A discussion about the early history of functionalism and its proponents as well as the concept of structuralism and Merton's concept of Manifest and Latent Functions and Dysfunctions in social elements
The rational choice theory, also known as choice theory or rational action theory, is a theory for understanding and often modelling social and economic as well as individual behaviour.
A discussion about the early history of functionalism and its proponents as well as the concept of structuralism and Merton's concept of Manifest and Latent Functions and Dysfunctions in social elements
The rational choice theory, also known as choice theory or rational action theory, is a theory for understanding and often modelling social and economic as well as individual behaviour.
Political Science inquiry today is influenced by the theories that have been developed and presented over several centuries.
According to Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, nation, government, and politics and policies of government. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems, political behavior, and political culture. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works. Political science intersects with other fields; including economics, law, sociology, history, anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, political organization, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle.
The economy is the institution that provides for the production and distribution of goods and services, which people in every society need. Sometimes they can provide these things for themselves, and sometimes they rely on others to provide them. When people rely on others for goods or services, they must have something to exchange, such as currency (in industrialized societies) or other goods or services (in nonindustrialized societies). The customs surrounding exchange and distribution of good and services shape societies in fundamental ways.
1. Communism
2. Socialism
3. Liberalism
4. Conservatism
5. Fascism
6. Feminism
** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Introducing the basics of the Structurational theory whose author was Anthony Giddens. What's covered include; the key concepts, historical background, detailed breakdown, assumptions, strengths and weaknesses of the theory.
by c. eguillon module 9 of discipline and ideas in social sciences of senior high grade 11
Institutions provide social legitimacy and survival through Isomorphism. Isomorphism refers to the similarity in form, shape or structure. Institutions arise, change, and persist due to their regulative, normative and cognitive functions. These functions are isomorphic in nature as they adopt in form, shape or structure to provide social legitimacy, survival or both.
Formal institutions are codified rules, policies and norms that are considered official, originating from state laws, government or organizations. Examples: constitution, official law, regulation, standards enforced by the state. Formal institutions are codified rules, policies and norms that are considered official, originating from state laws, government or organizations. Examples: constitution, official law, regulation, standards enforced by the state.
Political Science inquiry today is influenced by the theories that have been developed and presented over several centuries.
According to Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, nation, government, and politics and policies of government. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems, political behavior, and political culture. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works. Political science intersects with other fields; including economics, law, sociology, history, anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, political organization, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle.
The economy is the institution that provides for the production and distribution of goods and services, which people in every society need. Sometimes they can provide these things for themselves, and sometimes they rely on others to provide them. When people rely on others for goods or services, they must have something to exchange, such as currency (in industrialized societies) or other goods or services (in nonindustrialized societies). The customs surrounding exchange and distribution of good and services shape societies in fundamental ways.
1. Communism
2. Socialism
3. Liberalism
4. Conservatism
5. Fascism
6. Feminism
** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Introducing the basics of the Structurational theory whose author was Anthony Giddens. What's covered include; the key concepts, historical background, detailed breakdown, assumptions, strengths and weaknesses of the theory.
by c. eguillon module 9 of discipline and ideas in social sciences of senior high grade 11
Institutions provide social legitimacy and survival through Isomorphism. Isomorphism refers to the similarity in form, shape or structure. Institutions arise, change, and persist due to their regulative, normative and cognitive functions. These functions are isomorphic in nature as they adopt in form, shape or structure to provide social legitimacy, survival or both.
Formal institutions are codified rules, policies and norms that are considered official, originating from state laws, government or organizations. Examples: constitution, official law, regulation, standards enforced by the state. Formal institutions are codified rules, policies and norms that are considered official, originating from state laws, government or organizations. Examples: constitution, official law, regulation, standards enforced by the state.
CHAPTER 7 Theories of Organizational Culture and Change Organi.docxrobertad6
CHAPTER 7
Theories of Organizational Culture and Change
Organizational culture is the culture that exists in an organization, something akin to a societal culture. It is composed of many intangible phenomena, such as values, beliefs, assumptions, perceptions, behavioral norms, artifacts, and patterns of behavior. It is the unseen and unobservable force that is always behind the organizational activities that can be seen and observed. According to Kilmann and his colleagues (1985), “Culture is to the organization what personality is to the individual—a hidden, yet unifying theme that provides meaning, direction, and mobilization.”
