Full proceedings at: http://www.extension.org/72772 With depressed electrical prices for produced biogas, many projects are now moving towards business models predicated on production of renewable natural gas (RNG). In order to produce RNG, projects must first clean and upgrade raw biogas to pipeline and/or transportation fuel quality through the use of various engineering approaches. In this presentation, an overview of available and emerging biogas cleaning and upgrading technologies are discussed, highlighting positives, negatives and costs.
How to Start Biogas Production, Biogas – An Intense Opportunity (Landfill Gas...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Generally, biogas is a renewable fuel. In any country, for cooking or heating purposes biogas can be used as a low-cost fuel. Biogas can be used as a fuel in stationary and mobile engines, to supply motive power, pump water, drive machinery (e.g., threshers, grinders) or generate electricity. It can be used in both spark and compression (diesel) engines. The spark ignition engine is easily modified to run on biogas by using a gas carburetor.
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Niir Project Consultancy Services
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
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Website : http://www.niir.org , http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
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Anaerobic Treatment and Biogas Production from Organic Waste,Biofuel, Biogas an Intense Opportunity, Biogas and Its Applications, Biogas Application, Biogas Based Profitable Projects, Biogas business plan, Biogas Digester, Biogas digester construction, Biogas from waste, Biogas plant construction, Biogas plant in India, Biogas Plants, Biogas Plants: Processes for Biogas Production, Biogas production, Biogas production book, Biogas Production Business, Biogas production from kitchen waste, Biogas Production from Organic Wastes, Biogas production Industry in India, Biogas Production Plants, Biogas production process, Biogas production Projects, Biogas production technology, Biogas Small Business Manufacturing, Biogas start up, Biogas technologies and applications, Biogas Technology Book, Biomass, Build a Biogas Plant, Business guidance for Biogas Production, Business guidance to clients, Business opportunities for biogas production, Business plan bio gas, Business plan for biogas production, Business start-up, How to build a biogas digester, How to make a Bio-gas Digester, How to Make Biogas, How to produce biogas from waste, How to Profit from Biogas Production, How to Start a Biogas production Business, How to Start a Biogas Production?, How to start a successful Biogas Production business, How to start biogas plant business in India, How to Start Biogas production Industry in India, Landfill Gas (LFG), Methane Generation from Livestock Waste, Methane Production from Agricultural and Domestic Wastes, Methane production from animal wastes, Methane Production from Farm Wastes, Mini Bio-gas plant using decomposable organic material, Mini Bio-gas plant using food waste, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Biogas production Business Ideas , New small scale ideas in Biogas production industry, Organic waste types for biogas production, Producing biogas from kitchen waste, Production of Biogas from Biomass, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Biogas Production, Project for startups, Renewable Energy, Setting up and opening your Biogas Production Business
15.BIOGAS PURIFICATION AND UTILIZATION.pptRENERGISTICS
A biogas upgrader is a facility that is used to concentrate the methane in biogas to natural gas standards. The system removes carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, water and contaminants from the biogas. One technique for doing this uses amine gas treating. This purified biogas is also called biomethane.
How to Start Biogas Production, Biogas – An Intense Opportunity (Landfill Gas...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Generally, biogas is a renewable fuel. In any country, for cooking or heating purposes biogas can be used as a low-cost fuel. Biogas can be used as a fuel in stationary and mobile engines, to supply motive power, pump water, drive machinery (e.g., threshers, grinders) or generate electricity. It can be used in both spark and compression (diesel) engines. The spark ignition engine is easily modified to run on biogas by using a gas carburetor.
