This PPT contains detailed information on Research Paradigms which covers Functionalist paradigms, Interpretive paradigms, Radical humanist paradigms and Radical structuralist paradigms.
This document discusses research philosophy and different philosophical schools of thought. It covers ontology, epistemology, and axiology. Ontology examines the nature of reality, whether social phenomena are objective or subjective. Epistemology studies the nature and sources of knowledge. Axiology assesses the role of values in research. Rationalism and empiricism are discussed as different views on the origins of knowledge. Positivism, realism, interpretivism, and pragmatism are presented as four common research philosophies. Positivism adheres to an objective, detached approach focused on facts and quantification.
The document provides an overview of a presentation on types of research given by Manoj Patel. It defines research and lists its main objectives as extending knowledge, revealing hidden facts, generalizing laws, and verifying existing theories and facts. The presentation then describes several common types of research, including descriptive and analytical research, applied and fundamental research, quantitative and qualitative research, conceptual and empirical research, and others. It provides examples to illustrate the differences between each type.
This document outlines the key differences between positivism and interpretivism research approaches. Positivism assumes objective social facts and influences on society, using quantitative data collection and aiming for objectivity. Interpretivism views reality as constructed by individual meanings and actions resulting from personal meanings rather than external forces, using qualitative data and focusing on subjective meaning. Positivism takes a macro approach seeking reliability through detached research, while interpretivism takes a micro approach developing rapport and emphasizing validity through unstructured interviews and observation.
This document discusses different research philosophies and methodologies. It outlines positivism and interpretivism as the two major research philosophies in Western science. Positivists believe reality can be observed objectively, while interpretivists believe reality can only be understood through subjective interpretation. The document then provides examples and descriptions of various research methodologies, including experiments, surveys, case studies, and action research, discussing their strengths and weaknesses.
This document discusses different approaches to research including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. It provides an overview of each approach, describing their key characteristics and differences. Examples of common research designs are also presented for each approach, such as experimental and non-experimental designs for quantitative research, and narrative research, phenomenology, and case study designs for qualitative research. The document also discusses philosophical worldviews that underlie different research approaches and criteria for selecting an appropriate research approach based on the research problem and audience.
This document discusses three main research paradigms: positivism, anti-positivism (interpretivism), and critical theory. Positivism takes a naturalistic and objective approach to knowledge through observation and quantification. Anti-positivism sees knowledge as subjective and socially constructed. Critical theory examines how historical forces restrict freedom and uncover ideological justifications. The document outlines key characteristics of each paradigm such as their views on ontology, epistemology, methodology, and strengths/weaknesses.
This document discusses understanding philosophy of research. It begins by explaining why philosophy is important for research as research is based on assumptions about how the world is perceived and understood. It then discusses key aspects of research philosophy including ontology, epistemology, axiology, positivism, realism, interpretivism, and pragmatism. Ontology concerns assumptions about the nature of reality. Epistemology concerns what constitutes knowledge. Axiology refers to the role of values. The document provides descriptions of different philosophical approaches to research.
Applied vs basic research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joy manumelwin
ย
When discussing research methodology, it is important to distinguish betweenย appliedย andย basic research.ย Applied researchย examines a specific set of circumstances, and its ultimate goal is relating the results to a particular situation.ย That is, applied research uses the data directly for real world application.
This document discusses research philosophy and different philosophical schools of thought. It covers ontology, epistemology, and axiology. Ontology examines the nature of reality, whether social phenomena are objective or subjective. Epistemology studies the nature and sources of knowledge. Axiology assesses the role of values in research. Rationalism and empiricism are discussed as different views on the origins of knowledge. Positivism, realism, interpretivism, and pragmatism are presented as four common research philosophies. Positivism adheres to an objective, detached approach focused on facts and quantification.
The document provides an overview of a presentation on types of research given by Manoj Patel. It defines research and lists its main objectives as extending knowledge, revealing hidden facts, generalizing laws, and verifying existing theories and facts. The presentation then describes several common types of research, including descriptive and analytical research, applied and fundamental research, quantitative and qualitative research, conceptual and empirical research, and others. It provides examples to illustrate the differences between each type.
This document outlines the key differences between positivism and interpretivism research approaches. Positivism assumes objective social facts and influences on society, using quantitative data collection and aiming for objectivity. Interpretivism views reality as constructed by individual meanings and actions resulting from personal meanings rather than external forces, using qualitative data and focusing on subjective meaning. Positivism takes a macro approach seeking reliability through detached research, while interpretivism takes a micro approach developing rapport and emphasizing validity through unstructured interviews and observation.
This document discusses different research philosophies and methodologies. It outlines positivism and interpretivism as the two major research philosophies in Western science. Positivists believe reality can be observed objectively, while interpretivists believe reality can only be understood through subjective interpretation. The document then provides examples and descriptions of various research methodologies, including experiments, surveys, case studies, and action research, discussing their strengths and weaknesses.
This document discusses different approaches to research including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. It provides an overview of each approach, describing their key characteristics and differences. Examples of common research designs are also presented for each approach, such as experimental and non-experimental designs for quantitative research, and narrative research, phenomenology, and case study designs for qualitative research. The document also discusses philosophical worldviews that underlie different research approaches and criteria for selecting an appropriate research approach based on the research problem and audience.
