New York Times Article Review Rubric (10 pts)
Select a “lengthy” article (more than two paragraphs) that summarizes or discusses one or more science projects. Summarize your article (who, what, when, where and how) in one paragraph (2 pts) and then answer the following questions:
1. In one sentence, what is the main point of the article? (1 pt)
2. What counter-arguments or counter-points does the author make? (1 pt)
3. How does this article relate to anything we have or will discuss in class? How does this article relate to something related to your major, possible career and/or life? Note, your article may not relate to the class, but it should at least relate to your major, career and/or life. (2 pts)
4. Explain if these studies were observational, experimental, technological or some combination of the three. If applicable, identify the independent and (at least one) dependent variables. What possible confounding variables are present in the study? How do the authors “control” for these? (2 pts)
5. What questions does the article leave unanswered? (1 pt)
6. What did you learn from this article? (1 pt)
Electronically submit your answers to Blueline by noon on 1/26/16
What is Science?
Human Biology
1/18/16
A process whose essential characteristics are 1) guided by natural law; 2) is explanatory by natural law; 3) is testable against the empirical world; 4) is falsifiable.William R. Overton, U.S. District Judge in a ruling prohibiting an AR law giving balanced time for creation-science and evolution, 1982The observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena.American Heritage DictionaryAbove all it is a methodology for acquiring testable knowledge about the natural world.Stephen Jay Gould
A process: methodology for generating new knowledge based on cycling the following progression: observation, explanation, prediction, test, results, conclusion. A product: new knowledge with the following characteristics: it is cumulative, knowledge expanding, explanatory, predictive, systematic, testable, verifiable, tentative, self-correcting.
-OSU professorOR…
… a way of baffling the uninitiated with incomprehensible jargon. It is a way of obtaining fat government grants. It is a way of achieving mastery over the physical world by threatening it with chaos and destruction.
Scientific Method Observation
Hypothesis
Prediction
Test of prediction
Scientific Method
Test of predictionTreatment versus control groupIndependent vs dependent variables“control” confounding variables
large sample size
Cause and effect conclusions
Scientific MethodTypes of (dependent) variables
Categorical (color, sex)
Discrete (number of fingers or leaves)
Continuous (weight, height)
Appropriate ways to graph the above?
Scientific Method
Test of prediction
Hypothesis vs null hypothesis
Statistics is a tool
Scientific Method
3 Criteria.
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Scientific Method Essay
Scientific Method in Real Life Essay
The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method Essay
Essay On Scientific Method
Scientific Method Essay
Essay Scientific Method
Scientific Method In Psychology
The Importance Of The Scientific Method
Essay On Scientific Method
Scientific Method
Scientific Method
Scientific Method
Essay History of the Scientific Method
Environmental Science Essay
Scientific Method Step Essay
Science Essay
Scientific Theory Essay
Essay on Forensic Science
Forensic Science Essay example
scientific literacy Essay
Scientific Method
Is Psychology a Science? Essay
The Scientific Method Essay
My Passion For Science
The Scientific Method Of Social Science Essay
Environmental Science Essay
Scientific Theory Essay
The Scientific Method Essay
Scientific Method
The Philosophy of Science Essay
Positivism Essay
Anthony Giddens: A Sociological Study
Sociology As A Scientific Discipline Essay
Definition Of Scientific Management Theory Essay
Science As Product And Science
Definition of Science Fiction Essay
Geography as a Science Essay examples
Scientific Racism Definition
The Principles of Scientific Thinking Essay
Scientific Notation Essay
Ethics in Science Essay
What Are Scientific Merit?
The Scientific MethodSteps in the Scientific MethodThere is a .docxssusera34210
The Scientific Method
Steps in the Scientific Method
There is a great deal of variation in the specific techniques scientists use explore the natural world. However, the following steps characterize the majority of scientific investigations:
Step 1: Make observations
Step 2: Propose a hypothesis to explain observations
Step 3: Test the hypothesis with further observations or experiments
Step 4: Analyze data
Step 5: State conclusions about hypothesis based on data analysis
Each of these steps is explained briefly below, and in more detail later in this section.
Step 1: Make observations
A scientific inquiry typically starts with observations. Often, simple observations will trigger a question in the researcher's mind.
Example: A biologist frequently sees monarch caterpillars feeding on milkweed plants, but rarely sees them feeding on other types of plants. She wonders if it is because the caterpillars prefer milkweed over other food choices.
Step 2: Propose a hypothesis
The researcher develops a hypothesis (singular) or hypotheses (plural) to explain these observations. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation of a phenomenon or observation(s) that can be supported or falsified by further observations or experimentation.
Example: The researcher hypothesizes that monarch caterpillars prefer to feed on milkweed compared to other common plants. (Notice how the hypothesis is a statement, not a question as in step 1.)
Step 3: Test the hypothesis
The researcher makes further observations and/or may design an experimentto test the hypothesis. An experiment is a controlled situation created by a researcher to test the validity of a hypothesis. Whether further observations or an experiment is used to test the hypothesis will depend on the nature of the question and the practicality of manipulating the factors involved.
Example: The researcher sets up an experiment in the lab in which a number of monarch caterpillars are given a choice between milkweed and a number of other common plants to feed on.
Step 4: Analyze data
The researchersummarizes and analyzes the information, or data, generated by these further observations or experiments.
Example: In her experiment, milkweed was chosen by caterpillars 9 times out of 10 over all other plant selections.
Step 5: State conclusions
The researcher interprets the results of experiments or observations and forms conclusions about the meaning of these results. These conclusions are generally expressed as probability statements about their hypothesis.
Example: She concludes that when given a choice, 90 percent of monarch caterpillars prefer to feed on milkweed over other common plants.
Often, the results of one scientific study will raise questions that may be addressed in subsequent research. For example, the above study might lead the researcher to wonder why monarchs seem to prefer to feed on milkweed, and she may plan additional experiments to explore this question. For example, perhaps the milkweed has higher ...
Introduc on to Science
12
The Scientific Method
Observations
Variables
Controls
Data Analysis
Calculations
Data Collection
Percent Error
Scientific Reasoning
Writing a Lab Report
Socrates (469 B.C. - 399 B.C.), Plato (427 B.C. - 347 B.C.), and Aristotle (384
B.C. - 322 B.C.) are among the most famous of the Greek philosophers
(Figure 1). Plato was a student of Socrates, and Aristotle was a student of Pla-
to. These three philosophers are considered to be the greatest thinkers of
their time.
Aristotle’s views on science profoundly shaped medieval academics, and his
influence extended into the Renaissance (14th - 16th century). His opinions
were the authority on science well into the 1300s. Unfortunately, the philoso-
pher’s method was logical thinking and did not involve making direct observa-
tions on the natural world. As a result, many of Aristotle’s opinions were incor-
rect. Although he was extremely intelligent, he used a method for determining
the nature of science that was insufficient for the task. For example, in Aris-
totle’s opinion, men were bigger than women. Therefore, he made the de-
duction that men would have more teeth than women. It is assumed that he
never actually looked into the mouths of both men and women and counted
their teeth. If he had, he would have found that males and females have ex-
actly the same number of teeth (Figure 2).
In the 16th and 17th centuries, innovative thinkers began developing a new
way to investigate the world around them. They were developing a method
that relied upon making observations of phenomena and trying to explain
why that phenomena occurred. From these techniques, the scientific method
was born. The scientific method is a process of investigation that involves
Figure 1: Neoclassical statue
of ancient Greek philosopher,
Plato, in front of the Academy
of Athens in Greece.
Figure 2: Humans—male and
female—have 20 baby teeth
and 32 permanent teeth.
13
experimentation and observation to acquire new knowledge, solve problems, and answer questions. Scien-
tists eventually perfected the methods and reduced it to a series of steps (Figure 3).
Today, the scientific method is used as a systematic approach to solving problems. Science begins with ob-
servations. Once enough observations or results from preliminary library or experimental research have been
collected, a hypothesis can be constructed. Experiments then either verify or disprove the hypothesis. If
enough evidence can support a hypothesis, the hypothesis can become a theory, or proven fact. Theories
can be further refined by other hypotheses and experimentation. An example of this is how we further refine
our knowledge of germ theory by learning about specific pathogens. A scientific law is a summary of observa-
tions in which there are no current exceptions using the most recent technology. It can be a general state-
ment, like the Law of Gravity (what goes up m.
NT2580 Week 1 Understanding IT Infrastructure Security An.docxhenrymartin15260
NT2580: Week 1 Understanding IT Infrastructure Security
Analysis 1.1
Case Study
1
In March 2010, 28 year-old Albert Gonzalez was sentenced to 20 years in federal prison for breaching
security measures at several well-known retailers and stealing millions of credit card numbers, which he then
resold across a variety of shadow “carding” Web sites. Using a fairly simple packet sniffer, Gonzalez was able
to steal payment card transaction data in real time, which he then parked on blind servers in places such as
Latvia and Ukraine—countries formerly part of the Soviet Union. Gonzalez named his activities “Operation
Get Rich or Die Tryin'” and lived a lavish lifestyle by selling stolen credit card information. He was eventually
tracked down by the U.S. Secret Service, which was investigating the stolen card ring. Operation Get Rich or
Die Tryin' took place for more than two years and cost major retailers, such as TJX, OfficeMax, Barnes &
Noble, Heartland, and Hannaford, more than $200 million in losses and recovery costs. It is the largest
computer crime case ever prosecuted.
