This document contains information from a professor about a research methodology course. It includes the professor's contact information and course details. It then covers various topics that will be discussed in the class, such as the history of scientific research, research foundations, the scientific method, logic and reasoning, hypotheses, variables and models in research, and types of research. The document provides definitions and explanations of key research terms and outlines the major steps in conducting research.
Research and scientific method - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
For a clear perception of the term research, one should know the meaning of scientific method. The two terms, research and scientific method, are closely related.
Research and scientific method - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
For a clear perception of the term research, one should know the meaning of scientific method. The two terms, research and scientific method, are closely related.
Scientific research deals with verifiable methods of collecting and analysing information regarding two or more variables (phenomena) with the primary aim of determining how they relate. In the Social Sciences, there are several ways of gathering these information. Depending on the problem under investigation and research design, data could be collected through various sources: primary and secondary using varied approaches and methods.
This study attempts an in-depth explication of the various known techniques and methods of data collection especially at its primary source (in keeping with the tenets of survey and descriptive researches). In specific terms, the study discussed in extenso the use of observation, interview and in practical terms questionnaires as instruments for data collection
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
A literature review is a
“critical analysis of a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles”
Validate data
Questionnaire checking
Edit acceptable questionnaires
Code the questionnaires
Keypunch the data
Clean the data set
Statistically adjust the data
Store the data set for analysis
Analyse data
Scientific research deals with verifiable methods of collecting and analysing information regarding two or more variables (phenomena) with the primary aim of determining how they relate. In the Social Sciences, there are several ways of gathering these information. Depending on the problem under investigation and research design, data could be collected through various sources: primary and secondary using varied approaches and methods.
This study attempts an in-depth explication of the various known techniques and methods of data collection especially at its primary source (in keeping with the tenets of survey and descriptive researches). In specific terms, the study discussed in extenso the use of observation, interview and in practical terms questionnaires as instruments for data collection
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
A literature review is a
“critical analysis of a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles”
Validate data
Questionnaire checking
Edit acceptable questionnaires
Code the questionnaires
Keypunch the data
Clean the data set
Statistically adjust the data
Store the data set for analysis
Analyse data
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
Creating a thriving research environmentEmma Gillaspy
Workshop by Justin Hutchence (Research Staff Development Manager, University of Reading) and Christos Petichakis (Educational Developer, University of Liverpool) at the Vitae event 'Preparing for the Research Excellence Framework: Researcher development, the environment and future impact' on 11 July 2012 in Manchester www.vitae.ac.uk/preparingfortheref
CHAPTER -8
QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGNING
CRITERIA FOR QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGNING
Research Objectives
Designed to engage the respondent
Encourage a meaningful response
Clarity and Interest
Self Explanatory
Types of Questionnaire
Formalized and Unconcealed Questionnaire
Indiscriminately
Management Researchers
For Example: Do you carry out any investment?
Yes or No
Formalized and Concealed Questionnaire
Trying to unravel the latent causes of behavior
Cannot rely on direct questions
Non Formalized and Unconcealed Questionnaire
Respondent is not really cognizant of his/her attitude towards
certain things.
Express Attitude in a manner
Predesigned response questions
Unstructured questions
Non formalized and Concealed
Research Study to uncover socially
Unacceptable desire
Subconscious
Make use of questions of low structure
Unconcealed Questionnaire
Latent Causes of behavior
Cannot determine by Direct Questions
Basic Value , Opinions and beliefs
Concealed Questionnaire
Purpose which is study
Detail Explanation
Clear to Respondent
Questionnaire Design Procedure
Convert the Research Objectives into the information needed
Methods of administering the questionnaire
Content of the questions
Motivating the Respondent to Answer.
Determining types of questions.
Questions Design Criteria
Determine the question structure.
Physical Presentation of the questionnaire
Pilot testing the questionnaire
Administering the questionnaire
How Is Each Related To Deductive Inquiry?