This document discusses three main research paradigms: positivism, anti-positivism (interpretivism), and critical theory. Positivism takes a naturalistic and objective approach to knowledge through observation and quantification. Anti-positivism sees knowledge as subjective and socially constructed. Critical theory examines how historical forces restrict freedom and uncover ideological justifications. The document outlines key characteristics of each paradigm such as their views on ontology, epistemology, methodology, and strengths/weaknesses.
This document discusses understanding philosophy of research. It begins by explaining why philosophy is important for research as research is based on assumptions about how the world is perceived and understood. It then discusses key aspects of research philosophy including ontology, epistemology, axiology, positivism, realism, interpretivism, and pragmatism. Ontology concerns assumptions about the nature of reality. Epistemology concerns what constitutes knowledge. Axiology refers to the role of values. The document provides descriptions of different philosophical approaches to research.
Applied vs basic research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joy manumelwin
ย
When discussing research methodology, it is important to distinguish betweenย appliedย andย basic research.ย Applied researchย examines a specific set of circumstances, and its ultimate goal is relating the results to a particular situation.ย That is, applied research uses the data directly for real world application.
This document discusses key concepts in the philosophy of social sciences research. It defines a paradigm as a set of beliefs and assumptions shared by a scientific community that guides research. The three major paradigms are positivism, interpretivism, and critical theory. It also differentiates between paradigms and approaches, and discusses the philosophical foundations of theories, including ontology, epistemology, methodology, and axiology. Philosophical alignment between these foundations is important for valid research.
The document discusses the philosophy of positivism in social science research. Positivism traces its roots back to philosophers like Bacon and Descartes in the 17th century. It developed into a philosophy championed by Auguste Comte in the 19th century, which believes that scientific observation and experiment are the only ways to arrive at true knowledge. Positivism applies the scientific method to social sciences by focusing on quantifiable data that can be statistically analyzed to discover objective social truths and laws. The researcher takes an independent, objective role in this process.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand social phenomena through natural settings and the meanings and experiences of participants. Qualitative research employs descriptive data from real-world contexts and inductive analysis to describe findings from the participants' perspectives. Some key methods are participant observation, interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is flexible and asks open-ended questions to get complex responses. It can help interpret quantitative data by explaining real-world situations.
This document discusses mixed method research design. It defines mixed methods research as collecting and analyzing both quantitative and qualitative data within a single or series of studies. It outlines the basic characteristics of mixed methods research, including collecting both types of data, considering priority and sequence, and matching analysis to design. The document then discusses various aspects of mixed methods research such as when to conduct it, reasons for using it, types of designs, steps to carry out a mixed methods study, and criteria for evaluating it. It also notes some strengths as being able to describe findings easily but some weaknesses as taking more time.
Longitudinal research involves studying the same sample of individuals over multiple points in time. There are three main types of longitudinal studies: trend studies sample different groups over time from the same population; cohort analyses measure characteristics of groups that experience the same life events; and panel studies measure the same sample at different points to reveal changes. Combining qualitative and quantitative data in longitudinal research allows qualitative data to aid interpretation and suggest new hypotheses. Conducting longitudinal research online through internet surveys panels has advantages like easier recruitment but also disadvantages like lack of representation.
Critical theory originated from the work of the Frankfurt School in the 1920s. It aims to critique society, social structures, and systems of power in order to foster egalitarian social change. The Frankfurt theorists drew on Marx's critique of economy and society as well as Freud's work to develop an interdisciplinary approach. Key figures like Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse, and Habermas analyzed how power and domination operate through ideological and cultural forces. They sought to build a rational and just society through democratic politics and overcoming present oppression. While delivering important social criticisms, critical theory also faces some criticisms around its relationship to political practice.
This document discusses four main research paradigms: positivism, interpretivism/constructivism, critical, and pragmatic. It provides an overview of the key aspects of each paradigm, including their ontology (nature of reality), epistemology (nature of knowledge), typical research questions, and common methodologies. The document uses examples from educational technology research to illustrate different studies that fall within each paradigm. Overall, it analyzes the tradeoffs of different paradigms and argues that the choice depends on personal views, the research question, available resources, and supervisory support, with no single best approach.
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods DesignThiyagu K
ย
A Research Design is simply a structural framework of various research methods as well as techniques that are utilized by a researcher. This presentation slides explain the resign design of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method design.
This document discusses research, including defining what research is, the key components of a research study, how to identify a research problem and gap, and how to eliminate a research gap. It notes that research involves searching again for new facts or modifying older ones. A well-defined research problem and hypothesis are essential, as are scientific techniques and logical interpretation of results. Identifying reasons for a research gap and characterizing it using a PICOS framework can help eliminate gaps. The document also discusses the importance of research ethics in promoting integrity and protecting human subjects.
Analytic philosophy began in the early 20th century with philosophers like Bertrand Russell, G.E. Moore, and Ludwig Wittgenstein who believed that philosophy should use logical analysis to attain conceptual clarity and be consistent with science. They focused on analyzing language and rejecting grand philosophical systems in favor of close logical examination. Early analytic philosophy developed logical positivism which used formal logic to analyze philosophical propositions, and later shifted to ordinary language philosophy which examined everyday usage. While its specific methods have changed, analytic philosophy is still characterized by precision and thorough examination of narrow topics.
This document discusses research philosophy and the different assumptions that inform research design. It explains that research philosophy refers to beliefs about knowledge development. The three main assumptions that determine research design are epistemological assumptions about what constitutes valid knowledge, ontological assumptions about the nature of reality, and axiological assumptions about values and ethics. The document then contrasts two extremes - objectivism and subjectivism - and how they influence these assumptions. It provides examples of quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Finally, it outlines five major research philosophies: positivism, critical realism, interpretivism, postmodernism, and pragmatism.