At first glance, Operation Get Rich or Die Tryin' seems to be an open-and-shut case. A hacker commits a
series of cybercrimes, is caught, and is successfully prosecuted. Fault and blame are assigned to the
cybercriminal, and justice is served for the corporations and the millions of people whose credit card
information was compromised.
Unless you ask the shareholders, banking partners, and some customers of TJX, who filed a series of class-
action lawsuits against the company claiming that the “high-level deficiencies” in its security practices make it
at least partially responsible for the damages caused by Albert Gonzalez and his accomplices. The lawsuits
point out, for example, that the packet sniffer Gonzalez attached to the TJX network went unnoticed for more
than seven months. Court documents also indicate that TJX failed to notice more than 80 GB of stored data
being transferred from its servers using TJX’s own high-speed network. Finally, an audit performed by TJX’s
payment-card processing partners found that it was noncompliant with 9 of the 12 requirements for secure
payment card transactions. TJX’s core information security policies were found to be so ineffective that the
judge presiding over sentencing hearing of Gonzalez reviewed them to determine whether TJX’s damages
claim against him of $171 million is valid.
Apart from lawsuits, TJX faced a serious backlash from customers and the media when the details of the
scope of the breaches trickled out. Customers reacted angrily when they learned that nearly six weeks had
passed between the discovery of the breach and its notification to the public. News organizations ran
headline stories that painted a picture of TJX as a clueless and uncaring company. Consumer organizations
openly warned people not to shop at TJX stores. TJX’s reputation and brand.
NTC/362 Week 3
OSI Model, Switching Systems, Network Channel Processors, and Media
1 Write a 200- to 300-word response to the following:
Supporting Activities: Introduction to Network Channels, Processors, and Media
•What are the advantages and disadvantages of network processors, such as hubs, switches, routers, and gateways?
•What are the three main types of network media?
•What is their performance in terms of reliability, speed capabilities, and nominal distance for reliable spans?
2 Write a 200- to 300-word response to the following
Supporting Activity: Introduction to Circuit Switching
• •What are the basic concepts of circuit switching?
•What are the advantages and disadvantages of circuit switching?
3 Write a 200- to 300-word response to the following:
Supporting Activity: Introduction to Packet Switching
•What is a packet? What is packet switching?
•How would you explain the concept of packet switching?
•What are the advantages and disadvantages of packet switching over circuit switching?
4Write a 200- to 300-word response to the following:
NTC/362
Week
3
OSI Model, Switching Systems, Network Channel Processors, and
Media
1
Write
a 200
-
to 300
-
word response to the following:
Supporting Activities:
Introduction to Network Channels, Processors, and Media
•
What are the advantages and disadvantages o
f network processors, such as hubs, switches,
routers, and gateways?
•What are the three main types of network media?
•What is their performance in terms of reliability, speed capabilities, and nominal distance for
reliable spans?
2
Write
a 200
-
to 300
-
word response to the following
Supporting Activity:
Introduction to Circuit Switching
•
•What are the basic concepts of circuit switching?
•What are the advantages and disadvantages of circuit switching?
3
Write
a 200
-
to 300
-
word response to the following:
Supporting Activity:
Introduction to Packet Switching
•What is a packet? What is packet switching?
•How would you explain the concept of pa
cket switching?
•What are the advantages and disadvantages of packet switching over circuit switching?
4
Write
a 200
-
to 300
-
word response to the f
ollowing:
NTC/362 Week 3
OSI Model, Switching Systems, Network Channel Processors, and
Media
1 Write a 200- to 300-word response to the following:
Supporting Activities: Introduction to Network Channels, Processors, and Media
•What are the advantages and disadvantages of network processors, such as hubs, switches,
routers, and gateways?
•What are the three main types of network media?
•What is their performance in terms of reliability, speed capabilities, and nominal distance for
reliable spans?
2 Write a 200- to 300-word response to the following
Supporting Activity: Introduction to Circuit Switching
• •What are the basic concepts of circuit switching?
•What are the advantages and disadvantages of circuit switching?
3 Write a 200- to 300-word response to the follo.
NT2580 Week 4 Hardening a NetworkAnalysis 4.2Availability, In.docxhenrymartin15260
NT2580: Week 4 Hardening a Network
Analysis 4.2
Availability, Integrity, or Confidentiality (A-I-C)
Instructions:
Given the network security applications and countermeasures in the first column of the table below, explore answers to the following questions:
· Where does the countermeasure belong in the seven domains of a typical IT infrastructure?
· What CIA functions does the countermeasure provide?
Provide your answers in the table below.
Network Security Applications and Countermeasures
Domains
CIA Function
Ethical hacker
Intrusion detection system/intrusion prevention system (IDS/IPS)
Access controls
Failover server
Automatic updates
Cryptography
Data backups
Logon rights
Computer cluster
Firewalls
Proxies
Antivirus scanners
As a reminder, the seven domains of a typical IT infrastructure include the following domains:
1. User Domain: Actual users
1. Workstation Domain: Workstations, laptops, and end-point devices, such as smartphones and printers
1. LAN Domain: Physical and logical LAN technologies—100 Mbps/1000 Mbps switched Ethernet, 802.11-family of wireless LAN technologies—used to support workstation connectivity to the organization’s network infrastructure
1. LAN-to-WAN Domain: Routers, firewalls, demilitarized zones (DMZs), and IDS/IPS
1. WAN Domain: Routers, circuits, switches, firewalls, gateways, and equivalent gear at remote locations, sometimes under a managed service offering by the service provider
1. Remote access Domain: Virtual private networks (VPNs), laptops with VPN software, and secured socket layer/VPN (SSL/VPN) tunnels
1. System/Application Domain: Hardware, operating system software, database software, client/server applications, and data that are typically housed in the organization’s data center and computer rooms
Representation of the Seven Domains of a Typical IT Infrastructure
1
.
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.nocbm 1 LEARNING AND MEMORY .docxhenrymartin15260
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
m
1
LEARNING AND MEMORY
- Cellular and molecular mechanisms
Øyvind Høydal
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
m
2
What is learning and memory?
Learning can be defined as acquisition of new
knowledge or skills and/or changes in behaviour as
a result of experience.
Memory refers to the storage and retrieval of
learned knowledge, skills or behaviours.
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
m
3
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
m
4
Information and skills are stored within the networks
of neurons in the brain.
When we learn, changes take place that alters the way
neurons communicate with eachother.
Can you guess what changes take place?
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
m
5
Cellular plasticity in learning
and memory
The efficacy of signalling between neurons are altered.
New synapses form
New neurons?
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
m
6
Aplysia californica as a model system for
cellular learning and memory
Studying cellular mechanisms for learning and memory in the mammalian
brain is a formidable challenge due to the enormous number of neurons and
the complexity of synaptic connections.
Aplysia californica is an advantagous model organism because:
- Neurons are quite few (20 000) and can be identified in the circuit.
- Neurons are rather big, making them readily accessable
for in vivo intracellular recordings
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
m
7
The gill-siphon reflex in aplysia offers a great
opportunity to link changes in neurons and
synapses with a behavioral output.
When a mechanical stimulus
is applied to the siphon, the
slug responds by withdrawing
its gill.
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
m
8
Gill-siphon-withdrawal reflex
S
M
Tactile
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
m
9
The synapse and some common forms of short-
term synaptic plasticity
Synaptic facilitation: rapid increase in synaptic strength when two APs arrive at the axon terminal
within a short interval of time. Increased Ca+ -influx causes more transmitter substance to be
released.
Synaptic depression: neurotransmitter release decline with sustained stimulation. A possible
mechanism might be depletion of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles in the presynaptic neuron.
Augementation (acts over seconds) and potentation (post-tetanic, acts over minutes) are other forms
of short-term plasticity that enhance transmitter release due to prolonged and increased Ca+ levels.
NMDA
AMPA
AMPA
Na+
AP
Ca+ Ca+ Ca
+
Na+
Na+
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
m
10
Habituation in Aplysia
Habituation: reduced response to a stimulus that is neither harmful nor
beneficial.
In Aplysia: if the siphon is touched repeatedly, the snail will eventually stop
withdrawing its gill.
The response in the sensory neuron is mostly unchanged, so the habituating
effect on behaviour is likely to be mediated by a.
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The Scientific MethodSteps in the Scientific MethodThere is a .docxssusera34210
The Scientific Method
Steps in the Scientific Method
There is a great deal of variation in the specific techniques scientists use explore the natural world. However, the following steps characterize the majority of scientific investigations:
Step 1: Make observations
Step 2: Propose a hypothesis to explain observations
Step 3: Test the hypothesis with further observations or experiments
Step 4: Analyze data
Step 5: State conclusions about hypothesis based on data analysis
Each of these steps is explained briefly below, and in more detail later in this section.
Step 1: Make observations
A scientific inquiry typically starts with observations. Often, simple observations will trigger a question in the researcher's mind.
Example: A biologist frequently sees monarch caterpillars feeding on milkweed plants, but rarely sees them feeding on other types of plants. She wonders if it is because the caterpillars prefer milkweed over other food choices.
Step 2: Propose a hypothesis
The researcher develops a hypothesis (singular) or hypotheses (plural) to explain these observations. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation of a phenomenon or observation(s) that can be supported or falsified by further observations or experimentation.
Example: The researcher hypothesizes that monarch caterpillars prefer to feed on milkweed compared to other common plants. (Notice how the hypothesis is a statement, not a question as in step 1.)