See more
http://goo.gl/itobCF
http://goo.gl/rUX6nR
http://goo.gl/euQMeR
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website : http://www.niir.org , http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
Tags
Anaerobic Treatment and Biogas Production from Organic Waste,Biofuel, Biogas an Intense Opportunity, Biogas and Its Applications, Biogas Application, Biogas Based Profitable Projects, Biogas business plan, Biogas Digester, Biogas digester construction, Biogas from waste, Biogas plant construction, Biogas plant in India, Biogas Plants, Biogas Plants: Processes for Biogas Production, Biogas production, Biogas production book, Biogas Production Business, Biogas production from kitchen waste, Biogas Production from Organic Wastes, Biogas production Industry in India, Biogas Production Plants, Biogas production process, Biogas production Projects, Biogas production technology, Biogas Small Business Manufacturing, Biogas start up, Biogas technologies and applications, Biogas Technology Book, Biomass, Build a Biogas Plant, Business guidance for Biogas Production, Business guidance to clients, Business opportunities for biogas production, Business plan bio gas, Business plan for biogas production, Business start-up, How to build a biogas digester, How to make a Bio-gas Digester, How to Make Biogas, How to produce biogas from waste, How to Profit from Biogas Production, How to Start a Biogas production Business, How to Start a Biogas Production?, How to start a successful Biogas Production business, How to start biogas plant business in India, How to Start Biogas production Industry in India, Landfill Gas (LFG), Methane Generation from Livestock Waste, Methane Production from Agricultural and Domestic Wastes, Methane production from animal wastes, Methane Production from Farm Wastes, Mini Bio-gas plant using decomposable organic material, Mini Bio-gas plant using food waste, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Biogas production Business Ideas , New small scale ideas in Biogas production industry, Organic waste types for biogas production, Producing biogas from kitchen waste, Production of Biogas from Biomass, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Biogas Production, Project for startups, Renewable Energy, Setting up and opening your Biogas Production Business
15.BIOGAS PURIFICATION AND UTILIZATION.pptRENERGISTICS
A biogas upgrader is a facility that is used to concentrate the methane in biogas to natural gas standards. The system removes carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, water and contaminants from the biogas. One technique for doing this uses amine gas treating. This purified biogas is also called biomethane.
As rapidly increasing demand for electricity day by day Refuse Derived Fuel acts as an alternative source for the production of energy. As well as it also help to reduse landfill area where the municipal solid waste is dumped. Only the non-recycleable material goes to the landfill. Refuse derived fuel can also be used as the secondary fuel for the thermal power plant when with with the pulverized coal.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
Ensuring Success and Viable Economics of Your Renewable Natural Gas to CNG or Pipeline Project
-Introduction to Renewable Natural Gas / Biomethane
-Overview of Water Wash Biogas Upgrading Technology
-Project Feasibility Analysis Illustrations
-Case Studies
-Waste to Pump – supply chain from capture to utilization of RNG/Biomethane
-Go-to-market / GHG numbers / economics of LCFS / RFS2 / and European standards
Steam Reforming - The Basics of reforming, shapes and carbon:
Steam Reforming Catalysis :
Chemical reactions
Catalyst shape design
Catalyst chemistry
Carbon formation and removal
Electro-oxidation And Its Feasibility In Wastewater TreatmentSakib Shahriar
Electro-oxidation (EO) is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) used in wastewater treatment. It is also called anodic oxidation. In this presentation, we can learn about the working principle, industrial applications, types of electrodes, and catalysts in the EO process. The advantages and disadvantages are described later. The main advantages of electro-oxidation are the formation of low sludge and large percentages of organic matter degradation. But the main drawbacks occur due to the requirement of large space and expense. EO is used in many types of wastewater treatment. Degradation of methyl orange azo dye in a recirculation flow plant system, treatment of wastewater containing aromatic amines, endocrine disruptors treatment, domestic water, industrial wastewater, synthetic dye effluent, olive mill wastewater, pulp mill wastewater, citric acid wastewater.
Biogas- a way to solve the sanitation problems.Perfect for taking seminars and classes.
This presentation explains about the objectives, principle, working, advantages and disadvantages of biogas. Requirements to develop a biogas digester and the types of biogas digesters are explained.
Statistical analysis of biogas digesters in the world also mentioned.
A greener gas grid: What are the options? - LAUNCH slides zaraqadir
The Sustainable Gas Institute’s third White Paper reviews evaluates the overall potential for decarbonising the gas network, including the use of biomethane and hydrogen in existing gas infrastructure.