Philosophical Assumptions and Interpretive Frameworks.pptxssuser189dbb
ย
This document provides an overview of philosophical assumptions and interpretive frameworks that guide research. It discusses four types of philosophical assumptions: ontological, epistemological, axiological, and methodological. It also examines several interpretive frameworks or paradigms that shape research including postpositivism, social constructivism, transformative frameworks, postmodern perspectives, and several theories like feminist theory, critical race theory, disability theory, and queer theory. For each framework or theory, it provides a brief explanation of its key focuses and assumptions regarding reality, knowledge, values, and methodology. The document situates these philosophical assumptions and frameworks within the overall research process.
This document discusses participatory research and participatory action research. It defines participatory research as a collaborative process aimed at social transformation that involves researchers and participants working together to examine and change problematic situations. Participatory action research is described as a form of action research where professional researchers collaborate fully with organization members to study and transform the organization. The key characteristics, frameworks, advantages, and disadvantages of participatory research and participatory action research are outlined.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH BY PURPOSE & METHODDr.Shazia Zamir
ย
This document classifies research by purpose and method. For purpose, it discusses basic vs applied research, research and development, and evaluative research. For method, it discusses historical research which describes past conditions, descriptive research which describes present data and characteristics, and experimental research which manipulates variables to discern effects.
Phenomenological research aims to describe the lived experiences of several individuals regarding a phenomenon. It seeks to illuminate specific phenomena through how they are perceived by those in a situation. The researcher identifies a shared experience among individuals and attempts to locate the universal essence and nature of that experience. The methodology involves bracketing researcher bias, collecting data through methods like interviews, reducing the data to identify themes, and describing the textures of what was experienced and structures of how it was experienced.
The document discusses 8 types of qualitative research methods including basic qualitative studies, case study research, content analysis, ethnographic studies, grounded theory research, historical studies, narrative research, and phenomenological research. It provides descriptions and examples of each method, focusing on the goals, data collection techniques, and key characteristics of basic qualitative studies, case study research, content analysis, ethnographic studies, and grounded theory research. The document is intended to inform readers about these common qualitative research approaches.
The document discusses critical theory and its focus on critique of who controls educational institutions and processes, as well as reform to challenge the status quo. It outlines key proponents of critical theory like Gramsci, Habermas, Marcuse, and Freire, and examines implications for philosophy of education like empowering students and facilitating authentic learning. Critical theory seeks to spark debate over education and its role in society.
The document defines research and outlines its key characteristics and importance. It discusses the characteristics of researchers and the qualities of good researchers. It also describes the different types of research and outlines the typical stages in the research process, including defining the problem, planning, data collection/analysis, and reporting. Finally, it discusses some ethical considerations and interfaces in conducting research.
0-Concept and Nature of Organizational Behaviorโ.pptxshivang890520
ย
Organizational behavior is the study of human behavior in organizational settings and how it impacts structures, performance, communication, and leadership. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and other fields to understand topics like motivation, leadership, communication, and stress. Organizational behavior aims to apply this knowledge to solve organizational problems related to human behavior. It takes both a positive science approach that examines causes and effects, as well as a normative approach that prescribes how findings can be applied to meet organizational goals.
This document discusses research philosophy and the importance of theory in research. It provides an overview of different philosophical frameworks for research including positivism, constructionism, and interpretivism. These frameworks influence the methodology and methods used to generate knowledge. The document emphasizes that research should be grounded in theory to contribute to the body of knowledge in a field. Concepts are the building blocks of theory, and developing a theoretical framework is important for guiding research and validating findings.
This document discusses key concepts in the philosophy of social sciences research. It defines a paradigm as a set of beliefs and assumptions shared by a scientific community that guides research. The three major paradigms are positivism, interpretivism, and critical theory. It also differentiates between paradigms and approaches, and discusses the philosophical foundations of theories, including ontology, epistemology, methodology, and axiology. Philosophical alignment between these foundations is important for valid research.
The document discusses the philosophy of positivism in social science research. Positivism traces its roots back to philosophers like Bacon and Descartes in the 17th century. It developed into a philosophy championed by Auguste Comte in the 19th century, which believes that scientific observation and experiment are the only ways to arrive at true knowledge. Positivism applies the scientific method to social sciences by focusing on quantifiable data that can be statistically analyzed to discover objective social truths and laws. The researcher takes an independent, objective role in this process.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand social phenomena through natural settings and the meanings and experiences of participants. Qualitative research employs descriptive data from real-world contexts and inductive analysis to describe findings from the participants' perspectives. Some key methods are participant observation, interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is flexible and asks open-ended questions to get complex responses. It can help interpret quantitative data by explaining real-world situations.
This document discusses mixed method research design. It defines mixed methods research as collecting and analyzing both quantitative and qualitative data within a single or series of studies. It outlines the basic characteristics of mixed methods research, including collecting both types of data, considering priority and sequence, and matching analysis to design. The document then discusses various aspects of mixed methods research such as when to conduct it, reasons for using it, types of designs, steps to carry out a mixed methods study, and criteria for evaluating it. It also notes some strengths as being able to describe findings easily but some weaknesses as taking more time.