Step 3: Test the hypothesis
The researcher makes further observations and/or may design an experimentto test the hypothesis. An experiment is a controlled situation created by a researcher to test the validity of a hypothesis. Whether further observations or an experiment is used to test the hypothesis will depend on the nature of the question and the practicality of manipulating the factors involved.
Example: The researcher sets up an experiment in the lab in which a number of monarch caterpillars are given a choice between milkweed and a number of other common plants to feed on.
Step 4: Analyze data
The researchersummarizes and analyzes the information, or data, generated by these further observations or experiments.
Example: In her experiment, milkweed was chosen by caterpillars 9 times out of 10 over all other plant selections.
Step 5: State conclusions
The researcher interprets the results of experiments or observations and forms conclusions about the meaning of these results. These conclusions are generally expressed as probability statements about their hypothesis.
Example: She concludes that when given a choice, 90 percent of monarch caterpillars prefer to feed on milkweed over other common plants.
Often, the results of one scientific study will raise questions that may be addressed in subsequent research. For example, the above study might lead the researcher to wonder why monarchs seem to prefer to feed on milkweed, and she may plan additional experiments to explore this question. For example, perhaps the milkweed has higher ...
Introduc on to Science
12
The Scientific Method
Observations
Variables
Controls
Data Analysis
Calculations
Data Collection
Percent Error
Scientific Reasoning
Writing a Lab Report
Socrates (469 B.C. - 399 B.C.), Plato (427 B.C. - 347 B.C.), and Aristotle (384
B.C. - 322 B.C.) are among the most famous of the Greek philosophers
(Figure 1). Plato was a student of Socrates, and Aristotle was a student of Pla-
to. These three philosophers are considered to be the greatest thinkers of
their time.
Aristotle’s views on science profoundly shaped medieval academics, and his
influence extended into the Renaissance (14th - 16th century). His opinions
were the authority on science well into the 1300s. Unfortunately, the philoso-
pher’s method was logical thinking and did not involve making direct observa-
tions on the natural world. As a result, many of Aristotle’s opinions were incor-
rect. Although he was extremely intelligent, he used a method for determining
the nature of science that was insufficient for the task. For example, in Aris-
totle’s opinion, men were bigger than women. Therefore, he made the de-
duction that men would have more teeth than women. It is assumed that he
never actually looked into the mouths of both men and women and counted
their teeth. If he had, he would have found that males and females have ex-
actly the same number of teeth (Figure 2).
In the 16th and 17th centuries, innovative thinkers began developing a new
way to investigate the world around them. They were developing a method
that relied upon making observations of phenomena and trying to explain
why that phenomena occurred. From these techniques, the scientific method
was born. The scientific method is a process of investigation that involves
Figure 1: Neoclassical statue
of ancient Greek philosopher,
Plato, in front of the Academy
of Athens in Greece.
Figure 2: Humans—male and
female—have 20 baby teeth
and 32 permanent teeth.
13
experimentation and observation to acquire new knowledge, solve problems, and answer questions. Scien-
tists eventually perfected the methods and reduced it to a series of steps (Figure 3).
Today, the scientific method is used as a systematic approach to solving problems. Science begins with ob-
servations. Once enough observations or results from preliminary library or experimental research have been
collected, a hypothesis can be constructed. Experiments then either verify or disprove the hypothesis. If
enough evidence can support a hypothesis, the hypothesis can become a theory, or proven fact. Theories
can be further refined by other hypotheses and experimentation. An example of this is how we further refine
our knowledge of germ theory by learning about specific pathogens. A scientific law is a summary of observa-
tions in which there are no current exceptions using the most recent technology. It can be a general state-
ment, like the Law of Gravity (what goes up m.
NT2580 Week 1 Understanding IT Infrastructure Security An.docxhenrymartin15260
NT2580: Week 1 Understanding IT Infrastructure Security
Analysis 1.1
Case Study
1
In March 2010, 28 year-old Albert Gonzalez was sentenced to 20 years in federal prison for breaching
security measures at several well-known retailers and stealing millions of credit card numbers, which he then
resold across a variety of shadow “carding” Web sites. Using a fairly simple packet sniffer, Gonzalez was able
to steal payment card transaction data in real time, which he then parked on blind servers in places such as
Latvia and Ukraine—countries formerly part of the Soviet Union. Gonzalez named his activities “Operation
Get Rich or Die Tryin'” and lived a lavish lifestyle by selling stolen credit card information. He was eventually
tracked down by the U.S. Secret Service, which was investigating the stolen card ring. Operation Get Rich or
Die Tryin' took place for more than two years and cost major retailers, such as TJX, OfficeMax, Barnes &
Noble, Heartland, and Hannaford, more than $200 million in losses and recovery costs. It is the largest
computer crime case ever prosecuted.
At first glance, Operation Get Rich or Die Tryin' seems to be an open-and-shut case. A hacker commits a
series of cybercrimes, is caught, and is successfully prosecuted. Fault and blame are assigned to the
cybercriminal, and justice is served for the corporations and the millions of people whose credit card
information was compromised.
Unless you ask the shareholders, banking partners, and some customers of TJX, who filed a series of class-
action lawsuits against the company claiming that the “high-level deficiencies” in its security practices make it
at least partially responsible for the damages caused by Albert Gonzalez and his accomplices. The lawsuits
point out, for example, that the packet sniffer Gonzalez attached to the TJX network went unnoticed for more
than seven months. Court documents also indicate that TJX failed to notice more than 80 GB of stored data
being transferred from its servers using TJX’s own high-speed network. Finally, an audit performed by TJX’s
payment-card processing partners found that it was noncompliant with 9 of the 12 requirements for secure
payment card transactions. TJX’s core information security policies were found to be so ineffective that the
judge presiding over sentencing hearing of Gonzalez reviewed them to determine whether TJX’s damages
claim against him of $171 million is valid.
Apart from lawsuits, TJX faced a serious backlash from customers and the media when the details of the
scope of the breaches trickled out. Customers reacted angrily when they learned that nearly six weeks had
passed between the discovery of the breach and its notification to the public. News organizations ran
headline stories that painted a picture of TJX as a clueless and uncaring company. Consumer organizations
openly warned people not to shop at TJX stores. TJX’s reputation and brand.
NTC/362 Week 3
OSI Model, Switching Systems, Network Channel Processors, and Media
1 Write a 200- to 300-word response to the following:
Supporting Activities: Introduction to Network Channels, Processors, and Media
•What are the advantages and disadvantages of network processors, such as hubs, switches, routers, and gateways?
•What are the three main types of network media?
•What is their performance in terms of reliability, speed capabilities, and nominal distance for reliable spans?
2 Write a 200- to 300-word response to the following
Supporting Activity: Introduction to Circuit Switching
• •What are the basic concepts of circuit switching?
•What are the advantages and disadvantages of circuit switching?
3 Write a 200- to 300-word response to the following:
Supporting Activity: Introduction to Packet Switching
•What is a packet? What is packet switching?
•How would you explain the concept of packet switching?
•What are the advantages and disadvantages of packet switching over circuit switching?
4Write a 200- to 300-word response to the following:
NTC/362
Week
3
OSI Model, Switching Systems, Network Channel Processors, and
Media
1
Write
a 200
-
to 300
-
word response to the following:
Supporting Activities:
Introduction to Network Channels, Processors, and Media
•
What are the advantages and disadvantages o
f network processors, such as hubs, switches,
routers, and gateways?
•What are the three main types of network media?
•What is their performance in terms of reliability, speed capabilities, and nominal distance for
reliable spans?
2
Write
a 200
-
to 300
-
word response to the following
Supporting Activity:
Introduction to Circuit Switching
•
•What are the basic concepts of circuit switching?
•What are the advantages and disadvantages of circuit switching?
3
Write
a 200
-
to 300
-
word response to the following:
Supporting Activity:
Introduction to Packet Switching
•What is a packet? What is packet switching?
•How would you explain the concept of pa
cket switching?
•What are the advantages and disadvantages of packet switching over circuit switching?
4
Write
a 200
-
to 300
-
word response to the f
ollowing:
NTC/362 Week 3
OSI Model, Switching Systems, Network Channel Processors, and
Media
1 Write a 200- to 300-word response to the following:
Supporting Activities: Introduction to Network Channels, Processors, and Media
•What are the advantages and disadvantages of network processors, such as hubs, switches,
routers, and gateways?
•What are the three main types of network media?
•What is their performance in terms of reliability, speed capabilities, and nominal distance for
reliable spans?
2 Write a 200- to 300-word response to the following
Supporting Activity: Introduction to Circuit Switching
• •What are the basic concepts of circuit switching?
•What are the advantages and disadvantages of circuit switching?
3 Write a 200- to 300-word response to the follo.
NT2580 Week 4 Hardening a NetworkAnalysis 4.2Availability, In.docxhenrymartin15260
NT2580: Week 4 Hardening a Network
Analysis 4.2
Availability, Integrity, or Confidentiality (A-I-C)
Instructions:
Given the network security applications and countermeasures in the first column of the table below, explore answers to the following questions:
· Where does the countermeasure belong in the seven domains of a typical IT infrastructure?
· What CIA functions does the countermeasure provide?
Provide your answers in the table below.
