end users having suburban houses,
apartment buildings or communities with shared open
areas where the renewables can be installed.