Deduction Vs Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Approach Paper
Inductive Approach
Deductive Reasoning Strengths And Weaknesses
Deductive Approach In Research Approach
Deductive Reasoning Case
Examples Of Unsound Valid Deductive Argument
Deductive Critical Thinking
Social Work And Violence Essay
Deductive Reasoning
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Deductive Method
What Makes A Deductive Argument
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Example Of An Unsound Deductive Argument
Deductive Bible Studies
Deductive and Inductive Grammar Teaching
Inductive & Deductive Research
Research Approach And Inductive Approach
Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon. Research is a structured inquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge that is generally applicable.
Theory building, What Is a Theory? , What Are the Goals of Theory?, Research Concepts, Constructs, Propositions, Variables, and Hypotheses, Research Concepts and Constructs, Research Propositions and Hypotheses, Understanding Theory, Verifying Theory, Theory Building, The Scientific Method
These slides are mainly based on research and its meaning and concept and it is prepared mainly for PG learners and researchers in Education. In the above 3rd slide, 5th line please write "search' instead of 'research".
New York Times Article Review Rubric (10 pts)Select a lengthy” .docxhenrymartin15260
New York Times Article Review Rubric (10 pts)
Select a “lengthy” article (more than two paragraphs) that summarizes or discusses one or more science projects. Summarize your article (who, what, when, where and how) in one paragraph (2 pts) and then answer the following questions:
1. In one sentence, what is the main point of the article? (1 pt)
2. What counter-arguments or counter-points does the author make? (1 pt)
3. How does this article relate to anything we have or will discuss in class? How does this article relate to something related to your major, possible career and/or life? Note, your article may not relate to the class, but it should at least relate to your major, career and/or life. (2 pts)
4. Explain if these studies were observational, experimental, technological or some combination of the three. If applicable, identify the independent and (at least one) dependent variables. What possible confounding variables are present in the study? How do the authors “control” for these? (2 pts)
5. What questions does the article leave unanswered? (1 pt)
6. What did you learn from this article? (1 pt)
Electronically submit your answers to Blueline by noon on 1/26/16
What is Science?
Human Biology
1/18/16
A process whose essential characteristics are 1) guided by natural law; 2) is explanatory by natural law; 3) is testable against the empirical world; 4) is falsifiable.William R. Overton, U.S. District Judge in a ruling prohibiting an AR law giving balanced time for creation-science and evolution, 1982The observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena.American Heritage DictionaryAbove all it is a methodology for acquiring testable knowledge about the natural world.Stephen Jay Gould
A process: methodology for generating new knowledge based on cycling the following progression: observation, explanation, prediction, test, results, conclusion. A product: new knowledge with the following characteristics: it is cumulative, knowledge expanding, explanatory, predictive, systematic, testable, verifiable, tentative, self-correcting.
-OSU professorOR…
… a way of baffling the uninitiated with incomprehensible jargon. It is a way of obtaining fat government grants. It is a way of achieving mastery over the physical world by threatening it with chaos and destruction.
Scientific Method Observation
Hypothesis
Prediction
Test of prediction
Scientific Method
Test of predictionTreatment versus control groupIndependent vs dependent variables“control” confounding variables
large sample size
Cause and effect conclusions
Scientific MethodTypes of (dependent) variables
Categorical (color, sex)
Discrete (number of fingers or leaves)
Continuous (weight, height)
Appropriate ways to graph the above?
Scientific Method
Test of prediction
Hypothesis vs null hypothesis
Statistics is a tool
Scientific Method
3 Criteria.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
1. DEVAPRAKASAM DEIVASAGAYAM
Professor of Mechanical Engineering
Room:11, LW, 2nd Floor
School of Mechanical and Building Sciences
Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, dr.devaprakasam@gmail.com
RES701: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (3:0:0:3)
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
2. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
History of Scientific Research
Philosophers
Scientists
Inventors
Innovators
Innovations
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Newton
Einstein
Edison
Tesla
Steve Job
Bill Gates
Google
Facebook
3. RESEARCH FOUNDATATIONS
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Inductive- from number of observations- bottom up
Deductive- from whole to part- top down
Combined -both bottom up and top down
Non-Contradictory
Un falsifiability
Correspondence to reality
Coherency and Consistency
Logic and Reasoning
Tests for Truth
5. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Logic and Reasoning
Induction — method of reasoning in which a generalization is argued to
be true based on individual examples that seem to fit with that
generalization. For example, after observing that trees, bacteria, sea
anemones, fruit flies, and humans have cells, one might inductively
infer that all organisms have cells.
