Astronomy is primarily an observational science where scientists cannot actively experiment on celestial objects. Scientists use large surveys to collect data on many objects to look for variations. Population studies examine limited groups that share properties to see how features relate. Coordinate systems like altitude-azimuth and right ascension-declination are used to precisely map the positions of stars and other objects in the sky.
The presentation was for science teachers at a conference. It introduces some philosophy of science showing the philosophical origins of key ideas. It raises the issue of truth in science teaching.
Science is knowledge through observation and experimentation. It is facts of principles gained by systematic study. In order to participate in doing science, we must adhere to a "philosophy of science:" There is order to the universe, humans are able to comprehend this order, and scientists should be able to repeat experiments. There are two major kinds of science - empirical science and forensic science. However, science can't answer a lot of questions, and scientists often make mistakes.
The presentation was for science teachers at a conference. It introduces some philosophy of science showing the philosophical origins of key ideas. It raises the issue of truth in science teaching.
Science is knowledge through observation and experimentation. It is facts of principles gained by systematic study. In order to participate in doing science, we must adhere to a "philosophy of science:" There is order to the universe, humans are able to comprehend this order, and scientists should be able to repeat experiments. There are two major kinds of science - empirical science and forensic science. However, science can't answer a lot of questions, and scientists often make mistakes.
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
New York Times Article Review Rubric (10 pts)Select a lengthy” .docxhenrymartin15260
New York Times Article Review Rubric (10 pts)
Select a “lengthy” article (more than two paragraphs) that summarizes or discusses one or more science projects. Summarize your article (who, what, when, where and how) in one paragraph (2 pts) and then answer the following questions:
1. In one sentence, what is the main point of the article? (1 pt)
2. What counter-arguments or counter-points does the author make? (1 pt)
3. How does this article relate to anything we have or will discuss in class? How does this article relate to something related to your major, possible career and/or life? Note, your article may not relate to the class, but it should at least relate to your major, career and/or life. (2 pts)
4. Explain if these studies were observational, experimental, technological or some combination of the three. If applicable, identify the independent and (at least one) dependent variables. What possible confounding variables are present in the study? How do the authors “control” for these? (2 pts)
5. What questions does the article leave unanswered? (1 pt)
6. What did you learn from this article? (1 pt)
Electronically submit your answers to Blueline by noon on 1/26/16
What is Science?
Human Biology
1/18/16
A process whose essential characteristics are 1) guided by natural law; 2) is explanatory by natural law; 3) is testable against the empirical world; 4) is falsifiable.William R. Overton, U.S. District Judge in a ruling prohibiting an AR law giving balanced time for creation-science and evolution, 1982The observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena.American Heritage DictionaryAbove all it is a methodology for acquiring testable knowledge about the natural world.Stephen Jay Gould
A process: methodology for generating new knowledge based on cycling the following progression: observation, explanation, prediction, test, results, conclusion. A product: new knowledge with the following characteristics: it is cumulative, knowledge expanding, explanatory, predictive, systematic, testable, verifiable, tentative, self-correcting.
-OSU professorOR…
… a way of baffling the uninitiated with incomprehensible jargon. It is a way of obtaining fat government grants. It is a way of achieving mastery over the physical world by threatening it with chaos and destruction.
Scientific Method Observation
Hypothesis
Prediction
Test of prediction
Scientific Method
Test of predictionTreatment versus control groupIndependent vs dependent variables“control” confounding variables
large sample size
Cause and effect conclusions
Scientific MethodTypes of (dependent) variables
Categorical (color, sex)
Discrete (number of fingers or leaves)
Continuous (weight, height)
Appropriate ways to graph the above?
Scientific Method
Test of prediction
Hypothesis vs null hypothesis
Statistics is a tool
Scientific Method
3 Criteria.
Scientific method vs. hollow earth theoryMarcus 2012
http://marcusvannini2012.blogspot.com/
http://www.marcusmoon2022.org/designcontest.htm
Shoot for the moon and if you miss you'll land among the stars...