Download: http://www.sustainablegasinstitute.org/a-greener-gas-grid/
As rapidly increasing demand for electricity day by day Refuse Derived Fuel acts as an alternative source for the production of energy. As well as it also help to reduse landfill area where the municipal solid waste is dumped. Only the non-recycleable material goes to the landfill. Refuse derived fuel can also be used as the secondary fuel for the thermal power plant when with with the pulverized coal.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
Ensuring Success and Viable Economics of Your Renewable Natural Gas to CNG or Pipeline Project
-Introduction to Renewable Natural Gas / Biomethane
-Overview of Water Wash Biogas Upgrading Technology
-Project Feasibility Analysis Illustrations
-Case Studies
-Waste to Pump – supply chain from capture to utilization of RNG/Biomethane
-Go-to-market / GHG numbers / economics of LCFS / RFS2 / and European standards
Steam Reforming - The Basics of reforming, shapes and carbon:
Steam Reforming Catalysis :
Chemical reactions
Catalyst shape design
Catalyst chemistry
Carbon formation and removal
Electro-oxidation And Its Feasibility In Wastewater TreatmentSakib Shahriar
Electro-oxidation (EO) is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) used in wastewater treatment. It is also called anodic oxidation. In this presentation, we can learn about the working principle, industrial applications, types of electrodes, and catalysts in the EO process. The advantages and disadvantages are described later. The main advantages of electro-oxidation are the formation of low sludge and large percentages of organic matter degradation. But the main drawbacks occur due to the requirement of large space and expense. EO is used in many types of wastewater treatment. Degradation of methyl orange azo dye in a recirculation flow plant system, treatment of wastewater containing aromatic amines, endocrine disruptors treatment, domestic water, industrial wastewater, synthetic dye effluent, olive mill wastewater, pulp mill wastewater, citric acid wastewater.
Biogas- a way to solve the sanitation problems.Perfect for taking seminars and classes.
This presentation explains about the objectives, principle, working, advantages and disadvantages of biogas. Requirements to develop a biogas digester and the types of biogas digesters are explained.
Statistical analysis of biogas digesters in the world also mentioned.
A greener gas grid: What are the options? - LAUNCH slides zaraqadir
The Sustainable Gas Institute’s third White Paper reviews evaluates the overall potential for decarbonising the gas network, including the use of biomethane and hydrogen in existing gas infrastructure.
Download: http://www.sustainablegasinstitute.org/a-greener-gas-grid/
Conference for Catalysis Webinar 2021: "The Key Role of Catalysts and Adsorb...Dr. Meritxell Vila
Energy transition is a challenge for refineries and petrochemical plants. In this sense, the role of catalysts and adsorbents will be crucial in three areas:
New schemes of refineries: crude oil to chemicals (COTC)
Production of biofuels
Production of green hydrogen
This presentation was done at Catalysis Webinar 2021, the 24th March.
The demand for efficient and cost effective wastewater treatment technology in the refining and petrochemical sector is being driven by not only ever-tightening environmental legislation, but also by the sectors own desire to follow a meaningful sustainability agenda and to take its responsibilities around product stewardship seriously.
Treatment of wastewater from petrochemical plants can be a challenging and costly matter; particularly when needing to comply with the requirements of operational permits and national environmental legislation governing the discharge of treated wastewater into community treatment plants or natural water bodies such as rivers, lakes and oceans.
Valudor DAF, dissolved air flotation, and SHURE technology combine with proce...William Toomey
FLUID PROCESS OPTIMIZATION with Fine Solids Removal through SHURE Advanced Cavitation Management Technology
and Valudor Process Performance Chemicals Process Water Reuse
Overview of how in situ molecular manipulation of reservoir fluids can enable improved recovery of hydrocarbons from oilfields and therefore help in improving overall total production from difficult and marginal oilfields.
Animal agriculture adaptation planning guide (climate change)LPE Learning Center
This 44-page publication produced by the AACC project is a planning guide to help guide farmers through the process of future farm planning considering climate change.
Format: Factsheet or Publication - Reference: Schmidt, D., E. Whitefield, D. Smith. 2014. Produced for Animal Agriculture in a Changing Climate Project.
What is the difference when talking about weather versus climate? How do you measure and describe the atmosphere? How are models used in predicting weather or climate? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
What are some of the basic principles and terminology involved in climate change? Learn more about the Earth's atmosphere, energy balance, and how the greenhouse effect can alter both climate and weather. What is climate forcing? What is climate feedback? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
The current state of cap-and-trade in the U.S. and the mandatory greenhouse g...LPE Learning Center
Where is U.S. policy and voluntary markets current at in terms of cap-and-trade? What is the mandatory greenhouse gas reporting rule and how does it apply to animal agriculture? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in animal agricultureLPE Learning Center
What steps can animal agriculture take to reduce (mitigate) the greenhouse gas emissions from their farms? What is carbon sequestration and how will that play a role? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
Contribution of greenhouse gas emissions: animal agriculture in perspectiveLPE Learning Center
What are the emissions of relevant greenhouse gases from animal agriculture production and how does that compare to other industries? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
User capabilities and next generation phosphorus (p) indicesLPE Learning Center
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72814
The phosphorus (P) index is the primary approach to identify field management strategies and/or manure application strategies likely to lead to excessive risk of P loss. It has been over 40 years since the first research connecting agronomic P management and water quality and over 20 years since the initial publication defining a P Index. This session will consider opportunities to build on and expand existing P Index strategies to make them more effective at protecting water quality and friendlier to the target user.