Deduction — method of reasoning in which a conclusion is logically
reached from premises. For example, if we know the current relative
positions of the moon, sun, and Earth, as well as exactly how these move
with respect to one another, we can deduce the date and location of the
next solar eclipse.
6. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Philosophy of Science
Logic is the backbone of critical thinking. Logic is extremely useful for
uncovering error and establishing truth. There are principles of logic and
I would like to introduce you to the first three laws of logic. These are
very important.
The Law of Identity
The Law of Non-Contradiction
The Law of Excluded Middle
1. The law of identity says that A is A, that if something exist it has a
nature, a single nature. It is what it is.
2. The law of non-contradiction says that A cannot be both A and not A
at the same time and in the same sense. Truth is not self-
contradictory.
3. The law of excluded middle says that a statement is either true or
false.
7. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Hypothesis
An hypothesis is a limited statement regarding
cause and effect in specific situations.
it also refers to our state of knowledge before
experimental work has been performed and
perhaps even before new phenomena have been
predicted.
8. 3-8
The Role of Hypotheses
Guide the direction of the study
Identify relevant facts
Suggest most appropriate research design
Provide framework for organizing resulting
conclusions
12. 3-12
The Scientific Method
Direct observationDirect observation
Clearly defined variablesClearly defined variables
Clearly defined methodsClearly defined methods
Empirically testableEmpirically testable
Elimination of alternativesElimination of alternatives
Statistical justificationStatistical justification
Self-correcting processSelf-correcting process
15. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Scientific Method
The scientific method is the process by which scientists, collectively
and over time, endeavor to construct an accurate representation of
the world (that is, reliable, consistent and non-arbitrary)
The scientific method has four steps
1. Observation and description of a phenomenon or group of
phenomena.
2. Formulation of an hypothesis to explain the phenomena. In physics,
the hypothesis often takes the form of a causal mechanism or a
mathematical relation.
3. Use of the hypothesis to predict the existence of other phenomena, or
to predict quantitatively the results of new observations.
4. Performance of experimental tests of the predictions by several
independent experimenters and properly performed experiments.
18. RESEARCH STEPS
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
The major steps in conducting research are:
Identification of research problem
Literature review
Specifying the purpose of research
Determine specific research questions
Specification of a Conceptual framework - Usually a set of
hypotheses
Choice of a methodology (for data collection)
Data collection
Analyzing and interpreting the data
Reporting and evaluating research
Communicating the research findings and, possibly,
recommendations
19. RESEARCH STEPS
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Generally, research is understood to follow a certain structural process.
Though step order may vary depending on the subject matter and
researcher, the following steps are usually part of most formal research,
both basic and applied:
Observations and Formation of the topic: Consists of the subject area of
ones interest and following that subject area to conduct subject related
research. The research will have to be justified by linking its importance to
already existing knowledge about the topic.
Hypothesis: A testable prediction which designates the relationship
between two or more variables.
Conceptual definition: Description of a concept by relating it to other
concepts.
Operational definition: Details in regards to defining the variables and
how they will be measured/assessed in the study.
20. RESEARCH STEPS
Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Gathering of data: Consists of identifying a population and selecting
samples, gathering information from and/or about these samples by
using specific research instruments. The instruments used for data
collection must be valid and reliable.
Analysis of data: Involves breaking down the individual pieces of data
in order to draw conclusions about it.
Data Interpretation: This can be represented through tables, figures
and pictures, and then described in words.
Test, revising of hypothesis.