Network Security Applications and Countermeasures
Domains
CIA Function
Ethical hacker
Intrusion detection system/intrusion prevention system (IDS/IPS)
Access controls
Failover server
Automatic updates
Cryptography
Data backups
Logon rights
Computer cluster
Firewalls
Proxies
Antivirus scanners
As a reminder, the seven domains of a typical IT infrastructure include the following domains:
1. User Domain: Actual users
1. Workstation Domain: Workstations, laptops, and end-point devices, such as smartphones and printers
1. LAN Domain: Physical and logical LAN technologies—100 Mbps/1000 Mbps switched Ethernet, 802.11-family of wireless LAN technologies—used to support workstation connectivity to the organization’s network infrastructure
1. LAN-to-WAN Domain: Routers, firewalls, demilitarized zones (DMZs), and IDS/IPS
1. WAN Domain: Routers, circuits, switches, firewalls, gateways, and equivalent gear at remote locations, sometimes under a managed service offering by the service provider
1. Remote access Domain: Virtual private networks (VPNs), laptops with VPN software, and secured socket layer/VPN (SSL/VPN) tunnels
1. System/Application Domain: Hardware, operating system software, database software, client/server applications, and data that are typically housed in the organization’s data center and computer rooms
Representation of the Seven Domains of a Typical IT Infrastructure
1
.
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.nocbm 1 LEARNING AND MEMORY .docxhenrymartin15260
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
m
1
LEARNING AND MEMORY
- Cellular and molecular mechanisms
Øyvind Høydal
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
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2
What is learning and memory?
Learning can be defined as acquisition of new
knowledge or skills and/or changes in behaviour as
a result of experience.
Memory refers to the storage and retrieval of
learned knowledge, skills or behaviours.
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
m
3
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
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4
Information and skills are stored within the networks
of neurons in the brain.
When we learn, changes take place that alters the way
neurons communicate with eachother.
Can you guess what changes take place?
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
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5
Cellular plasticity in learning
and memory
The efficacy of signalling between neurons are altered.
New synapses form
New neurons?
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
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6
Aplysia californica as a model system for
cellular learning and memory
Studying cellular mechanisms for learning and memory in the mammalian
brain is a formidable challenge due to the enormous number of neurons and
the complexity of synaptic connections.
Aplysia californica is an advantagous model organism because:
- Neurons are quite few (20 000) and can be identified in the circuit.
- Neurons are rather big, making them readily accessable
for in vivo intracellular recordings
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
m
7
The gill-siphon reflex in aplysia offers a great
opportunity to link changes in neurons and
synapses with a behavioral output.
When a mechanical stimulus
is applied to the siphon, the
slug responds by withdrawing
its gill.
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
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8
Gill-siphon-withdrawal reflex
S
M
Tactile
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
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9
The synapse and some common forms of short-
term synaptic plasticity
Synaptic facilitation: rapid increase in synaptic strength when two APs arrive at the axon terminal
within a short interval of time. Increased Ca+ -influx causes more transmitter substance to be
released.
Synaptic depression: neurotransmitter release decline with sustained stimulation. A possible
mechanism might be depletion of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles in the presynaptic neuron.
Augementation (acts over seconds) and potentation (post-tetanic, acts over minutes) are other forms
of short-term plasticity that enhance transmitter release due to prolonged and increased Ca+ levels.
NMDA
AMPA
AMPA
Na+
AP
Ca+ Ca+ Ca
+
Na+
Na+
NTNU, May 2009 ntnu.no/cb
m
10
Habituation in Aplysia
Habituation: reduced response to a stimulus that is neither harmful nor
beneficial.
In Aplysia: if the siphon is touched repeatedly, the snail will eventually stop
withdrawing its gill.
The response in the sensory neuron is mostly unchanged, so the habituating
effect on behaviour is likely to be mediated by a.
nowHow to be Army StrongI was 18 years old when I saw my fa.docxhenrymartin15260
now
How to be Army Strong
I was 18 years old when I saw my favorite uncle in his uniform. I could see how much respect he got and how strong of a man he was and I wanted that for myself. I asked him how could I become strong like he was. He said to me, it’s not going to be an easy job. I would have to leave my family, friends and everything behind to fight for my country Saudi Arabia.
The first thing I needed was talk with a recruiter. He tried to make me see how difficult this walk was going to be. I believed the hard work would make me strong just like my uncle. We started off with a whole lot of questions. I filled out many different types of paperwork. The paper work included: criminal background checks, medical history, family history, and job history. I had to take a test to see if I was smart enough for the army. I think it was similar to the test soldiers take in America. It asked questions from basic mechanics, computers, cooking, and all general studies. Its purpose was to find out what job I could choose. I passed the test and then I was able to pick a job. I had my pick of a lot of different jobs but I chose to be a machine gunner. Then, after I chose my job, I signed my contract. After that, I was told to come back in two weeks for a drug test and medical test to see if I was fit for the Army. I had to do psychological testing and the doctor checked everything on my body I received my stamp and it was on to basic training.
The second step in becoming Army strong is going to basic training. There are three phases to go through. I arrived to the training camp called Reception. At Reception I received all of my equipment and clothing. I was assigned to the company where I would learn all about being a soldier. The first day I received a haircut and was taught how to properly exercise and gain strength of my body by doing Physical Training. I started learning how to run long distances and how to breathe the right way so I would not get too tired. I did not enjoy ring but I had to do it. After that I issued a M16 Assault Rifle. I took training classes on how to clean, fix and shoot. The next step was learning about the history of the Army and all the things it takes to make up a true soldier. I went through many field exercises where I learned about teamwork. The men were like brothers; we helped each other like a family I participated in rappelling, nuclear biological defense and weapons training. The next step was learning drill, which is how I am supposed to present my self in parades, when we march and at funerals. After that we learned tactics and techniques to stay alive. Then I learned medical training. I had to learn CPR, Heimlich maneuver, wound care and many other forms of medical procedures. The next stage I learned was radio communication. Radio communication is how I can communicate with other soldiers on a mission in the field. Then I learned combat fighting. I used bayonets, padded sticks and hand and hand comba.
NR-351 Transitions in Professional NursingWebsite Evaluation T.docxhenrymartin15260
NR-351: Transitions in Professional Nursing
Website Evaluation Template
Student Name:Date:
Directions:
1. Carefully read the Website Evaluation Guidelines found in Doc Sharing. This provides specific details on how to complete this assignment.
2. Rename this document by clicking “Save As.” Change the file name so it reads Your Last Name Website Evaluation.docx. For example, if your last name is Smith, type “Smith Website Evaluation.docx”.
3. Save the document in a file format compatible with Microsoft Word 2010 or later.
4. Type your name and date at the top of this template.
5. Type your answers directly on the saved and renamed template. Follow all instructions. Save frequently to prevent loss of your work.
6. Submit to the Dropbox by the end of Week 6, Sunday at 11:59 p.m. MT.
7. Post questions about this assignment to the Q & A Forum so your classmates can read the advice, too. You may also e-mail questions to your instructor.
Item instructions:
Type your answers below:
General Information:
State the search engine used to locate the website and the URL of the homepage of the selected website.
URL must link to homepage when copied or clicked.
Authority:
Describe the reasons this website would be considered a reliable resource for information on the topic. Include contact information (group name, address, and phone number).
Information:
Describe information presented on the website including all of the main headings of the site. Describe accuracy and thoroughness of information and how you made this determination.
Objectivity:
Explain how content does or does not represent bias based on advertising and sponsorship.
Ease of Navigation:
Discuss the ease of use of this website for healthcare professionals and for lay persons. Differentiate the ease of navigation for each of these two groups.
Usefulness:
Describe how useful the information on this website is for healthcare professionals and for lay persons. Differentiate usefulness for each of these two groups.
Website Evaluation Template.docx Revised 2/9/2013 cjm
1
Website Evaluation GuidelinesPurpose
The purpose of this assignment is to allow the learner to demonstrate effective strategies for evaluation of credible scholarly websites. Course Outcomes
This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes.
1. Demonstrate effective verbal, written, and technological communication using legal and ethical standards for transferring knowledge. (PO #3)
2. Use leadership strategies that promote quality nursing practice and increase collaboration with other disciplines when planning comprehensive care for individuals and groups. (PO #2)
4. Integrate critical thinking and judgment in professional decision-making in collaboration with faculty and peers. (PO #4)
6. Relate application of the legal and ethical requirements of nursing laws and standards to interactions with faculty, peers, and.
Ntc 362 Week 2, Integrative Network Design Project , Part 1By Alucard1990 | Studymode.com
Kudler Fine Foods Network Overview
Name
University of Phoenix
NTC 362
Date
Instructor
Upon reviewing Kudler Fine Food network, it has been determined that a major network overhaul will need to be conducted to make sure that Kudler is brought up to speed with the latest technology. This is very important because if Kudler is unable to keep up with the technological advances then the company will fall behind. Making sure that Kudler is not only able to keep up with the advances with network systems it is also important to install the proper systems so that no money is wasted. What is meant by this is that if the improper systems and storage units are installed to only handle data over the next year this is only going to force Kudler to spend more money in upgrades in the future. This is why it is vital to install the proper systems that will provide room for future network expansion without having to waste money on unnecessary upgrades. The following is a list of problem areas with the Kudler network: • 56K modems provide slow connections speeds
• Host systems at all site running Window 98 – over 10 years old • Windows NT servers are at the Delmar and Lajolla sites – over 10 years old. • The XLS servers at the Delmar and Lajolla sites are running Office 97 – over 15 years old. • The Novell Servers at the Delmar and Lajolla sites are running this was released in 1994. – over almost 20 years old. • All sites have a stand lone ups system that will need upgraded to provide a redundant power supply to support new systems.