Longitudinal research involves studying the same sample of individuals over multiple points in time. There are three main types of longitudinal studies: trend studies sample different groups over time from the same population; cohort analyses measure characteristics of groups that experience the same life events; and panel studies measure the same sample at different points to reveal changes. Combining qualitative and quantitative data in longitudinal research allows qualitative data to aid interpretation and suggest new hypotheses. Conducting longitudinal research online through internet surveys panels has advantages like easier recruitment but also disadvantages like lack of representation.
Critical theory originated from the work of the Frankfurt School in the 1920s. It aims to critique society, social structures, and systems of power in order to foster egalitarian social change. The Frankfurt theorists drew on Marx's critique of economy and society as well as Freud's work to develop an interdisciplinary approach. Key figures like Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse, and Habermas analyzed how power and domination operate through ideological and cultural forces. They sought to build a rational and just society through democratic politics and overcoming present oppression. While delivering important social criticisms, critical theory also faces some criticisms around its relationship to political practice.
This document discusses four main research paradigms: positivism, interpretivism/constructivism, critical, and pragmatic. It provides an overview of the key aspects of each paradigm, including their ontology (nature of reality), epistemology (nature of knowledge), typical research questions, and common methodologies. The document uses examples from educational technology research to illustrate different studies that fall within each paradigm. Overall, it analyzes the tradeoffs of different paradigms and argues that the choice depends on personal views, the research question, available resources, and supervisory support, with no single best approach.
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods DesignThiyagu K
ย
A Research Design is simply a structural framework of various research methods as well as techniques that are utilized by a researcher. This presentation slides explain the resign design of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method design.
This document discusses research, including defining what research is, the key components of a research study, how to identify a research problem and gap, and how to eliminate a research gap. It notes that research involves searching again for new facts or modifying older ones. A well-defined research problem and hypothesis are essential, as are scientific techniques and logical interpretation of results. Identifying reasons for a research gap and characterizing it using a PICOS framework can help eliminate gaps. The document also discusses the importance of research ethics in promoting integrity and protecting human subjects.
Analytic philosophy began in the early 20th century with philosophers like Bertrand Russell, G.E. Moore, and Ludwig Wittgenstein who believed that philosophy should use logical analysis to attain conceptual clarity and be consistent with science. They focused on analyzing language and rejecting grand philosophical systems in favor of close logical examination. Early analytic philosophy developed logical positivism which used formal logic to analyze philosophical propositions, and later shifted to ordinary language philosophy which examined everyday usage. While its specific methods have changed, analytic philosophy is still characterized by precision and thorough examination of narrow topics.
This document discusses research philosophy and the different assumptions that inform research design. It explains that research philosophy refers to beliefs about knowledge development. The three main assumptions that determine research design are epistemological assumptions about what constitutes valid knowledge, ontological assumptions about the nature of reality, and axiological assumptions about values and ethics. The document then contrasts two extremes - objectivism and subjectivism - and how they influence these assumptions. It provides examples of quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Finally, it outlines five major research philosophies: positivism, critical realism, interpretivism, postmodernism, and pragmatism.
Philosophical Assumptions and Interpretive Frameworks.pptxssuser189dbb
ย
This document provides an overview of philosophical assumptions and interpretive frameworks that guide research. It discusses four types of philosophical assumptions: ontological, epistemological, axiological, and methodological. It also examines several interpretive frameworks or paradigms that shape research including postpositivism, social constructivism, transformative frameworks, postmodern perspectives, and several theories like feminist theory, critical race theory, disability theory, and queer theory. For each framework or theory, it provides a brief explanation of its key focuses and assumptions regarding reality, knowledge, values, and methodology. The document situates these philosophical assumptions and frameworks within the overall research process.
This document discusses participatory research and participatory action research. It defines participatory research as a collaborative process aimed at social transformation that involves researchers and participants working together to examine and change problematic situations. Participatory action research is described as a form of action research where professional researchers collaborate fully with organization members to study and transform the organization. The key characteristics, frameworks, advantages, and disadvantages of participatory research and participatory action research are outlined.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH BY PURPOSE & METHODDr.Shazia Zamir
ย
This document classifies research by purpose and method. For purpose, it discusses basic vs applied research, research and development, and evaluative research. For method, it discusses historical research which describes past conditions, descriptive research which describes present data and characteristics, and experimental research which manipulates variables to discern effects.
Phenomenological research aims to describe the lived experiences of several individuals regarding a phenomenon. It seeks to illuminate specific phenomena through how they are perceived by those in a situation. The researcher identifies a shared experience among individuals and attempts to locate the universal essence and nature of that experience. The methodology involves bracketing researcher bias, collecting data through methods like interviews, reducing the data to identify themes, and describing the textures of what was experienced and structures of how it was experienced.
The document discusses 8 types of qualitative research methods including basic qualitative studies, case study research, content analysis, ethnographic studies, grounded theory research, historical studies, narrative research, and phenomenological research. It provides descriptions and examples of each method, focusing on the goals, data collection techniques, and key characteristics of basic qualitative studies, case study research, content analysis, ethnographic studies, and grounded theory research. The document is intended to inform readers about these common qualitative research approaches.
The document discusses critical theory and its focus on critique of who controls educational institutions and processes, as well as reform to challenge the status quo. It outlines key proponents of critical theory like Gramsci, Habermas, Marcuse, and Freire, and examines implications for philosophy of education like empowering students and facilitating authentic learning. Critical theory seeks to spark debate over education and its role in society.