Since the 1980s, the literature on organizational change has had a dominant theme— lasting organizational reform requires changes in organizational culture. Organizational cul- tures that reflect unwanted values, such as hierarchy, rigidity, homogeneity, power based on authority and associations in closed networks, and reliance on rules restrict flexibility and can be formidable barriers to effecting lasting change (Cameron & Quinn, 2011). Organizational members often hang onto familiar “tried and true” beliefs, values, poli- cies, and practices of the organizational culture even when these “old ways” have ceased to serve the organization well. The task is to replace these with cultures where horizon- tal relations, open and accessible networks, flexibility, responsiveness, individual and group empowerment, diversity, and customer service are valued. Advocates and advisers of organizational reform have shared a commitment to increase organizational effective- ness, competitiveness, flexibility, and responsiveness by changing organizational cultures. “Command-and-control” cultures must be replaced with cultures that encourage and sup- port an increasingly diverse workforce and employee participation and empowerment approaches for individuals in work teams.
Therefore, understanding and appreciating the theory of organizational culture—the organizational culture perspective—as well as the existing culture of a particular organization, is necessary for effecting lasting organizational change.
THE ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE PERSPECTIVE
The organizational culture perspective is a set of theories with their own assumptions about organizational realities and relationships. It is yet another way of viewing, thinking about, studying, and trying to understand organizations. Like power and politics orga- nization theory (Chapter 6), the assumptions, units of analysis, research methods, and approaches of the organizational culture perspective differ markedly from those of the ratio- nal, “modern” structural, organizational economics, and systems/environment theories.
292
Theories of Organizational Culture and Change 293
The organizational culture perspective challenges the basic views of these more rational perspectives about, for example, how organizations make decisions and how and why orga- nizations—and people in organiz.
1 BUS4013 Organization Structure, Learning and Performanc.docxhoney725342
1
BUS4013: Organization Structure, Learning and Performance
Background Paper
Everyone, at one time or another, has participated in a variety of types of organizations—
churches, schools, government agencies, the armed forces, corporations, hospitals, volunteer
organizations, etc. Organizations impact our lives and members of the same organization are
affected differently. As Margaret Wheatley (1996) states, “Organizations are living systems.
They, too, are intelligent, creative, adaptive, self-organizing, and meaning-seeking.”
This course is about organizational structure and its relationship to learning and performance.
Organizations have a structure, that is, an established set of relationships with ordered and
regularly occurring activities. Therefore, performance and structure are inextricably linked. The
desire to improve performance is the underlying reason for the inclusion of this course in the
Capella undergraduate business curriculum.
Perhaps one may say that organizational structure drives performance; it certainly facilitates
performance. Another may say that organizational learning drives performance; it certainly leads
to adaptation and growth. And adaptation is necessary for survival. Its opposite is extinction. In
other words, this course is an overview of organizations and their design toward fostering
learning, which in turn, yields high performance.
Historical Perspective of the Study of Organizational Structure
Classical
We may be able to track the study of how organizations work and how they are structured and
managed into ancient times. We can cite Biblical references as well as those from Socrates and
Plato. However, most analysts would state that the beginnings of the factory system in the 18th
century signified the beginning of the study. Members of the first school of organizational study
were called the classicists. They built the foundation for the study of work in organizations, and
their work remains highly influential today. Max Weber, Henri Fayol, Adam Smith, Frederick
Taylor, and others represent the thinking of the classical period. The fundamental tenets of
classicism, according to Jay Shafritz and Steven Ott (1978), follow:
• Organizations exist to accomplish production-related and economic goals.
• There is one best way to organize for production, and that way can be found through
systematic scientific inquiry.
• Production is maximized through specialization and division of labor.
• People and organizations act in accordance with rational economic principles.
2
Modern
When we speak of the structure of an organization, we are actually referring to the stable
relationships among positions and groups of positions represented by the organization chart.
Structure is concerned with vertical differentiations, or hierarchical levels of organizational
authority and coordination, and horizontal differentiations between organizational units, e.g.,
between p ...
I have forgot to put my other reference that help me in this presentation. She is Josephine Pineda Dasig that have made also a presentation about social dimension of education. Thank You so much Ma'am...
Vgsfghhjkoommnbvvcxzsddghkpiyreqq I think it's social media or not I can't get over the next few weeks are reconsidering the same time was mercantilism and how historians I can do that yet I will let you know what I will do that t I will get i toh sa story nmo tom I think it's just time I get there in a few more days I
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Arithmetic Increase method
Geometric Increase Method
Incremental Increase Method
Decrease Rate of Increase Method
Simple Graphical Method
Comparative Graphical Method
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Logistic Curve method
estimate the future population ,
Arithmetic Increase method
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Incremental Increase Method
Decrease Rate of Increase Method
Simple Graphical Method
Comparative Graphical Method
The Master Plan Method or Zoning Method
Logistic Curve method
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the atmosphere, (The cover of the air)
the hydrosphere, (water bodies)
the lithosphere (the earth’s crust)
the biosphere. (the life layer)
Environmental Engineer’s role
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
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2. Institutions are the rules of the game in a society.