One of the first things that were noticed was that fact that all of the sites are still running 56k modems. This is an old technology and is only hindering the speed between each site. Having the proper connection speed is vital to provide real time updates not only for the profits made each day, but providing the inventory updates on the products that are sold so that those items can be restocked without waiting. These modems will be removed to make the way for the new wide area network and within each site there will be a wireless local area network. The WAN will link all of the site networks together which will in turn boost the network speed and the way employees communicate. The communication aspect of the new network will incorporate a VoIP system and will be managed at one central location. “The great thing about VoIP is that it taps additional value from the already existing infrastructure without additional costs” This will provide the highest quality of phone network will saving on the cost of out phone services.
Another issue that issue that is hindering the speed and efficiency on the network is the fact that all the host systems being used within all the sites are Windows 98. These systems are well over ten years old and a.
NTHEMIND OF GREATCOMPANIESBy Scott BlanchardThe.docxhenrymartin15260
NTHE
MIND OF GREAT
COMPANIES?
By Scott Blanchard
T
he old saying, "money isn't
everything," rings hollow in
today's business world.
where rninute-by-minute
stock quotes scroll across
our computer monitors, and
careers are won or lost based
on Wall Street's analysis of a
company's perforniance. Throw in giob-
al competition, outdated products and
services, increased costs, corporate silos
and other business challenges, and it's
no wonder that tnatiy of today's compa-
nies focus solely on their bottom line,
ofteti at the expense of customer service
and employee satisfaction.
It need not be this way. Great compa
nies focus on more than one bottom
line when gauging their perforniance.
Ttiey choose to be not only the invest-
ment of choice, but also the provider of
choice for their products or services, as
well as the employer of choice for work-
ers in their industry. By looking beyond
immediate, short term results and focus-
ing on strategies to make their compa-
nies successful for the long-term, they
recognize challenges sooner, identify
solutions more quickly and deliver re-
sults ahead of their competitors. In short,
they learn to lead at a higher level.
A clear warning sign that your busi-
ness is trapped in a short-term mindset
is the presence of an "either/or" philoso-
phy. Managers either believe they can
achieve profitability or they can develop
a great workplace, but not both. These
leaders don't always take morale and job
satisfaction into consideration. Their
focus is only their financial bottom line.
From there, it's a short leap to the false
notion tlrat making money is the sole
reason to be in business.
A NEW APPROACH
Contrary to the either/or philosophy,
leading at a higher level requires man-
agers to embrace a "both/and" approach.
In great companies, the development of
people is of equal importance to finan-
cial performance. As a result, the focus
is on long-term results and human satis-
faction. Accordingly, great companies
begin by both creating and nurturing a
vision of the future, and then measuring
progress against that vision.
There are three questions to ask,
which represent the main components
of a corporate vision. By focusing on
these questions, companies are more
likely to ensure they don't lose sight of
their path to success. They are:
• What business are you in? This will
help you identify your company's signif-
icant purpose.
• What will the future look like if you
are successful?
• What guides your behavior and deci-
sions on a daily basis? This will help
you identify clear values.
Great companies keep al! three of
these ideas clearly in mind and make
necessary course corrections when they
realize they are off track.
The next step is to create a corporate
culture that both reflects and reinforces
the corporate vision. The culture con-
sists of the values, attitudes, beliefs,
behaviors and practices of the organiza-
tion's members. Culture is an organiza-
tion's personality, and it can help or hin-
.
nR E E 693 5T o c o m p l e t e th i s e x a m y o u n.docxhenrymartin15260
n
R E E 693 5
T o c o m p l e t e th i s e x a m y o u n e e d t o a n s w e r 8 q u e s t i o n l i s t e d b e lo w . T h e
f i r s t t w o q u e s t i o n s a r e t o b e a n s w e r e d i n E x c e l u s i n g th e a s s o c ia t e d t a b s
i n c l u d e d o n t h e e x a m R E E 6935 t h a t i s p r o v i d e d t o y o u q u e s t i o n 3
- 8 a r e
t o b e a n s w e r e d o n a Wo r d D o c u m e n t i n t h e o r d e r i n w h ic h t h e y a p p e a r .
D u e A p r i l 28 , 2015 .
1. ) (9 P o i n t s ) U s i n g t h e d a t a p r o v i d e d t o y o u i n t h e P r o b l e m 1 t a b ,
c a lc u la t e t h e r e q u e s t e d v a l u e s a n d i n c l u d e y o u r a n s w e r i n th e i r
r e s p e c t i v e c e l ls h i gh l ig h t e d i n y e l lo w .
2 . ) (10 P o i n t ) T h e t a b la b e l e d P r o b l e m 2 i n c l u d e s m o n t h ly p r i c e d a t a o n
th e SA P 500 (SPY ) a s w e l l a s o n K B H o m e (K B H , a r e a l e s t a t e
d e v e lo p m e n t c o m p a n y ) a n d o n H o m e P r o p e r t i e s I n c . (H M E , a n d e q u i t y
R E I T s p e c ia l i z e s i n a p a r tm e n t r e n t a ls ) . U s i n g r e g r e s s i o n c a l c u l a t e t h e
B e t a o f e a c h o f t h e s e 2 r e a l e s t a t e c o m p a n ie s f o r t h e f u l l t im e p e r i o d
p r o v id e d t o y o u .
a . D is p l a y y o u r c a l c u l a t e d B e t a s i n t h e c e ll s h i g h l igh t e d i n y e l l o w .
Y o u m a y i n c l u d e y o u r f u l l r e g r e s s i o n r e s u l t s i n t w o o th e r s e p a r a t e
t a b s
b . W h i c h c o m p a n y h a s a h i g h e r B e t a ? I n o n e t o tw o s e n t e n c e s
e x p l a i n w h y y o u d id o r d i d n
'
t e x p e c t t h a t c o m p a n y t o b e
a s s o c ia t e d w i t h a h ig h e r B e t a .
3 . (10 P o i n t s ) P l e a s e r e f e r t o t h e p a p e r t it l e d O n t h e R e la t i o n b e t w e e n
L o c a l A m e n i t ie s a n d H o u s i n g P r ic e C h a n g e s
"
p r o v i d e d t o y o u w i t h t h i s
e x a m a n d a n s w e r t h e f o l lo w i n g q u e s t io n s .
a . B r i e f ly e x p l a i n w h a t w e c a n l e a r n f r o m F ig u r e 2 ? A r e t h e s e
r e s u l t s e x p e c t e d ? Wh y ?
b . B r i e f ly e x p l a i n w h a t w e c a n l e a r n f r o m f i g u r e 4? A r e t h e s e r e s u l t s
e x p e c t e d ? W hy ?
c . B r i e f ly e x p l a i n w h a t w e c a n l e a r n f r o m t h e r e g r e s s i o n r e s u l t s
p r e s e n t e d i n c o l u m n (4) o f t a b l e 4 . H o w t h e s e r e s u lt s a r e d if f e r e n t
f r o m t h e r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d i n c o l u m n (2) o f t a b le 4?
d . B r i e f l y e x p l a i n w h a t w e c a n l e a r n f r o m t a b l e 6 t h a t w e d o n
'
t
a l r e a d y k n o w f r o m t h e r e s u l t s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s t a b l e s .
NEATPAGEINFO:id=C46A481D-C837-496A-BF88-1036B1B658D9
NEATPAGEINFO:id=1C69E900-548F-4525.
NR360 We Can But Dare We.docx Revised 5 ‐ 9 .docxhenrymartin15260
NR360 We Can But Dare We.docx Revised 5 ‐ 9 ‐ 16 DA/LS/psb 07.14.16 1
NR360 INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HEALTHCARE
Required Uniform Assignment: We Can, but Dare We?
PURPOSE
The purpose of this assignment is to investigate smartphone and social media use in healthcare and to
apply professional, ethical, and legal principles to their appropriate use in healthcare technology.
Course Outcomes
This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes.
• CO #4: Investigate safeguards and decision‐making support tools embedded in patient
care technologies and information systems to support a safe practice environment for
both patients and healthcare workers. (PO 4)
• CO #6: Discuss the principles of data integrity, professional ethics, and legal
requirements related to data security, regulatory requirements, confidentiality, and
client’s right to privacy. (PO 6)
• CO #8: Discuss the value of best evidence as a driving force to institute change in the
delivery of nursing care (PO 8)
DUE DATE
See Course Schedule in Syllabus. The college’s Late Assignment Policy applies to this activity.
TOTAL POINTS POSSIBLE
This assignment is worth a total of 240 points.
Requirements
1. Research, compose, and type a scholarly paper based on the scenario described below, and
choose a conclusion scenario to discuss within the body of your paper. Reflect on lessons
learned in this class about technology, privacy concerns, and legal and ethical issues and
addressed each of these concepts in the paper, reflecting on the use of smartphones and social
media in healthcare. Consider the consequences of such a scenario. Do not limit your review of
the literature to the nursing discipline only because other health professionals are using the
technology, and you may need to apply critical thinking skills to its applications in this scenario.
2. Use Microsoft Word and APA formatting. Consult your copy of the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association, sixth edition, as well as the resources in Doc Sharing if you
have questions (e.g., margin size, font type and size (point), use of third person, etc.). Take
NR360 INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HEALTHCARE
NR360 We Can But Dare We.docx Revised 5 ‐ 9 ‐ 16 DA/LS/psb 07.14.16 2
advantage of the writing service SmartThinking, which is accessed by clicking on the link called
the Tutor Source, found under the Course Home area.
3. The length of the paper should be four to five pages, excluding the title page and the reference
page. Limit the references to a few key sources (minimum of three required).