The document defines research and outlines its key characteristics and importance. It discusses the characteristics of researchers and the qualities of good researchers. It also describes the different types of research and outlines the typical stages in the research process, including defining the problem, planning, data collection/analysis, and reporting. Finally, it discusses some ethical considerations and interfaces in conducting research.
0-Concept and Nature of Organizational Behaviorโ.pptxshivang890520
ย
Organizational behavior is the study of human behavior in organizational settings and how it impacts structures, performance, communication, and leadership. It is an interdisciplinary field that draws from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and other fields to understand topics like motivation, leadership, communication, and stress. Organizational behavior aims to apply this knowledge to solve organizational problems related to human behavior. It takes both a positive science approach that examines causes and effects, as well as a normative approach that prescribes how findings can be applied to meet organizational goals.
This document discusses research philosophy and the importance of theory in research. It provides an overview of different philosophical frameworks for research including positivism, constructionism, and interpretivism. These frameworks influence the methodology and methods used to generate knowledge. The document emphasizes that research should be grounded in theory to contribute to the body of knowledge in a field. Concepts are the building blocks of theory, and developing a theoretical framework is important for guiding research and validating findings.
Creativity Through Applying Ideas From Fields OtherThan Oneโ.docxvanesaburnand
ย
Creativity Through Applying Ideas From Fields Other
Than Oneโs Own: Transferring Knowledge From Social
Psychology to Industrial/Organizational Psychology *
Abstract
Subfields of psychology can be arguably characterized as
islands of unconnected knowledge. The underlying theme
of this paper is that these subfields have much to gain by
looking at and studying each otherโs respective literature.
This paper explains how the field of industrial/organiza-
tional (I/O) psychology has benefited from theory and
research in social psychology, and suggests ways it can ben-
efit even more so. Specifically, moral development, the
group-serving bias, as well as inducing feelings of hypocrisy
so as to foster subsequent behaviour change are discussed.
Their potential for leading to further insight into existing
problems, refining existing theories, and for raising new
questions in I/O psychology is described.
Psychology is a behavioural science whose literature
has grown rapidly. However, psychology has often
failed to transfer knowledge across its subfields.
Scientists and practitioners within the subfields fre-
quently appear ignorant of ways they can benefit from
cross-subfield research. These subfields, whether bio-
logical, clinical, educational, social, or industrial, con-
tain interdependent ideas that should be shared in
order to advance psychology for all.
Since the authors are researchers of organizational
behaviour, this paper provides insights as to how trans-
ferring knowledge from social psychology has already
enriched the science and practice of I/O psychology.
In addition, new ideas as to how I/O psychology can
benefit from social psychology are explored.
Benefits of Reading Literature Other than Oneโs Own
The benefits of researching literature other than oneโs
own are at least four-fold. First, sharing concepts
among psychologyโs subfields allows researchers to
extend their work to other areas (i.e., generalization).
Second, it enables them to theorize and contextualize
their research so as to connect their findings within
larger conversations. Research designs often yield rela-
tively sterile pieces of data that contribute little to
knowledge and understanding when they are confined
to narrow disciplines, or kept within the borders of a
specific field (e.g., Locker, 1994; Sternberg &
Grigorenko, 2001). Third, it helps researchers to be
constructively critical of both the fields from which
they draw information and of that in which they work.
It can lead to proposals for using alternative method-
ologies in a particular program of research. Fourth, it
enables researchers to raise questions not previously
considered. Sharing knowledge across subfields may
even lead researchers who investigate the same phe-
nomenon, but who are in different areas of psycholo-
gy, and hence have different perspectives and instru-
ments, to interact with one another in ways that facili-
tate both knowledge creation and knowledge applica-
tion.
History
I/O .
This document provides an overview of action research and organization development from the perspective of Peter Reason and Kate McArdle. It discusses their backgrounds and purposes in writing about this topic. The document then defines action research as a participatory, democratic process aimed at developing practical knowledge to address issues of importance to people and communities. It outlines several traditions and approaches within action research, including organizational change research, cooperative inquiry, and appreciative inquiry. It also discusses strategies of action research at the individual, small group, and organizational levels.
Descriptive Ethics Encyclopedia Of Business Ethicssimply_coool
ย
Descriptive ethics studies morality from a scientific perspective. It describes and explains moral behavior using social science frameworks like theory building and hypothesis testing. Descriptive ethics asks questions like how individuals make moral decisions and what influences their ethical or unethical actions. Key areas of descriptive ethics research include cognitive moral development theory, social psychology experiments on obedience to authority, and conceptual models of ethical decision making that are empirically tested. Descriptive business ethics applies this approach to understanding morality in organizational contexts.
This document discusses key concepts in the philosophy of social sciences research. It defines paradigms as systems of thinking that include basic assumptions and research techniques accepted within a scientific community. Paradigms describe an established model like positivism or interpretivism. Approaches refer to specific research designs or methods. The three major paradigms discussed are positivism, interpretivism, and critical theory. The document also examines the philosophical foundations of theories, including ontology, epistemology, methodology, and axiology.
ilovepdf_merged.pdf- about Media and communicationKonulAzizli
ย
This document discusses key concepts in social science research methods. It defines research as a structured, systematic investigation aimed at increasing understanding through objective analysis of data. Research is guided by theory, which provides frameworks for interpreting findings. The document outlines various aspects of the research process, including developing research questions, collecting and analyzing data, and presenting findings. It emphasizes that social research should have practical implications and be influenced by ethical considerations and real-world contexts.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in social sciences. It discusses what research is, the purposes of research including developing new knowledge and solving problems. It outlines different research designs including defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data. It also discusses the objectives of social research as discovering new facts and understanding human behavior. The document covers quantitative and qualitative research methods, as well as sources of data collection for social research like interviews, observations, and documents. It provides examples of the process of social research.