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In this ppt Research and Theory explained in detail which covers Meaning of theory, Definition of Theory, Contribution of Research to Theory, Criteria of Theory, Theory and Facts, Role of Theory in Research, Uses of Theory in Research
Introduc on to Science
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The Scientific Method
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Writing a Lab Report
Socrates (469 B.C. - 399 B.C.), Plato (427 B.C. - 347 B.C.), and Aristotle (384
B.C. - 322 B.C.) are among the most famous of the Greek philosophers
(Figure 1). Plato was a student of Socrates, and Aristotle was a student of Pla-
to. These three philosophers are considered to be the greatest thinkers of
their time.
Aristotle’s views on science profoundly shaped medieval academics, and his
influence extended into the Renaissance (14th - 16th century). His opinions
were the authority on science well into the 1300s. Unfortunately, the philoso-
pher’s method was logical thinking and did not involve making direct observa-
tions on the natural world. As a result, many of Aristotle’s opinions were incor-
rect. Although he was extremely intelligent, he used a method for determining
the nature of science that was insufficient for the task. For example, in Aris-
totle’s opinion, men were bigger than women. Therefore, he made the de-
duction that men would have more teeth than women. It is assumed that he
never actually looked into the mouths of both men and women and counted
their teeth. If he had, he would have found that males and females have ex-
actly the same number of teeth (Figure 2).
In the 16th and 17th centuries, innovative thinkers began developing a new
way to investigate the world around them. They were developing a method
that relied upon making observations of phenomena and trying to explain
why that phenomena occurred. From these techniques, the scientific method
was born. The scientific method is a process of investigation that involves
Figure 1: Neoclassical statue
of ancient Greek philosopher,
Plato, in front of the Academy
of Athens in Greece.
Figure 2: Humans—male and
female—have 20 baby teeth
and 32 permanent teeth.
13
experimentation and observation to acquire new knowledge, solve problems, and answer questions. Scien-
tists eventually perfected the methods and reduced it to a series of steps (Figure 3).
Today, the scientific method is used as a systematic approach to solving problems. Science begins with ob-
servations. Once enough observations or results from preliminary library or experimental research have been
collected, a hypothesis can be constructed. Experiments then either verify or disprove the hypothesis. If
enough evidence can support a hypothesis, the hypothesis can become a theory, or proven fact. Theories
can be further refined by other hypotheses and experimentation. An example of this is how we further refine
our knowledge of germ theory by learning about specific pathogens. A scientific law is a summary of observa-
tions in which there are no current exceptions using the most recent technology. It can be a general state-
ment, like the Law of Gravity (what goes up m.
Environmental Science Essay
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Forensic Science Essay example
scientific literacy Essay
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The Scientific Method Essay
My Passion For Science
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. In this lecture… The Nature of Science What is science? What is it not? How does the process of science work? What is “pseudoscience”? Astronomy as a Science Challenges of observational science Surveys and population studies Coordinate systems and mapping
3. What is Science? Take a moment to consider and write down your own definitions or ideas of what science is.
4. What is Science? Science is… The study of the workings of the physical universe A process for acquiring knowledge A collection of facts built up from observations A collection of organizing principles and laws A community based on shared knowledge An important part of our culture, studied by philosophers and sociologists A cultural symbol of credibility and authority Adapted from “The Process of Science”, released by the American Astronomical Society
5. Scientific Foundations Science is our way of better understanding the natural world. Answers questions of how the universe works Expands upon observation, leads to prediction Explains processes in terms of tested physical mechanisms
7. Key Components of Science The scientific method Observation and question-asking Search for explanations Prove or disprove possible explanations through testing and comparison with known data Scientific goals Explain, predict aspects of the natural world Must be testable, falsifiable The scientific community Multiple evaluations Critique and retesting
8. Science Does Not… Answer “why” questions that deal with purpose and meaning. Directly include any reference to, support for or against anything super-natural. Scientists sometimes make statements based on what science finds, but these statements are not science themselves. This is a limit from principle (such things are not observable) and practice (doesn’t work, not “fruitful” for science) Exist in a vacuum Affected by society, biases and assumptions of scientists. The scientific method is designed to eliminate the influence of these the best it can.