4. The paper will contain an introduction that catches the attention of the reader, states the
purpose of the paper, and provides a narrative outline of what will follow (i.e., the assignment
criteria).
5. In the body of the paper, discuss the scenario in relation to HIPAA, leg.
n
s;
,e
il
rl
t.
lnterviewing is one HR function that
almost all managers are involved
with at some point. Here are some
tips for conducting interviews that
identify the best candidates:
. Be prepared-Make sure the
place where you interview is
accessible and comfortable
for you and the candidate.
Read the candidate's r6sum6
and other paperwork ahead
of time, to avoid asking for
information that has already
been provided. Prepare a list
of questions, as well as infor-
mation about the company's
history, culture, and other
details the candidate might be
interested in knowing.
t Put the applicant at ease- A
nervous or cautious job candi-
eate !'!':ay not show his or her
es. qua\itres. Express your
appreciation tor the candr-
date's time, and let the person
know you're glad to meet him
'';
i- i lr'
or her. Briefly explain what to
expect during the interview.
. Ask about past behaviors-
Talking about specific events
makes it harder for a candidate
to focus on guessing what the
interviewer wants to hear, and
the answers give clues about
what the candidate will do in
new situations. For examPle,
depending on the type of job,
you might ask, "Ptease telt
me about a time when you
received a customer comPlaint
and how you handled it," or
"This job involves tight dead-
lines; could you tell me about
a time when you faced a dif-
ficult deadtine?"
. Listen-fhe interview infor-
mation is only as good as the
interviewer's ability to gather
it. Let the candidate do most
oi \he ta\krng, and par; atten-
tion to what is being said and
not said. lf a candidate sounds
vague or too good to be true,
ask follow-up questions to
gather details.
. Take nofes-As much as you
can without distracting Your-
self or the candidate, jot down
notes to remind you of keY
points. Also schedule 5 or 10
minutes after each interview for
writing down your impressions.
r At the end of the interview,
make sure the candidate
knows what to expect next-
for example, a phone call or
additional interviews within
the next week.
Sources: U.S. Department of Com-
merce, Minority Business Development
Agency, "Tips on How to SuccessfullY
tnterview Job Candidates," November 17.
2009, raruw.mbda.gov; University o{ South
Carolina Division of.Human Resources,
"Tips on lnterviewing University Job
Applicants, " http://hr.sc.eoi.r, accesseo'
March 23,2010; and Dun & Bradstreet,
"How to Conduct an E{iective Emp\oyee
lnterview," Small Business
Solution
s,
http:l/smallbusiness.dnb.com, accessed
March 23,2010.
t-I
rl
i.
i.
s
.S
k
S
t
t
5
t
S
{
Preparing to lnterview
Organizations can reap the greatest benefits from intervierving if they prepare care-
fully. A well-planned intervierv should be standardized, comfortable for the partici-
pants, and focused on the job and the organization. The interviewer should have a
cluiet place in rvhich to conduct interviervs r.vithout interruption. This person should
be trained in how to ask objective questions, u'hat subject matter to avoid, a.
NR443 Guidelines for Caring for PopulationsMilestone 2 As.docxhenrymartin15260
NR443 Guidelines for Caring for Populations
Milestone 2: Assessment and Diagnosis
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide an opportunity to utilize community assessment strategies, uncover a community health problem, and identify the components of the problem related to the community dynamics.
Points
225 pointsDirections
This paper is expected to be no more than four pages in length (not including the title page and reference list). Typical papers are usually three pages. Below are the requirements for successful completion of this paper.
· Introduction: This should catch the reader’s attention with interesting facts and supporting sources and include the purpose statement of the paper. This should be no more than one or two paragraphs.
· Community: Identify the community by name that you will be using for this paper and provide a brief, general description of the community. Your community should be the area where you live or work. This should be one or two paragraphs.
· Demographic and epidemiological data: Compile a range of demographic (population description) and epidemiological (causes of health problems and death) data for your community by examining census reports, vital statistic reports, city records, morbidity and mortality reports, and other agency sources. Using these data, describe the community and the problem. Compare your community data to state or national data. This comparison will help to identify a community health problem specific to your community. A summary of these data should be no more than one page.
· Windshield survey: Provide a brief summary of the findings from your first assignment. Make sure to discuss elements that link your observations to your identified problem. This should be no more than one or two paragraphs.
· Problem: Using the assessment data, identify the problem that you consider to be a priority concern. Provide a rationale for your choice and relate your choice to one of the Healthy People 2020 specific numbered objectives. Healthy People objectives are located within a topic area under the Objectives page. Your rationale should also include why this is specifically a problem in your community. This should be no more than three paragraphs. Include support of your rationale with at least two scholarly sources such as professional journal articles related to your problem.
· Summary: The summary paragraph of your paper should include a statement about the problem, the population at risk for this problem, and the major direct or indirect factors that contribute to this problem. This information should be no more than one or two paragraphs.
· Reference page: All references cited within the paper should be included on a separate References page.Guidelines
· Application: Use Microsoft Word 2010™ to create this assignment.
· Use the categories above as APA headings for the sections of your paper.
· Length: This paper is expected to be no more than four pages in length (not including the title pa.
NRB Dec’99 1WHITHER THE EMERGENCY MANAGER 1Neil R Bri.docxhenrymartin15260
NRB Dec’99 1
WHITHER THE EMERGENCY MANAGER? 1
Neil R Britton, PhD
Ministry of Emergency Management & Civil Defence
Wellington, NEW ZEALAND2
Introduction
The invitation to comment on Thomas E Drabek’s Human System Responses to
Disaster: An Inventory of Sociological Findings provides an opportunity to reflect on
the practice of emergency management and the evolving role of the emergency manager.
This focus is timely. The past decade has brought disaster into sharp relief for many;
several large-scale impacts have occurred; and disaster costs (in lives and property
damage) have escalated. The links between community growth, land-use management
practices and vulnerability have become more apparent. These issues have taken place at a
time when the clarion call is for smaller government and more fiscal constraint. This
combination is prompting questions, particularly from central government, about the
function and value of emergency management arrangements.
It is also appropriate to re-think the emergency manager’s role in contemporary society.
Much has changed in 10 years, ranging from the burgeoning of relevant information to the
need to develop integrated management programs for responders. This is leading to a re-
definition of the task-set and a re-evaluation of the emergency manager’s job parameters.
College-level programs and other knowledge-based accreditation courses are rapidly
becoming a prerequisite. These developments are enhancing the image of emergency
management and helping it progress to being a distinctive professional sector.
This essay uses Drabek’s 1986 publication Human System Responses to Disasters as a
vehicle to reflect on major developments influencing emergency management practice. It
begins by locating Human System Responses to Disasters within the disaster sociology
literature, and argues that the book makes two major contributions to disaster study. From
here, the focus of the essay shifts from Drabek’s work to identifying elements that
characterized emergency management practice at the time when Drabek wrote his text.
The essay moves on to look at some current issues pertaining to emergency management,
and leads into a discussion of where the practice might be heading in the coming decade.
A brief return to Human System Responses to Disasters completes the discussion.
1 Paper requested by the Editor, The International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters.
Statements in this paper were first presented at a session of the International Research
Committee on Disasters (ISA Research Committee 39), at the 14th World Congress of
Sociology, Montreal (Quebec), Canada. 26 July - 1 August 1998. The session explored the
contribution of Thomas E Drabek’s textbook Human System Responses to Disaster: An
Inventory of Sociological Findings.
2 Neil Britton manages the Sector Development and Education unit in the Ministry of Emergency
Management & Civil Defence. The commen.
Now, its time to create that treasure map to hide the treasur.docxhenrymartin15260
Now, it's time to create that treasure map to hide the treasure from Ol' Red Coat's family.
Decide on which quadrilateral you will create. For this activity you may use a kite, trapezoid or a parallelogram (that is not a square, rhombus, or rectangle).
Graph the quadrilateral on a coordinate plane. You may print and use graph paper a drawing program such as GeoGebra. The four vertices of the quadrilateral will serve as four destinations on your map. One can be the starting point, the others can be clues along the way, and the last one will be where X marks the spot!
Find the length and slope of each side to justify the classification of your quadrilateral. For example, if your map was a square, your calculations would prove that all four sides are congruent, slopes of opposite sides are congruent, and slopes of adjacent sides are opposite reciprocals.
You need to create a set of directions so you can come back and find the treasure later. Your directions need to explain how to get from each destination on the map to the next one. Use the properties of quadrilaterals in your directions. At least three different quadrilateral properties must be used.
What does it mean to use properties of quadrilaterals in your directions? Here is an example: If your map is in the shape of a parallelogram, your opposite sides will have equal slopes. You could say that to get from Point A to Point B you travel up 3 units and right 2 units to the Palm Tree. From there you might travel East 5 units to Point C. From Point C, you would travel down 3 and left 2 units, where X marks the spot. This proves that the slopes of opposite sides are equal. Include two more properties in your directions. Don’t forget to finish the directions to return to the starting point. See example below.
Get creative and think of clever ways to use the different properties!
Create a key for your map. Show proof that following the directions will get you to the treasure. If one of the directions is to make a 90 degree turn, show how you can prove the turn from one side to another is 90 degrees.
If one of the directions is to travel the same distance as a previous side, use the distance formula to show the two distances are the same.
Submit the following to your instructor:
1. The treasure map on a coordinate plane
2. The length and slope of each side to justify the classification of your quadrilateral
3. The directions to finding the treasure: Include the explanation for how each direction represents a quadrilateral property. Be sure to include at least three properties.