Social constructionist thinking can help address some challenges in entrepreneurship research. It provides a way to theorize the relationship between structure and agency without forcing a dualist view. Social constructionist ideas examine how entrepreneurial practices are constructed through the interaction of individual agency, industry structure, and wider social and economic factors. They also allow investigation of different levels of analysis while bridging issues of agency and structure. Social constructionist thinking is useful because it offers a means to theorize how and why entrepreneurial activities occur in relation to various contextual influences.
Development in Practice-Development and the Learning OrganizationTom Dierolf
ย
This document introduces the concepts of the learning organization and organizational learning. It discusses how development organizations have increasingly embraced the idea of becoming learning organizations. The learning organization literature focuses on pragmatically acquiring and using knowledge to achieve goals, and creates a learning environment that encourages dialogue and breaks down barriers. Organizational learning literature is more extensive and examines knowledge management processes and how social and political dynamics impact learning. The document examines why development practitioners resonate with learning organization concepts and how their field anticipates aspects of the theory, but also notes criticisms about its limited examination of power dynamics and transformation. It highlights the complexity of organizational learning.
ORGANISATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE, MANAGERIAL TOOL OR NEITHER?...IAEME Publication
ย
This paper will attempt to examine whether Organisational Psychology is a
science and the extent to which its findings are of practical use to the managers. As it
will be seen, the answer to the second half of this question depends on the answer
given to the first one. For this reason, the analysis will present different views
concerning what a โscientific disciplineโ is.
This document outlines the key topics covered in an organizational behavior course, including:
1. The meaning, models, and disciplines of organizational behavior.
2. Individual differences like personality, values, attitudes, and job satisfaction.
3. Group dynamics and team effectiveness.
4. Power, politics, and organizational conflict.
5. Sources of organizational change and methods of managing conflict.
6. Causes and management of workplace stress.
The document also provides an overview of theories of organizational behavior like scientific management, human relations, and bureaucracy theories. Contributing disciplines to OB include psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and political science.
rational myths,ย isomorphism, legitimacy,Institutions-Characteristics, Old/ New Institutionalism, Typology of institutionalism ,Sustainable Development
Running head WHAT MANAGERS OFTEN WANT WHAT MANAGERS OFTEN WAN.docxagnesdcarey33086
ย
Running head: WHAT MANAGERS OFTEN WANT
WHAT MANAGERS OFTEN WANT
What Managers Often Want
Name
Organisational Theory
26 August 2014
INTRODUCTION
For the past number of decades, most academics and practitioners studying organizations suggest the concept of culture is the climate and practices that organizations develop around their handling of people (Schein, 2004). Organizational culture is the basic pattern of shared assumptions, values, and beliefs considered to be the correct way of thinking about and acting on problems and opportunities facing the organization. According to Wilson (2014), it is a rationale for peopleโs behavior, a guideline for action, a cause for condemnation or praise, a quality that makes a company what it is. In relation to the preceding definition, Arnold (2005) indicates that organizational culture is the distinctive norms, beliefs, principles and ways of behaving that combine to give each organization its distinct character.
A clear understanding of organizational culture is virtually imperative in the organisation, as it will help management to understand what the real issues as pertains to the organisationโs operations are, which areas need attention and what can be done to address the identified gaps. There is a need for management to understand the concept of organization culture to better synergy and performance. Social scientists have explored the notion of organizational culture as a perspective in organizational theory over the past decades. According to Zheng (2014) current interests in organizational culture stems from at least four different sources: climate research, national cultures, human resource management and from conviction approaches which emphasize the rational and structural nature of the organization to be unable to offer a full explanation of organizational behaviour.
The origin of organizational culture from a national culture point of view is based, among others, on the work of Deal and Kennedy (1982). According to this view organizational culture is seen as being central to organizational success rather than factors such as structure, strategy or politics. As a result the attention shifted away from national cultures and focused more on organizational culture. Interests in organizational culture from the human resource management and performance point of views stems from the fact that organisational culture was perceived to be offering a non-mechanistic, flexible and imaginative approach to understanding how organizations work (Zhang, 2014). Consequently, organisational culture is considered to be the great โcure-allโ for most organisational problems (Wilson, 1992). Other theoretical development of the concept organisational culture includes studies conducted within the field of organisational theory. These studies focused on the description and understanding of the concept organization culture by using typologies or classifications, which include the following:
i. Deal and.
4 Part One Introduction Welcome to the Field of Organizati.docxgilbertkpeters11344
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4 Part One Introduction
Welcome to the Field of Organizational Behaviorl
The opening story about Brasilata reveals some important truths about organizations that
succeed in todays turbulent environment. I n every sector of the economy, organizations
need to be innovative, employ skilled and motivated people who can work in teams, have
leaders wi th foresight and vision, and make decisions that consider the interests of multiple
stakeholders. In other words, the best companies succeed through the concepts and prac-
tices that we discuss in this book on organizational behavior.
