US E-cigarette Summit: Taming the nicotine industrial complex
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY PPT............pptx
1.
2. Research design can be defined as a blueprint to conduct a
research study, which involves
-the description of research approach,
-study setting
- Population, sample,sampling size, sampling technique,
-tools
-methods of data collection
- analysis to specific research questions or for testing research
hypothesis.
3. The research design is the master plan specifying
the
- methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing
the needed information in a research study.
Research design is the researcher’s overall plan for
-answering the research questions or testing the
research hypothesis.
4. Smooth implementation of research process with minimal outlay of
resources.
Guides the researcher in planning and implementing the research
study.
Specifies the controlling mechanism of research.
Provides a set of instructions to the researcher.
Helps in preparation of research design.
6. Nature of the research problems.
Purpose of the study.
Researcher’s knowledge and experience.
Researcher’s interest and motivation.
Research ethics and principles.
Subjects/ participants.
Resources.
Time.
Possible control on extraneous variables.
Users of the study findings.
8. Campbell and Stanley(1963) used the term internal validity
to refer to the extent to which it is possible to make an
inference that the independent variable is truly influencing
over the dependent variable.
In the internal validity, the independent variable is
responsible for variation on dependent variable.
Internal validity, demand a tighter control over study to
maximize the effectiveness of the results.
9. History.
Maturation of subjects.
Testing .
Instrumentation change.
Mortality.
Selection bias.
10. It refers to the extent to which the results can be
generalized to a large population.
External validity refers- under what conditions and in
which type of subjects the same results can be expected to
be replicated, or whether the same intervention will work
in another setting and with different subjects.
13. Nonexperimental research design focuses on examining
variables, as they naturally occur in the environment
and not on the implementation of a treatment by the
researcher.
This design describes, differentiate or examine
associations among the variables.
14. 1. Based on nature of phenomena under study:
a. Descriptive .
b. Exploratory.
c. Comparative.
d. Correlational.
2. Based on method of data collection:
a. Written.
b. Oral.
c. Electronic.
15. This design is used to examine variables in a single
sample which includes:
Identifying the variables,
Measuring the variables,
Describing the variables and
Interpreting the meaning.
16.
17. This design is used to explore related factors of the existing
phenomenon in order to enhance the understanding of the
less understood phenomena. These includes:
Identifying the variables and related factors,
Measuring the frequency of occurrence,
Describing with an in- depth explanation &
Interpreting the meaning.
18. In this design, two or more groups are compared on the basis
of selected variables, includes measuring the difference. In
variables occurring naturally between the two or more groups
and comparing them on selected variables.
Example: A comparative study on pain symptoms among male
and female patients suffering with rheumatoid arthritis.
19.
20. It involves the analysis of two variables to describes the
strength and direction of the
relationship between them. These studies are
used to answer questions about relationships
or associations. Correlational research the inter-
relationships among study variables without any active
intervention by the researcher (Polit and Hungler, 2013).
21. Effect of air pollution on lung cancer among people in New
Delhi.
Correlational studies can be cross sectional or longitudinal and
may be prospective or retrospective.
22.
23. •Prospective Research Design–Start with a presumed
cause to effect.
•Retrospective Research Design-a backward
approach, from effect to cause
24. Cross-sectional studies involve observing a single phenomenon
across multiple populations at a single point in time without any
follow-up for determining the relationship between variables .
This design is an observational one, meaning the researcher
records information about the subjects without manipulating the
study environment.
This design is appropriate for describing the characteristics or
status of a disease in a population and also relationships among
risk factors and conditions at a time point.
26. In a longitudinal design, researcher records numerous observations
of the same subjects over a period of time, which at times may or
many years, i.e, the data is collected multiple time points over an
extended period Therefore, these studies are also termed as
repeated measures or cohort studies. These designs study the
changes in the phenomena over time and describe the chronology
of phenomenon tor establishing causality. Collection of data at
multiple time points strengthens causal inferences.
29. Retrospective (effect to cause) means the study has been conducted
subsequent to the dependent variable being affected by the independent
variable and researcher attempts to link the present events with the past
events.
The researcher collects the data on an outcome occurring in the present
and then linking it retrospectively to previous circumstances.
Retrospective studies are typically Cross-sectional, i.e. data about both
present outcomes and past events and occurrences are collected at a
single time point.
30. This study begins with identification of presumed cause (alcohol
consumption) and goes further in time to observe the presumed
effects (cirrhosis of liver).
Prospective studies are those in which data are collected about
events as they occur moving forward in time. The researcher initially
collects the data about presumed cause (independent variable) and
subsequently the effect on outcome is measured (occurrence of
dependent variable). It Collects specific exposure data.
These studies though similar to longitudinal studies, not all
prospective studies are longitudinal and vice-versa.
31. Experimental research is an objective, systematic, and
controlled investigation carried out to predict and
control phenomena, wherein the researcher manipulates
and controls one or more variables while observing the
effect of manipulation on other variables.
32. Random assignments of subjects to groups.
Precisely defined independent variables.
Having a comparison group.
Clearly identified sampling criteria.
Carefully measured dependent variables.
Controlled environment for conducting study.
33. True experimental designs investigate the Cause-and-
effect relationship between independent (predictor) and
dependent (outcome) variables under controlled
Conditions. In these designs, researchers have control
over the extraneous variable, which allows them to
confidently predict that the observed effect on the
dependent variable is only due to the manipulation of the
independent variable.
37. This design has four groups -two experimental
and two controls. While one experimental and
one control group are administered pretest
the other two groups are not. Posttest is
conducted for all the groups.
38.
39. Quasi-experimental designs facilitate the examination of causality in
situations in which complete control is not possible. In these designs,
one of the components of true experimental design, i.e. either the
random assignment of subjects to groups or control groups for
comparison are typically lacking. Due to this, they are not as powerful
as true experimental designs in establishing the cause-and-effect
relationship between independent and dependent variables. Degree
.Though these designs are conducted in natural settings, they may be
exposed to many threats, which may reduce the generalizability of the
study findings.
40. A qualitative design is selected when little is known about
a particular phenomenon, experience, or concept 1hese
designs are based on the naturalistic paradigm philosophy
(reality is subjective, not objective, and that multiple
realities exist rather than one)approach typically uses
inductive reasoning wherein it begins wit assumptions and
specific observations of a particular instance which are
then combined into a large whole or general Statement
leading to development of concepts and themes.
