Social Constructionist Thinking
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Social constructionist thinking can help address some challenges in entrepreneurship research. It provides a way to theorize the relationship between structure and agency without forcing a dualist view. Social constructionist ideas examine how entrepreneurial practices are constructed through the interaction of individual agency, industry structure, and wider social and economic factors. They also allow investigation of different levels of analysis while bridging issues of agency and structure. Social constructionist thinking is useful because it offers a means to theorize how and why entrepreneurial activities occur in relation to various contextual influences.
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The document discusses different types of listening including appreciative, discriminative, comprehensive, empathic, and critical listening. It also outlines the steps in the listening process: attending, understanding through paraphrasing and questioning, remembering through repetition and note taking, evaluating facts and inferences, and responding supportively or when disagreeing. Key types of listening involve understanding meaning, learning and recalling information, understanding others' feelings, and critically evaluating messages.
Milan school of family therapy
The Milan school of family therapy developed an approach based on systems theory and complexity. Key aspects included circular questioning to challenge problem maintaining beliefs, end of session interventions like paradoxes and rituals, and a team approach with co-therapists. The goal was to alter family interaction patterns and beliefs supporting problems like schizophrenia. Over time the Milan school split into more strategic and non-directive branches but both retained a focus on flexibility, feedback and challenging existing family constructs.
Different Perspective On Organizational Communication
The document discusses different perspectives on organizational communication including the systems perspective. It provides an overview of key aspects of systems theory as applied to organizations, including that a system is made up of interdependent parts, organizations exist within environments they interact with, and goals and processes involve feedback. It compares scientific management and systems theories, noting systems theory focuses more on complexity and relationships between components rather than efficiency.
The Systems Perspective
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Chap1: Communication Process
This slideshow was created to accompany the first chapter of Communicate! by Kathleen S. Verderber, Rudolph F. Verderber and Deanna D. Sellnow. Publisher: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. ISBN-13: 978-0-495-90171-6
Lecture 5 social constructionist family therapy: Milan school
Lecture 5 social constructionist family therapy: Milan schoolNewham College University Centre Stratford Newham
The Milan approach focuses on viewing problems systemically and seeing how symptoms maintain family homeostasis. The therapist aims to help the family recognize how problems serve certain functions for the family system through circular questioning and other indirect interventions. Key techniques include hypothesizing family dynamics based on initial information, maintaining neutrality, and reframing problems and behaviors in a positive light to facilitate change in how the family views and interacts with each other. The goal is for the whole family to change their patterns rather than blaming individuals.Social constructionism
The document discusses social constructionism and social constructivism. It notes that they are sociological theories that consider how social phenomena develop in social contexts. Social constructionism focuses on reality, knowledge, and learning being dependent on social and cultural factors, while social constructivism refers to individuals constructing meaning from knowledge within a social context. The document explores the underlying assumptions of social constructivism and how reality, knowledge, and learning are viewed through this lens.
Systems approach to management
The document discusses the systems approach to management. It describes a system as a set of interrelated parts working towards a common goal. It outlines the key elements of a system including inputs, the transformation process, outputs, and aspects that are reenergized as new inputs. Managers use planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling to transform inputs like resources, demands, and environmental factors into outputs like products, profits, and stakeholder satisfaction. The systems approach views the organization holistically and emphasizes interdependence, feedback, and adapting to changes.
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Handbook of research in entrepreneurship education pages 166 172
The document discusses applying social constructivist and social constructionist ideas to the study of entrepreneurship. A social constructivist analysis considers how entrepreneurial activities are constructed through individual cognition within a social context. A social constructionist perspective investigates the dialogic and relational processes through which entrepreneurship is constructed. The document argues that these perspectives can provide insight into entrepreneurial practices by examining how entrepreneurship is constructed on both individual and social levels.
Handbook of research in entrepreneurship education pages 166 172
The document discusses applying social constructivist and social constructionist ideas to the study of entrepreneurship. A social constructivist analysis considers how entrepreneurial activities are constructed through individual cognition within a social context. A social constructionist perspective investigates how entrepreneurial activities are constructed through dialogic and interpretive social processes. Both approaches can provide insight into entrepreneurial practices but differ in their level of focus on individual cognition versus social interaction.