9. The Method of Science Careful observation of natural phenomena Make a hypothesis/model Test that hypothesis Primarily, we check to see if it is wrong (we try to falsify the hypothesis) If the hypothesis agrees well with experiment and observation, incorporate it into your model If not, set it aside and try to come up with something better!
10. Features of Scientific Ideas Observability Natural explanation Predictability Testability Falsifiability Repeatability Consistency
11. Observation Scientific observation involves more than just “seeing” something – it involves paying careful attention, watching and noticing as much as possible, and thinking about what is observed.
12. Testing a Hypothesis Testing a hypothesis does not always mean doing an experiment in a lab! Other possibilities: Prove something mathematically Make additional observations that match with expectations Run a computer simulation and see whether behaves as expected
13. The Process of Science Careful observation Hypothesis Model Theory Other tested hypotheses Extensive testing and validation turns a set of hypotheses into a scientific theory, which means that model has been successful in both explaining and predicting certain phenomena.
14. Model A scientific model is a collection of tested hypotheses that explain how some aspect of nature appears or operates. Note: a hypothesis can rarely be tested entirely on its own – usually depends upon other hypotheses that have already been tested. Suppose a scientist uses a particular model to come up with a new hypothesis – but that hypothesis turns out to be wrong. Does this mean the model is wrong?
15.
16. A model does not have to explain everything in order to be valid.
17. May have a limited, but important, range in which it applies
18. May contain an important concept that is useful for prediction even though the actual system is more complicated.
19.
20. Theory and Fact A fact is a simple, direct piece of information Usually something directly measured or observed. A theory is an organizing framework We use a theory to bring facts together, to explain them and how they relate. In science, the theory is more important, because it: Explains the facts Helps us predict new facts
21. Theory and Fact "Science is built up of facts, as a house is with stones. But a collection of facts is no more a science than a heap of stones is a house.” Henri Poincaré (1854–1912)
22. The Process of Science Our knowledge changes and grows over time. Not perfect or static All science has levels of certainty, based on strength of evidence. Hypotheses and even theories are constantly tested and new ones developed. New ideas modify the old ones, sometimes replacing them, but usually making them more accurate.
23. The Scientific Community Critique, evaluation, and exploration by multiple people is ESSENTIAL to the process of science. As consequence, new ideas (even if right) take time to be validated and accepted by the community at large. Keep in mind that not everything a scientist says is necessarily true, valid, or even scientific.
24. Pseudoscience Tries to look like science, but does not follow the rules Recall… these rules are not arbitrary, they come from experience and necessity. May make claims based on science which are beyond the natural world (without saying so) This may come out of very legitimate areas of study and might in the end even be true, but it’s not science. Usually is not reliable when trying to figure out how the natural world works.
25. Breaking Rules Common ways the rules are ignored or broken… Not making predictions, or making ones that aren’t testable or falsifiable Invoking super-natural explanations (which aren’t testable or falsifiable) Using appeals to emotion and fear instead of evidence Ignoring contradictory evidence, not working to falsify their hypotheses, only admitting favorable evidence Focusing on a few small items (good or bad) and ignoring the larger body of knowledge (oversimplifying)
26. Criteria for Scientific Ideas Can this idea be used to make predictions about what will happen under particular circumstances or at a specific time in the future? Are the predictions testable? Have the predictions been tested? What evidence would it take to prove the idea wrong? Do conclusions in this area undergo peer review in a mainstream scientific journal? from The Process of Science, AAS
27. Questions to Consider Scientific method involves each of these except A) systematic search for information B) reformulating observations to agree with theories C) forming and testing possible explanations D) observation and experimentation
28. Questions to Consider Which of these statements is correct? A) A theory is a hypothesis that has been proven to be true. B) A hypothesis which cannot be tested is a good candidate for becoming a theory. C) If a well-tested hypothesis explains the available data and has not yet been falsified, then it can be called a theory. D) Once a hypothesis has been published it becomes a theory.