Institutions operate at different levels of jurisdiction, from the
world system to localized interpersonal relationships.
More formally they are the limitations to free behaviors
imposed on the individuals by the society, shaping the
relationships among individuals (North 1990, 1991)
3. Institutions are social structures that have attained a high degree
of resilience. They are composed of cultural-cognitive,
normative, and regulative elements that, together with
associated activities and resources, provide stability and
meaning to social life. Institutions are transmitted by various
types of carriers, including symbolic systems, relational
systems, routines, and artifacts.
4. It is a theory on the deeper and more resilient aspects of
social structure. It considers the processes by which
structures, including schemes, rules, norms, and routines,
become established as authoritative guidelines for social
behavior.
Different components of institutional theory explain how
these elements are created, diffused, adopted, and adapted
over space and time; and how they fall into decline and
disuse.
5. Institutional theory is "a widely accepted theoretical
posture that emphasizes rational myths, isomorphism,
and legitimacy. (Scott 2008)
6. Structure ….
The most significant element of an institution.
Structure may be either formal (legislature, bureaucracy,
political parties, mass-media) or informal (a network of
interacting organizations or a set of shared norms).
Institutionalism provides no place for individuals and
their interests.
Rather it involves groups of individuals in some sort of
patterned interactions that is predictable based upon
specified relationships among the actors. Stability
7. Structure ….
The existence of some sort of stability over time.
Regulator of individual behavior
Shared Values
Legitimacy
Institutional approach means a particular
approach typically used /applied by an
organization
8. Old Institutionalism… an approach to the study of
politics that focuses on formal institutions of
government.
New institutionalism… a social theory that focuses
on developing a sociological view of institutions,
the way they interact and the effects of institutions
on society.
10. For HI, what is mainly of importance is the construction,
maintenance and adaptation of institutions.
The emphasis of historical Institutionalism is much more
on the persistence of organizations after they are formed
than it is on the facts of their initial creation.
To some extent the emphasis on embodying ideas in the
structures that support institutions may be taken as a
definition of the formation of institution.
It can be argued that when an idea becomes accepted and
it is embodied into the structural forms, then the
institution has been created.
11. Rational choice institutionalism assume that individuals
are instrumentally convinced to maximize their utility.
Rational-choice institutionalists think of institutions as a
system of rules and incentives.
This theory permit, stipulate and exclude rules that is
designed to constrain behaviour.
For rational choice theorists, institutions are easily
changeable: if correct set or rules or the correct payoff
matrix is selected then the desired outcome can be
engineered.
12. Normative institutionalism underlines the role of values
and logic of appropriateness in defining institution
meaning that institutions can be considered as embedding
rules and routines that define what constitutes appropriate
action. (Peters 1999)
The norms and formal rules of institutions will shape the
actions of those acting within them.
Institutions are viewed as independent entities that over
time shape a policy by influencing actors, preferences,
perceptions and identities.
In this sense, institutions are endogenous.
13. This theory concerns the problem of whether institutions
in fact matter.
This type of institutionalism believes in experimental
behavior and its outcome.
For example, one of the questions empirical
institutionalism deals with is ‘presidential or
parliamentary system and whether is a better system or
not?’
14. Actor-centered institutionalism, also called neo-
institutionalism, emphasizes the autonomy of political
institutions from society in which they exist. It assumes a
greater influence on human behavior coming from the
socio-political environment surrounding people and
organizations than from within individual or group-based
interactions.
15. Sociological institutionalism is a form of new
institutionalism that concerns the way in which
institutions create meaning for individuals, providing
important theoretical building blocks for normative
institutionalism within political science
16. Feminist institutionalism is a new institutionalist
approach which looks at "how gender norms operate
within institutions and how institutional processes
construct and maintain gender power dynamics”.
17. Institutional isomorphism describes the process
in which organizations gain increasing similarity in
structure. This process is assumed to be driven
primarily by a desire of decision makers to create
organizations that conform and/or excel in their
practice of social rules, ideals, and practices.
18. The study field of institutions and institutionalism is
quite complex, encompassing theories, concepts, and
tools that can be applied in various ways related to
sustainable development. At the same time, sustainable
development can imply a range of policy, normative, or
resource use issues at various scales. Therefore,
institutions and their change over time can be analyzed
with regard to specific topics on sustainable development
such as institutional reforms, learning, institutional
interplay, and appropriate designs.
19. Often, institutional designs and institutional change
are useful approaches for investigating
unsustainability in economic development. This
happens when institutions are understood as a
structuring element of human–nature relationships,
and institutional change is used to redirect
institutional failures during the development
process. (Opschoor 1996).