Handbook of research in entrepreneurship education pages 166 172
This document discusses applying social constructivist and social constructionist ideas to the study of entrepreneurship. A social constructivist analysis privileges individual subjective knowledge and considers the social context where entrepreneurial activities are constructed. A social constructionist perspective is more concerned with how people interactively come to know and be in the world. Applying these ideas can aid understanding of how entrepreneurial practices are constructed through both individual cognitive processes and social and environmental influences.
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Generalist Practice Study Notes
The document discusses generalist social work practice and the different perspectives and discourses within social work. It argues that social work knowledge is socially constructed through three interacting arenas: 1) the political-social-ideological arena which influences policy, 2) the agency-professional arena which determines how social work is implemented, and 3) the client-worker-agency arena where practice is enacted. An effective social work approach requires being eclectic in using ideas from different theories, while practicing critical thinking and reflexivity.
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There are five main theoretical perspectives used in sociology: symbolic interactionism, rational choice theory, structural functionalism, social conflict theory, and feminist theory. Each of these theories can be used to explain the actions of family members shown in a video of a family dinner. Symbolic interactionism posits that people communicate and act according to the norms of their social group. Family members carry out their roles, like the daughter setting the table and the mother cooking, which have been established over many years.
R1 ppt.
1) This study analyzes 237 articles published in the Journal of Business Venturing between 1986-1993 to understand the social construction of the field of entrepreneurship research.
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The five main approaches of psychology are behavioral, cognitive, biological, humanistic, and psychodynamic. The behavioral approach focuses on how environmental stimuli shape learning and behavior. The cognitive approach examines internal mental processes like thinking and memory. The biological approach studies how biology and neuroscience influence behavior. The humanistic approach emphasizes self-actualization, free will, and human potential. The psychodynamic approach developed by Freud focuses on unconscious thoughts and drives and their influence on behavior. Each approach provides a different perspective on understanding human behavior and the mind.
Running head WHAT MANAGERS OFTEN WANT WHAT MANAGERS OFTEN WAN.docx
Running head: WHAT MANAGERS OFTEN WANT
WHAT MANAGERS OFTEN WANT
What Managers Often Want
Name
Organisational Theory
26 August 2014
INTRODUCTION
For the past number of decades, most academics and practitioners studying organizations suggest the concept of culture is the climate and practices that organizations develop around their handling of people (Schein, 2004). Organizational culture is the basic pattern of shared assumptions, values, and beliefs considered to be the correct way of thinking about and acting on problems and opportunities facing the organization. According to Wilson (2014), it is a rationale for people’s behavior, a guideline for action, a cause for condemnation or praise, a quality that makes a company what it is. In relation to the preceding definition, Arnold (2005) indicates that organizational culture is the distinctive norms, beliefs, principles and ways of behaving that combine to give each organization its distinct character.
A clear understanding of organizational culture is virtually imperative in the organisation, as it will help management to understand what the real issues as pertains to the organisation’s operations are, which areas need attention and what can be done to address the identified gaps. There is a need for management to understand the concept of organization culture to better synergy and performance. Social scientists have explored the notion of organizational culture as a perspective in organizational theory over the past decades. According to Zheng (2014) current interests in organizational culture stems from at least four different sources: climate research, national cultures, human resource management and from conviction approaches which emphasize the rational and structural nature of the organization to be unable to offer a full explanation of organizational behaviour.
The origin of organizational culture from a national culture point of view is based, among others, on the work of Deal and Kennedy (1982). According to this view organizational culture is seen as being central to organizational success rather than factors such as structure, strategy or politics. As a result the attention shifted away from national cultures and focused more on organizational culture. Interests in organizational culture from the human resource management and performance point of views stems from the fact that organisational culture was perceived to be offering a non-mechanistic, flexible and imaginative approach to understanding how organizations work (Zhang, 2014). Consequently, organisational culture is considered to be the great “cure-all” for most organisational problems (Wilson, 1992). Other theoretical development of the concept organisational culture includes studies conducted within the field of organisational theory. These studies focused on the description and understanding of the concept organization culture by using typologies or classifications, which include the following:
i. Deal and.