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72818
Phosphorus indices provide relative loss ratings that then have a corresponding management response. Because most state Phosphorus Indices are qualitative it is not clear how the relative loss rating corresponds to actual phosphorus inputs into the receiving water and how the receiving water would react to these additions. Even with qualitative Phosphorus Indices, unless the water resource has a specific Total Maximum Daily Load, it is not clear how losses correspond to water quality outcomes. These issues will be discussed in the context of the 590 Natural Resources Conservation Standard for nutrient management.
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72868
There has been a tremendous amount of activity and funding of conservation programs with regional and watershed-specific cost-share initiatives. While there have been some successes, water quality response in many areas has not been as great as expected. This has led many to question the efficacy of these measures and to call for stricter land and nutrient management strategies. In many cases, this limited response has been due to the legacies of past management activities, where sinks and stores of phosphorus along the land-freshwater continuum mask the effects of reductions in edge-of-field losses of phosphorus.
Estimation of phosphorus loss from agricultural land in the southern region o...LPE Learning Center
Full Proceedings is available at: http://www.extension.org/72817
The purpose of our work was to determine, within the southern region (AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, and TX), the feasibility of using different models to determine potential phosphorus loss from agricultural fields in lieu of phosphorus indices.
Estimation of phosphorus loss from agricultural land in the heartland region ...LPE Learning Center
Full Proceedings is available at: http://www.extension.org/72813
Phosphorus (P) indices are a key tool to minimize P loss from agricultural fields but there is insufficient water quality data to fully test them. Our goal is to use the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender Model (APEX), calibrated with existing edge-of-field runoff data, to refine P indices and demonstrate their utility as a field assessment tool capable of protecting water quality. In this phase of the project our goal is to use existing small-watershed data from the Heartland Region (IA, KS, MO and NE) to determine the level of calibration needed for APEX before using the model to generate estimates of P loads appropriate for evaluating a P Index.
Checking ambition with reality the pros and cons of different approaches to s...LPE Learning Center
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72793
The revision of the USDA-NRCS national standard for nutrient management in 2011 was driven, in part, by inconsistencies in state phosphorus (P) indices, rekindling debates over standardizing indices at regional or national scales. Reasonable arguments exist for maintaining the status quo, which allows for state specific site assessment approaches, as well as for regional and national P Indices, which would take advantage of expertise, resources and technologies that may not exist locally. In addition, a diversity of site assessment approaches have now been proposed that differ from the original P Index. Understanding the benefits and limitations provided with these approaches is key to advancing site assessment for P management.
Removing phosphorus from drainage water the phosphorus removal structureLPE Learning Center
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72839
We constructed a phosphorus (P) removal structure on a poultry farm in Eastern OK; this is a BMP that can remove dissolved P loading in the short term until soil legacy P concentrations decrease below levels of environmental concern. A P removal structure contains P sorbing materials (PSMs) and are placed in a location to intercept runoff or subsurface drainage with high dissolved P concentrations. As high P water flows through the PSMs, dissolved P is sorbed onto the materials by several potential mechanisms, allowing low P water to exit the structure. While they vary in form, P removal structures contain three main elements: 1) use of a filter material that has a high affinity for P, 2) containment of the material, and 3) the ability to remove that material and replace it after it becomes saturated with P and is no longer effective.
Legacy phosphorus in calcareous soils effects of long term poultry litter app...LPE Learning Center
Full proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72864
Livestock manures, including poultry litter, are often applied to soil as crop fertilizer or as a disposal mechanism near livestock housing. Manures can improve soil quality and fertility; however, over-application can result in negative environmental consequences, such as eutrophication of surface waters following runoff of soluble or particulate-associate phosphorus (P). In soil, P exists in many forms (inorganic/organic, labile/stable) and the fate of manure P is highly dependent upon soil properties, including soil texture and microbial activity. The Houston Black series is a calcareous (~17% calcium carbonate), high-clay soil that occupies roughly 12.6 million acres in east-central Texas. These Blackland vertizols are agronomically important for the production of cotton, corn, hay, and other crops, but their high calcium and clay content could lead to accumulation of P in forms that are not readily available for plant utilization. Accumulated P could serve as a source of legacy P if mineralized or otherwise transformed in situ or transported with soil particles in runoff.