*Note: Please submit the written portion of this assignment using a word processing document or by copying and pasting into the assignment box.
1.1 Elements of Inquiry Used to Study the Workplace
1.2 Methodology Used to Study the Workplace
1.3 The Impact of Paradigms and Trends
1.4 The Major Sociological Perspectives
1.5 The Paradigm Shift to Capitalism
1.6 The Progressive Era
1.7 The Gr.
NR361 Information Systems in HealthcareInterview with a Nursing.docxhenrymartin15260
NR361 Information Systems in Healthcare
Interview with a Nursing Information Expert:
Guidelines and Grading RubricPurpose
The purpose of this assignment is to
· Communicate your understanding of the importance of quality information in everyday nursing practice;
· Discuss the roles and responsibilities of a Nursing Information Expert; and
· Articulate how the professional nurse uses information or data in everyday practice to improve outcomes.Course Outcomes
This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes.
CO #1: Describe patient-care technologies as appropriate to address the needs of a diverse patient population. (PO #1)
CO #4: Investigate safeguards and decision-making support tools embedded in patient care technologies and information systems to support a safe practice environment for both patients and healthcare workers. (PO #4)
CO #8: Discuss the value of best evidence as a driving force to institute change in delivery of nursing care. (PO #8)
Points
This assignment is worth a total of 250 points.
Due Date
This assignment, Interview with a Nursing Information Expert, is due at the end of Week 6. Submit your completed Interview, using the Interview Form, to the basket in the Dropbox by Sunday, 11:59 p.m. mountain time. Post questions to the weekly Q & A Forum. Contact your instructor if you need additional assistance. See the Course Policies regarding late assignments. Failure to submit your paper to the Dropbox on time will result in a deduction of points.
Directions
1. Download the NR361 Interview Form from Doc Sharing. It is found under the Week 6 Interview link.
2. Select your interviewee and schedule an interview. This individual must be a registered nurse. Job titles of RNs who may be considered include but, are not limited to, Nursing Clinical Information Manager; Super User, Director/Manger Clinical Education; Chief Information Officer; Quality Assurance or Performance Improvement Nurse; Nurse Informaticist; Telenursing Specialist; Nurse Abstractor; Case Manager; Compliance Nurse. If you have any concerns about whether the RN is suitable for this assignment, contact your instructor BEFORE you schedule the interview.
3. Review all questions (areas of inquiry) on the Interview Form located in Doc Sharing PRIOR to conducting the interview. You may print the form and take it with you to the interview.
4. Note that there are five (5) Required Questions to ask the RN.
5. Note that there are four (4) Optional Questions. You need to select only ONE of them to ask the RN.
6. Note that there are two (2) Follow-Up Questions that must be answered by YOU.
Prior to conducting your interview, review two scholarly resources. These resources should guide your understanding of the RN’s role and responsibilities or make you more knowledgeable about GIGO, interprofessional communication, or other key concepts in the questions that you may not fully understand. For example, if your interviewee is a Telenurse, you would want.
NR360 Information Systems in Healthcare Team Technology Pr.docxhenrymartin15260
NR360 Information Systems in Healthcare
Team Technology Presentation Guidelines and Grading Rubric
Revised: 01/26/2014, 07/09/2014 09/12/2014 DA
Objective
The purpose of this Team Technology Presentation is to provide students the opportunity to explore a technology used in the healthcare
system. The project requires students to work in a small team together in order to describe how this technology supports the patient care
experience through the use of information technology and information structures. Additionally, the student will explore the experience of
clear and concise communication skills, when interacting with peers, who may or may not be from the same geographical area, or campus as
they are. The final product and discussion/critique of this project is to be completed online with the class in Unit 8.
Course Outcomes
This assignment enables the student to meet the following Course Outcomes:
CO 1: Describe patient-care technologies as appropriate to address the needs of a diverse patient population. (PO 1)
CO 5: Identify patient care technologies, information systems, and communication devices that support safe nursing practice. (PO 5)
CO 6: Discuss the principles of data integrity, professional ethics, and legal requirements related to data security, regulatory requirements,
confidentiality, and client’s right to privacy. (PO 6)
CO 8: Discuss the value of best evidence as a driving force to institute change in delivery of nursing care. (PO 8)
Guidelines
• This is a Team or Group project. You will be assigned to groups, and given a topic (According to class size—typically 3-5 students
will be in a group).
Please do not ask to change groups, etc. as the group will not be changed. As nurses, we need to be able to participate as a part of a
multidisciplinary team, no matter where we are located, and regardless of whether or not we are familiar with a particular individual!
All group members will receive the same grade for each deliverable, UNLESS it is determined that a group member has not been
participating in assigned portions of the project. This is why documentation and communication in the assigned Team discussion
threads is essential. EVERYONE must complete/sign the Team Charter Form and place it in your designated Group discussion
thread under “Team Collaboration” in Course Home.
1. Communicate with your team members in the “Team Collaboration” Area of your Course Home, located under Week 8.
NR360 Information Systems in Healthcare
Team Technology Presentation Guidelines and Grading Rubric
Revised: 01/26/2014, 07/09/2014 09/12/2014 DA
***You will use the Group Project Team Collaboration Threads in the Course home as a “meeting” or communication venue. Be
sure you are documenting in YOUR Team’s discussion area, identified by a color assigned to your team! This will also serve as
documentation/verification for group members should there be ins.
NR443 Guidelines for Caring for PopulationsMilestone 2 Assess.docxhenrymartin15260
NR443 Guidelines for Caring for Populations
Milestone 2: Assessment and Diagnosis
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide an opportunity to utilize community assessment strategies, uncover a community health problem, and identify the components of the problem related to the community dynamics.
Course Outcomes
This assignment enables the student to meet the following Course Outcomes.
CO 1. Evaluate the planning of delivery of care to individuals, families, aggregates, and communities in a variety of healthcare settings based on theories and principles of nursing and related disciplines. (PO 1)
CO 2. Integrate clinical judgment in professional decision-making and implementation of the nursing process through analysis of community health nursing practice. (PO 4)
CO 7. Accept accountability for personal and professional development as part of the life-long learning process. (PO 5)
Due Date
Submit to the appropriate basket in the Dropbox by 11:59 p.m. MT Sunday of Week 4.
Points
225 pointsDirections
This paper is expected to be no more than four pages in length (not including the title page and reference list). Typical papers are usually three pages. Below are the requirements for successful completion of this paper.
· Introduction: This should catch the reader’s attention with interesting facts and supporting sources and include the purpose statement of the paper. This should be no more than one or two paragraphs.
· Community: Identify the community by name that you will be using for this paper and provide a brief, general description of the community. Your community should be the area where you live or work. This should be one or two paragraphs.
· Demographic and epidemiological data: Compile a range of demographic (population description) and epidemiological (causes of health problems and death) data for your community by examining census reports, vital statistic reports, city records, morbidity and mortality reports, and other agency sources. Using these data, describe the community and the problem. Compare your community data to state or national data. This comparison will help to identify a community health problem specific to your community. A summary of these data should be no more than one page.
· Windshield survey: Provide a brief summary of the findings from your first assignment. Make sure to discuss elements that link your observations to your identified problem. This should be no more than one or two paragraphs.
· Problem: Using the assessment data, identify the problem that you consider to be a priority concern. Provide a rationale for your choice and relate your choice to one of the Healthy People 2020 specific numbered objectives. Healthy People objectives are located within a topic area under the Objectives page. Your rationale should also include why this is specifically a problem in your community. This should be no more than three paragraphs. Include support of your rationale with at least two scholarly sources such.
Nowak Aesthetics, was founded by Dr. Eugene Nowak in 1999, in Ch.docxhenrymartin15260
Nowak Aesthetics, was founded by Dr. Eugene Nowak in 1999, in Chula Vista, California; since then Nowak Aesthetic mission has been to serve residents throughout San Diego County for dermatological, cosmetic surgery and skin rejuvenation procedures.
Dr. Nowak it is a Board Certified Dermatologist; with one mission, to help their patients regain confidence in themselves and achieve desired look, not being an issue if is a dermatology or cosmetic procedure. To accomplish this, he has created his own formula in skin care products for patients with acne, and melisma conditions, also treats patients with eczema, birthmarks, psoriasis, sun spots caused by sun damage, which may cause cancer, rosacea, vitiligo or any other skin condition.
Dr. Nowak is conservative, and innovative on his cosmetics procedure. His mission it is to help patients to look better, and achieve their goals.
Overall he promotes, an exceptional customer service to each of his patients, assuring every patient gets an extraordinary experience at Nowak Aesthetics.
Nowak Aesthetics has 4 consecutive years, being in the top 5 in all San Diego County dermatologists
In Aesthetics Nowak received daily about 80 patients of whom 20% are medical consultations, the other 80% is basically cosmetic consultations or procedures. Each patient is offered a free skin analysis, regardless of the reason why we visit. Provides medical consultations for skin problems at very reasonable and affordable cost to patients who do not have medical insurance, I think these plans with the purpose of benefiting patients who do not have the resources to treat their skin problems; Nowak Aesthetics has a special program for the community, which donates baskets with products from Dr.Nowak’s skin care products, for schools in San Diego County, for the auctioned in their events and raise funds.