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CHAPTER 2 SW.pptx
The document summarizes different theories about the relationship between social work theory and practice. It outlines three main theories about the nature of society: consensus theory, which sees society as sharing common norms and values; conflict theory, which views society as stratified along lines of inequality; and social action theory, which sees society as constructed through individual meaning-making. These theories lead to different views of the role of social work in addressing social problems.
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Table for Multiple PerspectivesModernismCritical TheorySymbolic InterpretivismPostmodernismOntologyObjectivism - Reality is out there whether we know it or not.Objectivism - Reality is out there whether we know it or not.Subjectivism - We construct reality and agree upon it.Reality is an illusion created by discourses.EpistemologyPositivism - Knowledge is discovered through scientific measurements and tests.Subjectivist - Knowledge is tainted by dominant ideology (dominant ideology refers mostly to modernist theories)Interpretivism - Knowledge is discovered by the interpretation of meanings (relative to time, place, individuals)Discourses (especially modernist theories and concepts) create the illusion of knowledge.TheoryObjective truths that govern organizationsUnmasking the "real" truths that are hidden by modernist theories.Truths are relative and context specific (Depends on the meanings produced at different time, place and by different people)Rejection and Challenge to modernist theories. Provides alternative interpretations to modernist understanding of organizations.MethodologyQuantitative methods and Deductive ApproachQualitative methods and Inductive Approach (Focus on historical analysis and discourse analysis)Qualitative methods and Inductive Approach (Focus on Ethnography)Discourse Analysis and DeconstructionModernism: Discovers truths that govvern organizations. These truths that are scientifically derived are superior to commonsense andspeculations and act as universal laws that are applicable to all organizations.Symbolic Interpretivism: Questions the universal claim of modernist theories (truths). Instead, "truths" concerning organizations are sociallyconstructed and context-specific, dependent on time/place/individuals.Critical Theory: Exposes the ideological nature of modernist theories (truths). Modernist theories privileges the management/elites by espousingvalues that aligns with that of the management/elites. Aims to unmasks hidden truths of modernist organization theories.Postmodernism: Challenges the dominant position of modernist theories (truths) as objective knowledge. Aims to deconstruct the universalassumptions of these modernist theories (truths) and provide alternative discourses that give voice to the marginalized.
RMIT University
Slide *
Organisational Culture
RMIT University
RMIT University
Slide *
Organisational Culture
Objectives:Assignment One
Review of course: Why are we doing this?
How can different perspectives help me in the future?
Introduce the concepts of culture, norms and values.
Discuss how these concepts relate to organisations.
Distinguish between contemporary theoretical approaches to organisational cultureModern Symbolic interpretiveCritical theoryPostmodern
RMIT University
Assignment One
The Question To Be Answered:
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This document discusses organizational theory and provides a case study on Ryanair airline. It begins with an introduction to Ryanair, noting it was founded in 1985 and has grown significantly over the years under CEO Michael O'Leary. It adopts a low-cost leadership strategy. The document then analyzes Ryanair's organizational structure, finding it uses a centralized, functional structure with a tall hierarchy. Michael O'Leary maintains direct control over key departments as CEO. This structure allows Ryanair to effectively pursue its low-cost strategy through tight cost control from the top-down.