Identify and synthesize methods to refine phosphorus indices from three regio...LPE Learning Center
The full proceedings paper is at: http://www.extension.org/72867
This project was started to work with regional CIG projects to calibrate and harmonize Phosphorus Indices across the U.S., demonstrate their accuracy in identifying the magnitude and extent of phosphorus loss risk, and provide suggestions to refine or improve existing Indices. This research is important to provide consistency among state Phosphorus Indices and their subsequent recommendations.
Modeling phosphorus runoff in the chesapeake bay region to test the phosphoru...LPE Learning Center
Full Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/72795
The revision of USDA-NRCS’s standard for nutrient management coincided with significant assessment of the performance of Phosphorus (P) Indices in the six states that are tied to the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The 64,000 square mile watershed is the focus of unprecedented activity around nutrient management as a result of a 2011 Total Maximum Daily Load for P, nitrogen (N), and sediment under the Clean Water Act. In addition, the state of Maryland had required updates to it’s original P Index, resulting in broad scrutiny by various interest groups. Within this setting, USDA-NRCS funded a multi-state project to help advance the testing and harmonization of P-based management in the Chesapeake region.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Renewable Natural Gas - Biogas Cleaning and Upgrading 101
1. Renewable Natural Gas—Biogas
Cleaning and Upgrading 101
Nicholas Kennedy, Georgine Yorgey, Craig Frear, Dan Evans, Jim
Jensen, and Chad Kruger
Center for Sustaining Agriculture and
Natural Resources
Washington State University
Photo: Andgar
2. Outlines
1. Raw biogas and Upgrade
Standards
2. Constituents to Scrub
3. Additional Concerns
Photo: DVO
4. Raw Biogas from Dairy Manure
Composition
• Methane 54-70%
• Carbon Dioxide 27-45%
• Hydrogen Sulfide 100-3,000 ppm
• Hydrogen 1-10%
• Nitrogen, Oxygen 0-3%
• Water Vapor Varies
Biogas from dairy manure is typically low
or non detectable in siloxanes, a
potentially harmful contaminant to engines
and downstream processing equipment,
although use of co-digestion can impact
that.
GTI 2009 and Rutledge 2005
EPA
5. Upgraded Biogas for Renewable Natural Gas
Composition
• Methane > 75%
• Carbon Dioxide 3-4%
• Hydrogen Sulfide < 1 g/100 scfm
• Hydrogen 0%
• Oxygen < 1 ppm
• Nitrogen 3-4%
• Water Vapor 0%
• Siloxanes 0%
The above are for entry into a gas
pipeline, whereas composition will differ if
directly used as CNG without entry to
pipeline.
GTI 2009 and Rutledge 2005
cng-tank.com
iea.gov
7. Constituents to Scrub
Water Vapor
Moisture is typically the
first contaminant to be
removed and is
typically accomplished
by chillers that drop
the temperature of the
biogas to the point
where the vapor
condenses to liquid
Hydrogen Sulfide
Three general methods
are used to remove
hydrogen sulfide.
These are: in-vessel
biological, out of
vessel biological and
physical-chemical via
agents such as iron
sponges, activated
carbon, and water.
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is often
the last to be cleaned
as its removal is only
needed for RNG
whereas the others are
sufficient for engine
and electricity systems.
Typical systems found
on dairies are water
scrubbers, pressure
swing absorption and
membrane
separations.
Greenboxchillers.com
Iron Dosed Material for Use in Iron
Sponge (MV Technologies)
8. Hydrogen Sulfide
In-Vessel Biological
• It is possible to dose in small quantities of air/oxygen
(2-6% O2) into the anaerobic digester so as to induce
aerobic bacteria to consume the produced hydrogen
sulfide, converting it to elemental sulfur that leaves with
the effluent.
• Typically can reduce levels from 3,000 ppm to < 1,000
ppm in a very inexpensive manner. Sometimes not
enough for engine manufacturers, local air boards and
not enough for RNG, so will often need additional
systems.
Out-Vessel Biological
The same sulfur-consuming bacteria are utilized in these
system to remove nearly all of the hydrogen sulfide.
Requires aeration and supply of minerals for sustaining
the bacteria as well as associated pumps, etc.
Energy Cube, LLC
9. Hydrogen Sulfide, Continued
Physical-Chemical
• A very common approach is called an iron
sponge. This takes advantage of the chemical
affinity between iron and sulfur, sequestering
the sulfur in the iron as iron sulfide.
• Another approach is to use activated carbon,
which absorbs the gas on its high surface area
• Water scrubbers can also remove the
hydrogen sulfide, but more details on this as
they also are effective at removing carbon
dioxide.