29. Questions to Consider The nature of science is such that: A) all scientific models become theories B) nature always obeys scientific models C) scientific models describe relationships observed in nature D) scientific theories are statements of absolute truth
30. Questions to Consider When a scientist develops an explanation for patterns or relationships observed among a number of facts A) a new theory has been developed. B) the pattern and explanation should be included in the next edition of a relevant text book. C) the pattern and explanation should be submitted for publication, then verified by others.
31. Questions for Discussion Walter Alvarez proposed in 1980 that the extinction of the dinosaurs was due to a large meteorite hitting the earth. After extensive experimental work by many people which show this to be a likely explanation, this is A) a hypothesis B) a theory C) conjecture D) a scientific law
32. Questions for Discussion Which is most correct? A) Science is always right B) Nonscientific study has little value C) Science has all the answers D) Science seeks to understand nature
33. Questions for Discussion Which of these could be a valid scientific statement (regardless of its truth)? A) Nuclear power is good for society. B) Theory and observations indicate that our Sun formed about 5 billion years ago. C) The fact that we can explain much of how the world works proves that there is no God or other supernatural beings. D) The fact that humans are very small in a very big universe means that we are insignificant.
35. Experimental Science Our mental picture of science research is often something like this… in which a scientist is actively doing something to influence a system and study the results.
36. Observational Science However, astronomy is primarily an observational science, in which we cannot actively make changes to the objects that we study.
37. Activity: Astro-Autos Suppose you were raised by wild scientists in a remote region of Western Kansas and have never encountered a car or any type of motor vehicle before. Knowing nothing about a car, what it is, what it is used for, and how it works, you are suddenly given one to study and figure out. How might you start trying to learn about the car?
38. Activity: Astro-Autos Now suppose you were raised by wild scientists who live on the moon, where you have never seen a car or any motor vehicle. From the moon, using only your powerful telescopes and your trusty camera, you are again told to find out all about cars, what they are, what they are used for, and how they work. How would you start your study of cars now?
41. Surveys Large efforts to collect data about many different stars or other astrophysical objects are called “surveys”. These may involve many telescopes doing observations, or one telescope working for a really long time. The goal is to get information on as many objects as possible – you’re looking for the total variation as well as the rare individual objects.
42.
43.
44.
45. Imagine the stars as being points on a sphere that rotates around the Earth.
46.
47. Coordinate Systems Stars’ positions in the sky are specified using two major astronomical coordinate systems The altitude-azimuth system Altitude is the object’s angle above the horizon 0 degrees is on the horizon, 90 degrees is straight overhead. Azimuth is the object’s angle along the horizon 0 degrees = North, 90 degrees = East, 180 degrees = South, 270 degrees = West.
48. Coordinate Systems The Right Ascension – Declination system maps the object’s position on the celestial sphere. Right ascension is celestial equivalent of longitude. Declination is celestial equivalent of latitude – measured above and below celestial equator. By knowing how the celestial sphere “moves” as the night sky, can know where to find an object at any location and time where it is visible.
49. Using Coordinates Suppose you call your significant other who is working across town to tell him/her about the particular star you are looking at while thinking about them. Which coordinate system should you use? Suppose you call your significant other who is now VISITING JAPAN to tell them about the star you saw when thinking about them. Which coordinate system should you use to describe the star’s location now?
50. Final Comments Don’t forget to turn in the Astro-Autos activity you completed earlier in this lecture!