Social Work Essay Examples.pdf
This document discusses the challenges of writing an essay on social work examples. It notes that social work encompasses a broad range of topics, requiring an understanding of its principles, ethics, and real-world applications. To start, the essay must explore aspects like its history, theories, and diverse roles. It also needs to use examples to illustrate concepts. Additionally, it should analyze specific interventions, challenges faced by practitioners, and how social policies impact the field. The essay must also carefully address ethical dilemmas in case studies while maintaining objectivity and empathy. It should demonstrate awareness of cultural competence and power dynamics within the populations social workers serve. In conclusion, writing about social work examples involves navigating its complex principles, theories, ethics,
Identification boosts conflicts: a managerial paradox - 2012
This document discusses identifications and identities in business organizations from both a general and critical perspective. It first reviews theories of social identity and identification, which see identity as arising from membership in social groups. In organizations, identification can increase employee commitment and loyalty. However, a critical perspective notes that identification can also divide people into conflicting in-groups and out-groups. The document argues for a more complex view that addresses power dynamics and potential conflicts between social groups within organizations.
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Social Constructionist Thinking
- 1. Social constructionist thinking: some implications for entrepreneurship research and education ElnazTarzamny Professor: Dr. Arabiun University of Tehran Entrepreneurship Faculty
- 2. Introduction All the evidence seems to indicate that we have come a long way in identifying many different forms, definitions and varieties of entrepreneurial practice. A significant challenge facing entrepreneurship inquiries is the need to maintain relevance and accessibility as a subject area at the same time as enhancing the scholarly standing and legitimacy of this field of study.
- 3. Introduction It is argued that what is needed in entrepreneurship are more integrative theoretical understandings of entrepreneurial practice that have the potential to bridge levels of analysis and connect issues of agency and structure. Social constructivist and Social constructionist ideas aid our understanding of entrepreneurial practices.
- 4. The problems of paradigm scrutiny and compartmentalism The Burrell and Morgan(1979) framework is about how particular organizational practices come to ‘occur’ in the social world. The authors propose 4 paradigms that embrace particular assumptions about social reality (radical structuralist, radical humanist, functionalist, interpretivist). In entrepreneurship research, this framework is taken forward to demonstrate how such a paradigmatic framework might be use to review and categorize research.
- 5. The problems of paradigm scrutiny and compartmentalism The weakness of such framework is that they force dualist views of the world and inquirers become focused on locating themselves in one paradigm or another. The investigator is drown to either-or understanding of how things are in the world.
- 6. What is needed For this reason, more integrative approaches are needed in the study of entrepreneurship not only in the sense of insights or concepts from various disciplines, but also by taking account of how entrepreneurial practices are constructed through an interaction between individual agency, industry/sector/firm structure and wider economic, social or cultural environment.
- 7. What is needed What is needed are methodologies that not only enable us to investigate different levels of analysis involving industry, firm and individuals, but also ways of theorizing that bridge issues of agency and structure.
- 8. Social constructionist ideas The intention is not to present these ideas as a solution to all the problems in entrepreneurship inquiry. The aim is to review these ideas and their application in entrepreneurship in order to show how they provide a means of responding to some of the tensions and problems.
- 9. Social constructionist ideas Social constructionist ideas are useful to entrepreneurship because they provide a means of theorizing that polarizing structure/agency emphases. These also offer some promise for theorizing how and why entrepreneurial activities occur in relation to the cultural, social and opportunity structural environment.
- 10. Social constructivist and constructionist ideas Different terms such as constructivist or constructionist are often used interchangeably. But these ideas have their roots in many intellectual traditions. And the strength of these is that they relate to several philosophical traditions.
- 11. Social constructivist ideas Social constructivist thinking is a set of key assumptions about social reality and the way in which we can come to know or construct understanding of reality. Social constructivist is more concerned with how individuals mentally construct their worlds with categories supplied by social relationship.
- 12. Social constructivist ideas A further key assumption is that such cognitive processing capacities can be accurately known or represented in the research process. Social constructivist ideas are pertinent when research questions are concerned with examining how and why entrepreneurial activities are constructed in the way they are.
- 13. Social constructivist ideas Fieldwork activities and analyses focus on individuals, their cognitive processing abilities, and social-psychological attributes. Given the research interests, the key interpretive task is to learn inwards towards the subject of research and examine personal subjectivity. Bouchikhi, applies constructivist ideas as a way of dealing with the duality created by individual and environmental explanation of entrepreneurship.