• The iron sponge and activated carbon
eventually become saturated and will need to
be replaced adding to cost.
Iron Sponge, MV
Technologies (Pixlie
Biogas, CA)
10. Carbon Dioxide
Water Scrubber
• Hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide have
lower solubility in water than methane, thus
elevations in T and P can create a system
where methane stays out of solution but the
impurities go into solution. In a regenerative
step, the T and P are released, allowing for the
impurities to leave the solution and allow for
continued re-use.
• The regenerative release leads to release of
hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide tail gases
(methane losses).
• Heat recovery from the T and P differences can
be captured, but not nearly as much heat is
recovered as with engine/electricity systems,
potentially impacting operations.
• High electrical and processing costs an issue
Regenerative Water
Scrubber, Greenlane (Fair
Oaks IN)
11. Carbon Dioxide, Cont.
Pressure Swing Absorption
• At high pressures, the respective gas
impurities have different affinities to
chemical absorbents as compared to
methane, thus sequestering the
impurities on the absorbents while
methane passes through. Here as well,
pressure can be altered to regenerate
the absorbent.
• Again tail gases will be released during
the regenerative step, both good and
bad.
• Electrical costs can be high for this
system, dry gas is required and
hydrogen sulfide can be a corrosive
problem limiting the lifespan of the
absorbents.
PSA system at Hilarides
Dairy, Lyndsay CA (OWS)
12. Carbon Dioxide, Cont.
Membranes
• At high pressures, the respective gas
impurities have different affinities to
chemical absorbents as compared to
methane, thus sequestering the
impurities on the absorbents while
methane passes through. Here as well,
pressure can be altered to regenerate
the absorbent.
• Again tail gases will be released during
the regenerative step, both good and
bad.
• Membranes susceptible to corrosion
and colloidal solids interference.
Hydrogen sulfide in particular can be
corrosive. Cost also an issue.
Membrane System,
American Biogas Council
14. Additional Concerns
If farm-based AD projects are to transition from primarily combined heat and
power business plans to RNG business plans, the following concerns must be
considered:
• Will the historic de-coupling of diesel and natural gas prices continue, with
diesel staying considerably higher than natural gas? If yes, RNG can ride the
CNG wave.
• Will CNG continue to expand allowing for much needed development in fueling
station and car/tractor-trailer CNG/hybrid vehicles? If yes, CNG/RNG wave
will intensify.
• Can RNG compete with CNG or put another way, will the federal government
stand by the RFSII standard and the pricing and classification of biogas
Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs) needed to compete with CNG? If
yes, RNG projects will piggy-back off of CNG project development and
compete for a smaller percentage of total project development and
production.
15. Additional Concerns, Cont.
• Can cost of biogas purification (~$1.5-2 MMBTU-1) be decreased at scale so
that in addition to the cost of AD processing (~$4-7 MMBTU-1) positive
business plans can develop from bulk purchase prices offered by wholesalers
(~$8-10 MMBTU-1). If yes, without focus on niche markets and extra eco-
credits then large possible adoption.
• Can access to gas pipelines (standards, access fees, tap-in costs,
public/private partnerships on gas spurs to farms, etc.) be smooth or will they
be problematic, which is already the case historically with electrical projects. If
yes, then greater project development.
• If the earlier does not allow for extensive enough of cost/revenue difference,
then what is role/extent of niche markets and unique eco-credits? (i.e.
California, low carbon fuel standard (LCFA), stacking of credits,
municipal/state/federal green standards, etc.). The greater the state policy
drivers, the greater for expanded RNG development.
• Maximize biogas/RNG production, so co-digestion will be a driver, can one
simultaneously resolve emerging nutrient loading concerns on farms?
Unknown but developing.
16. Further Reading
• Ryckebosch, E., Drouillon, M., Vervaeren, H. 2011. Techniques for
transformation of biogas to biomethane. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35(5), 1633-
1645.
• Krich, K., Augenstein, D., Batmale, J., Benemann, J., Rutledge, B., Salour, D.
2005. Biomethane from dairy waste: a sourcebook for the production and use
of renewable natural gas in California.
17. This research was supported by funding from USDA
National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Contract #2012-
6800219814; and from the WSU Agricultural Research
Center
Acknowledgements
18. Contact Information
Craig Frear, PhD
Assistant Professor
Washington State University
PO Box 646120
Pullman WA 99164-6120
509-335-0194
cfrear@wsu.edu