In addition to patients, visiting Nowak Aesthetics, for cosmetic consultations, first consultation is at no cost, given the opportunity to meet patients Nowak Aesthetics facilities, meet the staff, which always gets a smile every patient regardless of their financial status, and furthermore every cosmetic consultation, gives each patient a free evaluation with no obligation, concerning the service for which the patient visited Nowak Aesthetics.
Nowak Aesthetics has a protocol To receive each of our patients, in a personalized way. Every time you register a new patient was taking a photo, which is on file, on the other hand there is also a section in the patient's file where is written to any specification of the patient, what he likes, or do not like, as he prefers to be called, among other concerns. As patients continue to attend Nowak Aesthetics, certain patients are considered VIP patients. The reasons why a patient becomes VIP, may be, because they are people with positive attitude when they reach Aesthetics Nowak sees them as family, others may become VIP, because they are consistent in their cosmetic procedures, an.
NR305 Health Assessment Course Project Milestone #2 Nursing Di.docxhenrymartin15260
NR305 Health Assessment
Course Project Milestone #2: Nursing Diagnosis and Care Plan Form
Your Name: Date:
Your Instructor’s Name:
Directions: Refer to the Milestone 2: Nursing Diagnosis and Care plan guidelines and grading rubric found in Doc Sharing to complete the information below. This assignment is worth 250 points, with 10 points awarded for clarity of writing, which means the use of proper grammar, spelling and medical language.
Type your answers on this form. Click “Save as” and save the file with the assignment name and your last name, e.g., “NR305_Milestone2_Form_Smith” When you are finished, submit the form to the Milestone 2 Dropbox by the deadline indicated in your guidelines. Post questions in the Q&A Forum or contact your instructor if you have questions about this assignment.
1: Analyze Assessment Data:
Based on the health history information, identify the following:
A. Areas for focused assessment (30 points)
Provide a brief overview of those areas of strength and weakness noted from Milestone 1: Health History.
B. Client’s strengths (30 points)
Expand on areas identified as strengths related to the person's overall health. Support your conclusions with data from the textbook.
C. Areas of concern (30 points)
Expand on areas previously identified as abnormal and those that place the person at a health risk. Support your observations with data from the textbook.
D. Health teaching topics (30 points)
Identify health education needs. Support your statements with facts from the Health History and information from your textbook.
2: Nursing Care Plan
Next, plan your care based on your analysis of your assessment data:
A. Diagnosis (30 points)
Write one nursing diagnosis that reflects a priority need for this person. Remember a wellness diagnosis is a possibility.
B. Plan (30 points)
Write one goal and one measurable expected outcome related to your nursing diagnosis. Explain why this goal and outcome is a priority. Include cultural considerations for this client.
C. Intervention (30 points)
Write as many nursing orders or nursing interventions that you need in order to achieve the outcome. Provide the rationale for each intervention listed.
D. Evaluation (30 points)
You will not carry out your care plan so you cannot evaluate the effectiveness of your nursing interventions. Instead, comment on what you would look for in order to evaluate your effectiveness.
Milestone #2: Nursing Diagnosis and Care Plan Form 8-6-13 jm
2
NR 305 Health Assessment
Guidelines for Course Project Milestone 2:
Nursing Diagnosis and Care Plan AssignmentPurpose
This activity will be a continuation of the Milestone 1: Health History that you submitted in Week 4. In this part of the assignment you will take the information you gathered, analyze the data, and develop a nursing care plan.Course Outcomes
This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes:
CO #3: Utilize effective communication when performing a .
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
New York Times Article Review Rubric (10 pts)Select a lengthy” .docx
1. New York Times Article Review Rubric (10 pts)
Select a “lengthy” article (more than two paragraphs) that
summarizes or discusses one or more science projects.
Summarize your article (who, what, when, where and how) in
one paragraph (2 pts) and then answer the following questions:
1. In one sentence, what is the main point of the article? (1 pt)
2. What counter-arguments or counter-points does the author
make? (1 pt)
3. How does this article relate to anything we have or will
discuss in class? How does this article relate to something
related to your major, possible career and/or life? Note, your
article may not relate to the class, but it should at least relate to
your major, career and/or life. (2 pts)
4. Explain if these studies were observational, experimental,
technological or some combination of the three. If applicable,
identify the independent and (at least one) dependent variables.
What possible confounding variables are present in the study?
How do the authors “control” for these? (2 pts)
5. What questions does the article leave unanswered? (1 pt)
6. What did you learn from this article? (1 pt)
Electronically submit your answers to Blueline by noon on
1/26/16
2. What is Science?
Human Biology
1/18/16
A process whose essential characteristics are 1) guided by
natural law; 2) is explanatory by natural law; 3) is testable
against the empirical world; 4) is falsifiable.William R.
Overton, U.S. District Judge in a ruling prohibiting an AR law
giving balanced time for creation-science and evolution,
1982The observation, identification, description, experimental
investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural
phenomena.American Heritage DictionaryAbove all it is a
methodology for acquiring testable knowledge about the natural
world.Stephen Jay Gould
A process: methodology for generating new knowledge based on
cycling the following progression: observation, explanation,
prediction, test, results, conclusion. A product:
new knowledge with the following characteristics: it is
cumulative, knowledge expanding, explanatory, predictive,
systematic, testable, verifiable, tentative, self-correcting.
-OSU professorOR…
… a way of baffling the uninitiated with incomprehensible
jargon. It is a way of obtaining fat government grants. It is a
way of achieving mastery over the physical world by
threatening it with chaos and destruction.
Scientific Method Observation
3. Hypothesis
Prediction
Test of prediction
Scientific Method
Test of predictionTreatment versus control groupIndependent vs
dependent variables“control” confounding variables
large sample size
Cause and effect conclusions
Scientific MethodTypes of (dependent) variables
Categorical (color, sex)
Discrete (number of fingers or leaves)
Continuous (weight, height)
Appropriate ways to graph the above?
Scientific Method
Test of prediction
Hypothesis vs null hypothesis
Statistics is a tool
Scientific Method
3 Criteria of a good prediction
4. Improbability
Deducibility
Testable
Scientific MethodPrediction is true – reject the null
hypothesisConclude: data are consistent with the
hypothesisNOT: data prove the hypothesis
Or prediction is false
Scientific MethodConclusions are published
Conclusions are challenged by others
Scientific Method
Think about the Scientific Method
Think about bacteria: what do you know about bacteria? Where
does it occur? What does it do? What does it need to grow?In
groups of 3-4, list some observations about bacteriaGenerate
possible explanations (hypotheses) that could explain your
observations
Is Science Objective?“The objectivity of SCIENCE, imperfect
as it is, is not a function of the objectivity of SCIENTISTS. It
is a function of the “logical” rules of the game. These are
embodied in the specification of a good test, and thus in
Conditions 1 and 2. So there is no reason why scientists should
not try to justify their hypotheses and be very disappointed if
5. they are refuted. The rules of the game ensure that the harder
one tries to get a good justification, the greater the risk of
refutation – unless the hypothesis is indeed on the right
track.”R.N. Giere, 1984. Understanding Scientific Reasoning
Science and SocietyWhat obligations does Science have towards
Society?Tax dollars support a lot of scientific research
Ethical questions
Deductive ArgumentsMoves from the general to the specific
If the premises are true, then it is impossible for the conclusion
to be false (valid).
Examples of Deductive Arguments
All CU students are mammals.
All mammals have lungs.
Therefore, all CU students have lungs.Valid, true premises;
sound
If it is snowing, then CU cancels classes.
It is snowing.
Thus, CU cancels classes.Valid, false premise; unsound
Inductive ArgumentsMove from the specific to the general
Strong: if premises are true then it’s probable that the
conclusion is true.
Cogent: an inductive argument that is strong and has all true
premises
6. Examples of Inductive arguments
Bill is a partier.
Most business majors are partiers.
Thus, Bill is probably a business major.Strong but not necessary
support for conclusion
Deductive vs Inductive
Which tends to expand knowledge?
Which tends to preserve truth?
Which has valid, sound arguments?
Which has cogent, strong arguments?
Deductive vs Inductive
Which tends to expand knowledge? inductive
Which tends to preserve truth? deductive
Which has valid, sound arguments? deductive
Which has cogent, strong arguments? inductive
3 Types of Scientific Inquiry
1. Discovery science relies upon making observations and
descriptions of nature
Gathers and catalogs facts via discovery and detection of
7. patterns
Asks who, what, where and when
3 Types of Scientific Inquiry
2. Hypothesis-based (theoretical) ScienceExplains and predicts
by generating and testing models
Involves the proposal of hypotheses or possible explanations
Asks why and how
3 Types of Scientific Inquiry
3. Technological Science
New methodology or process
Problem solving
Models
Models are used to represent reality
They are used to make predictions about reality
Facts, Laws and TheoriesObservationExample: it’s raining
outside
Law Example: Dalton’s Law
Theory – a “meta-hypothesis” that explains why an observation
occurs
“A theory is a metascientific elaboration, distinct from the
results of observation but consistent with them. By means of it
8. a series of independent data and facts can be related and
interpreted in a unified explanation. A theory’s validity
depends on whether or not it can be tested against the facts;
wherever it can no longer explain the latter, it shows its
limitations and unsuitability. It must then be rethought,”John
Paul II. 1997. The Pope’s Message on Evolution. Quarterly
Review of Biology 72(4): 381-383
Deformed and declining populations of amphibians
Could a parasite be blamed?
Observational studyJohnson et al. (1999) surveyed ponds to
determine that frogs with deformities were only present if the
parasite’s intermediate host snail was also present
Controlled lab experiment
Field experiment