Conclusion: reiteration if necessary
21. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Scientific Method: Conclusion
The scientific method is intricately associated with science, the process of
human inquiry that pervades the modern era on many levels. While the
method appears simple and logical in description, there is perhaps no more
complex question than that of knowing how we come to know things. In this
introduction, we have emphasized that the scientific method distinguishes
science from other forms of explanation because of its requirement of
systematic experimentation. We have also tried to point out some of the
criteria and practices developed by scientists to reduce the influence of
individual or social bias on scientific findings. Further investigations of the
scientific method and other aspects of scientific practice may be found in the
references listed below.,
22. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Philosophy of Science
Epistemology — branch of philosophy that deals with what
knowledge is, how we come to accept some things as true,
and how we justify that acceptance.
Empiricism — set of philosophical approaches to building
knowledge that emphasizes the importance
of observable evidence from the natural world.
23. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Philosophy of Science
Defined narrowly, epistemology is the study of knowledge and justified
belief. As the study of knowledge, epistemology is concerned with the
following questions:
I. What are the necessary and sufficient conditions of knowledge?
II. What are its sources?
III. What is its structure, and what are its limits?
As the study of justified belief, epistemology aims to answer questions
such as:
I. How we are to understand the concept of justification?
II. What makes justified beliefs justified?
III. Is justification internal or external to one's own mind?
Understood more broadly, epistemology is about issues having to do with
the creation and dissemination of knowledge in particular areas of inquiry.
24. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Philosophy of Science
Evolutionary epistemology refers to three distinct
topics:
(1) the biological evolution of cognitive mechanisms in
animals and humans,
(2) a theory that knowledge itself evolves by natural
selection, and
(3) the study of the historical discovery of new abstract
entities such as abstract number or abstract value
that necessarily precede the individual acquisition
and usage of such abstractions
25. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Scientific Research
The systematic, rigorous investigation of a
situation or problem in order to generate new
knowledge or validate existing knowledge.
26. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Quality of Good Research
Systematic- from strong hypothesis to verifiable
thesis.
Controlled- Variables can be tested and controlled
Logical- Sound logical reasoning
Empirical- Real time validation with known
parameters
Repeatable- should be reproduced by any
researcher.
Self Correcting- open to critical peer review and
accepting and correcting mistakes.
27. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Types of Research
On a broader perspective, all researches can be
classified into two groups:
Qualitative research: is research dealing with phenomena
that are difficult or impossible to quantify mathematically,
such as beliefs, meanings, attributes, and symbols
Quantitative research: refers to the systematic empirical
investigation of any phenomena via statistical, mathematical
or computational techniques. The objective of quantitative
research is to develop and employ mathematical
models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to
phenomena
28. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Types of Research
Basic Research
Applied Research
Experimental Research
Conceptual Research
Correlational Research
Descriptive Research
Exploratory Research
29. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Types of Research
Basic Research
Basic (aka fundamental or pure ) research is driven by a scientist's curiosity or
interest in a scientific question. The main motivation is to expand man's
knowledge, not to create or invent something. There is no obvious commercial
value to the discoveries that result from basic research.
For example, basic science investigations probe for answers to questions such
as:
• How did the universe begin?
• What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of?
• How do slime moulds reproduce?
• What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly?
30. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Types of Research
Applied Research
Applied research refers to scientific study and research that seeks
to solve practical problems. Applied research is used to find solutions
to everyday problems, cure illness, and develop innovative
technologies, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake.
For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to:
• Improve agricultural crop production
• Treat or cure a specific disease
• Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of
transportation
31. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Types of Research
Descriptive Research
Descriptive research refers to research that provides an accurate
portrayal of characteristics of a particular individual, situation, or group.
Descriptive research, also known as statistical research.
These studies are a means of discovering new meaning, describing what
exists, determining the frequency with which something occurs, and
categorizing information.
32. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Types of Research
Experimental Research
Experimental research is an objective, systematic, controlled
investigation for the purpose of predicting and controlling phenomena
and examining probability and causality among selected variables.
33. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Types of Research
Conceptual Research
Conceptual research is related with abstract idea or theory .
Philosophers and Astronomers
34. Devaprakasam D, Email: devaprakasam.d@vit.ac.in, Ph: +91 9786553933
Types of Research
Correlational Research
Correlational research refers to the systematic investigation or
statistical study of relationships among two or more variables, without
necessarily determining cause and effect.