The purpose of this book is to help you understand what goes on in organizations, in -
cluding the thoughts and behavior of employees and teams. We examine the factors that
make companies effective, improve employee well-being, and drive successful collabora-
tion among coworkers. We look at organizations from numerous and diverse perspectives,
from the deepest foundations of employee thoughts and behavior (personahty, self-concept,
commitment , etc.) to the complex interplay between the organization's structure and
culture and its external environment. Along this journey, we emphasize why things happen
and what you can do to predict and manage organizational events.
We begin in this chapter by introducing you to the field of organizational behavior (OB)
and why it is important to your career and to organizations. Next, this chapter describes the
"ultimate dependent variable" i n OB by presenting the four main perspectives of organiza-
tional effectiveness. This is followed by an overview of three challenges facing organiza-
tions: global izat ion, increasing workforce diversity, and emerging employment
relationships. We complete this opening chapter by describing four anchors that guide the
development of organizational behavior knowledge.
The Field of Organizational Behavior
"r" I Organizational behavior (OB) is the study of what people think, feel, and do in and around
' organizations. It looks at employee behavior, decisions, perceptions, and emotional
responses. It examines how individuals and teams in organizations relate to one another and
to their counterparts in other organizations. OB also encompasses the study of how organi-
zarions interact wi th their external environments, particularly in the context of employee
behavior and decisions. OB researchers systematically study these topics at multiple levels of
analysis, namely, the individual, team (including interpersonal), and organization.^
The definition of organizational behavior begs the question: What are organizations?
Organizations are groups of people who work interdependently toward some purpose.^
Notice that organizations are not buildings or government-registered entities. In fact, many
organizations exist without either physical walls or government documentation to confer
their legal status. Organizations have existed for as long as people have worked together.
M.
Attitudes, Values and Organizational Culture: Disentangling the ConceptsValerieBez1
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1) The document examines the concepts of attitudes, values, and organizational culture and seeks to disentangle them based on empirical survey data from a large Danish insurance company.
2) It finds that employee attitudes were clearly distinct from values, and perceptions of organizational practices were unrelated to values and only partially overlapped with attitudes regarding communication.
3) Perceptions of organizational practices did not form recognizable clusters at the individual level but only at the level of organizational subunits, suggesting they are a better measure of organizational culture than individual attitudes or values.
This finance seminar course aims to develop students' skills in critically appraising empirical and theoretical finance literature. The course outline covers research philosophies, designs, and methodologies commonly used in finance. Students will review academic journals and critique their methodologies. Course evaluation is based on participation, written reviews, assignments, and a final exam. Key journals reviewed include the Journal of Finance and Journal of Financial Economics. Students will learn quantitative research methods like regression analysis and qualitative methods to identify gaps in the literature.
61122 Research_Paradigms & Qual Res by sir Waheed.pptTanzeelaBashir1
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This document provides an overview of different research paradigms that can be applied in educational research. It discusses the positivist, interpretivist/constructivist, and critical paradigms. For each paradigm, it describes elements like epistemology, ontology, methodology, and axiology. It also discusses key concepts like normal science versus scientific revolution in the positivist paradigm. The document aims to define what a research paradigm is and explain the common beliefs and assumptions that define different paradigms.
The document discusses six major theoretical perspectives in psychology: evolutionary, cognitive, psychodynamic, behavioral, sociocultural, and humanistic. It explains key aspects of each perspective, such as what they focus on and their views on topics like natural selection, how the mind processes information, the effects of unconscious desires on behavior, the impact of external factors like punishment and reward, social influences, and individual free will. The document also mentions that psychologists may use an eclectic approach combining multiple perspectives to study human behavior.
Capital structure theories - NI Approach, NOI approach & MM ApproachSundar B N
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Capital structure theories - NI Approach, NOI approach & MM Approach. Meaning of capital structure , Features of An Appropriate Capital Structure, Determinants of Capital Structure, Planning the Capital Structure Important Considerations,
Application of Univariate, Bivariate and Multivariate Variables in Business R...Sundar B N
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In this ppt you can find the materials relating to Application of Univariate, Bivariate and Multivariate Variables in Business Research. Also What is Variable, Types of Variables, Examples of Independent Variables, Examples of Dependent Variables, Common techniques used in univariate analysis include, Common techniques used in bivariate analysis include, Common techniques used in Multivariate analysis include, Difference B/w Univariate, Bivariate & Multivariate Analysis
This document discusses National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) in India. It provides information on:
- NEFT is an electronic payment system developed by the Reserve Bank of India that allows individuals and businesses to transfer funds between banks securely and efficiently.
- Transactions are processed in batches throughout the day on a deferred settlement basis.
- NEFT is widely used for salary payments, bill payments, and online shopping due to its fast processing time (within hours) and low transaction fees compared to other electronic payment systems.
- The document provides details on conducting NEFT transactions through various digital and branch-based methods from ICICI Bank and the applicable transaction charges.
Islamic banks operate based on Islamic principles rather than as money lending institutions. They prohibit interest and instead require profit and loss sharing as well as permissible activities like partnership, sales, agency and rent. To function without interest, Islamic banks provide accounts that share profits and losses from investments rather than guaranteeing fixed interest returns. Islamic banking has expanded globally and differs from conventional banks in adhering to Islamic law.
This presentation introduces trademarks and their importance. A trademark is any sign that identifies goods from one enterprise and distinguishes them from competitors. Trademarks provide legal protection against fake products, allow customers to easily identify brands, and create goodwill. Essential features of trademarks include being distinctive, easy to pronounce, not descriptive, and satisfying registration requirements. There are different types of trademarks including word marks featuring words or letters, device marks representing logos or designs, service marks identifying services, and collective marks used by groups.
