Triangulation refers to using multiple methods or data sources in a study to increase validity and credibility. It originated in ancient Greek mathematics and is now used widely in fields like navigation, education, and social science research. There are different types of triangulation including data, investigator, theory, and methodological triangulation. The main purpose of triangulation is to provide a richer and more comprehensive understanding of the topic being studied by examining it from multiple perspectives. While it can be time consuming and expensive, triangulation offers advantages like increased confidence in results, unique findings, and a clearer understanding by challenging or integrating existing theories.

1. TRIANGULATION
Presenter: Faiza Parveen
Subject In-charge: Ma’am Nazia Rafiq

2. Triangulation - meaning
 Often used to indicate that more than two methods are used in
a study with a view to double (or triple) checking results. This
is also called "cross examination“

3. History
 The concept, originating from ancient Greek mathematics, is applied in a
wide range of spheres, including geometry and surveying
 In navigation, it is used to establish a ship’s position: measuring a vessel’s
distance from more than one point on the shore gives a more accurate
reading of its location

4. CONT’D
 1959: Campbell & Fiske
 1966: Webb
 1970: Denzin

5. Premises
 “No single method ever adequately solves the problem of rival
casual factors…. Because each method reveals different
aspects of empirical reality, multiple methods of observations
must be employed” (Denzin,1978).

6. Purpose
 The main purpose of triangulation in
educational and social science research is to
increase the credibility and validity of the
results

7. CONT’D
 Cohen and Manion (1986) define triangulation as an
“attempt to map out, or explain more fully, the richness
and complexity of human behavior by studying it from
more than one standpoint”
 Altrichter et al. (1996) contend that triangulation “gives a
more detailed and balanced picture of the situation|”

8. CONT’D
 According to O’Donoghue and Punch (2003), triangulation is
a “method of cross-checking data from multiple sources to
search for regularities in the research data”
 Schuh (2009) also defines triangulations as using multiple
sources of data, data collection methods, or both and multiple
investigators to collect data.

9. Types Of Triangulation
1. Data triangulation
2. Investigator triangulation
3. Theory triangulation
4. Methodological Triangulation
5. Environmental Triangulation

10. Advantages
 Confidence
 Innovation
 Unique findings
 Challenging or Integrating Theories
 Clear understanding

11. Disadvantages
 Realism
 Time Consuming
 Expensive
 Disharmony

12. Conclusion
 Triangulation is Possible and a good way to reap the benefits of both
qualitative and quantative methods. It is not aimed merely at validation but
at deepening and widening one’s understanding. Its tends to support
interdisciplinary research rather than restricted with social sciences. Infact,
triangulation increase credibility and validity of scientific knowledge by
combining both qualitative and quantative methods in the same study.

13. Thankyou