Inflation is a worldwide phenomenon where commodity prices are rising and money values are falling. There are two main types of inflation: demand-pull inflation, which occurs when aggregate demand outpaces supply, and cost-push inflation caused by increases in production costs. Inflation can also be categorized by its speed as creeping, walking, running, or galloping depending on the annual growth rate of prices. In conclusion, inflation reduces consumer purchasing power and equilibrium as consumers must cut back on consumption.
The document provides an overview of startups in India, including key facts and figures as well as challenges. It discusses the three pillars of the National Flagship Initiative called Startup India, launched in 2015 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, to promote entrepreneurship. These pillars include simplification, handholding, and funding support. It defines what qualifies as a startup and reasons for promoting startups, including generating employment and encouraging innovation. Some top Indian startups highlighted include Ola, Paytm, Oyo Rooms, and Zomato. Common challenges faced by startups are also listed, such as lack of innovation, funding, mentorship, and human resource issues.
An ATM, or automated teller machine, allows users to access their bank accounts to withdraw cash, check balances, and transfer funds without needing to visit a bank branch. ATMs are installed by banks in various locations and allow any user to withdraw funds from their account, regardless of which bank owns the ATM. Transactions may be subject to fees depending on the bank and number of transactions in a month. To use an ATM, a user inserts their debit card and enters their PIN to access a menu of transaction options on screen. Following the on-screen instructions, a user can withdraw cash, deposit funds or checks, and check their account balance.
NABARD
Functions of NABARD
Long term refinance
Interest rates
Developmental functions
Supervisory functions
Government sponsered schemes
NABARAD'S initiatives
UPI is a payment system that allows users to link multiple bank accounts to a single smartphone app to transfer funds without needing account numbers or IFSC codes. It offers instant payments through a virtual payment address with authentication using the mobile phone and a 4-6 digit PIN. UPI aims to simplify online payments with a single interface across all NPCI systems while improving security by eliminating the need to share sensitive bank details with others.
The document discusses the National Pension Scheme (NPS) in India. NPS is a social security program open to both public and private sector employees between 18-60 years old, except armed forces personnel. It is regulated by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA). To open an NPS account, one can visit a point of presence like a bank or post office either offline or online. A Permanent Retirement Account Number (PRAN) is issued upon registration. There are two tiers of accounts - Tier 1 offers tax benefits and matures at age 60, while Tier 2 is voluntary and does not provide tax benefits. The document outlines the fund managers in the government and non
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
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(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
๐๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ ๐๐ง๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ ๐จ๐ ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ฎ๐ซ:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
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(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin ๐๐ค๐ค๐ฅฐ
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
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Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
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Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
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Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the bodyโs response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
ย
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
ย
Research paradigms
1.
2. What is a paradigm
Kuhn (1970) describes it as a cluster of
beliefs, which guide researchers to decide
what should be studied and how results
should be interpreted.
3. What is a paradigm
Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill cite research by Burrell and
Morgan (1979 cited p112) which offers four paradigms for
social sciences research, within which business research is
just one type:
๏ Functionalist paradigms(problem-solving and rational
approach to organizations)
๏ Interpretive paradigms(organizations only understood
through perceptions of people about those organizations)
๏ Radical humanist paradigms(organizations are social
arrangements and research is about changing them)
๏ Radical structuralist paradigms(organizations are a product
of structural power relations, where conflict is inherent)
4. These paradigms are held by the authors to be
inconsistent with each other, in other words, if you
hold one paradigm, you cannot also hold a different
one.
They therefore foster different research methods and
focus on different areas for study.
5. Functionalist Paradigm
For example a functionalist paradigm takes a classic
survey approach to issues, which are thought to have
objective reality.
A climate survey of employees would be an example,
made to assess something โrealโ how employees feel
about working in an organization, and using a
questionnaire with both quantitative and
qualitative questions to gain descriptive responses
about that โrealityโ.
6. Interpretive Paradigms
An interpretive paradigm uses a qualitative
research method such as discourse
analysis, unstructured interviews to
investigate perceptions and constructions of
reality by โactorsโ in organizations, i.e.
employees, managers, shareholders etc.
7. Radical Humanist Paradigm
A radical humanist paradigm would suggest again a
qualitative method but looks not necessarily at the
perceptions of social actors in the organization but
seeks to probe a deeper level of values and social
definitions, which underpin the organization.
A relevant method would be grounded theory, which
looks for theory through a structured method of
investigation of what is said or written (inductive) and
produces categories of idea, which can then be used
to characterize, develop or change organizations.
8. Radical Structuralist Paradigm
A radical structuralist paradigm may suggest a
historical analysis of power in the
organization, by developing case studies or
seeking to symbolize transactions
between actors in the organization, for
example an analysis of employee
relations over time.
9. Sum up
This is one attempt to pull together the ontological and epistemological debates
about conducting social science research. It is the ontological and
epistemological stance of the researcher which affect the methodology and
specific methods they choose for their research. Does this make sense to you?
We are talking about how you think about the world and the stuff you find in it; for
example whether you believe in objective truth, or whether you find all things
subjective. What kind of status business organizations have, and the policies
and plans and structures and cultures they develop.
As researchers we have to develop a clear sense of how we understand the world so
that we donโt make the mistake of thinking everyone else thinks about it the
same way.
We have to learn to be as objective as possible, to recognize when our assumptions
and philosophies may cloud our thinking and try to dispel them for the
purposes of research.