This document introduces a rapid water quality kit for testing produced water onsite for reuse in hydraulic fracturing operations. The kit allows operators to quickly screen water and identify those suitable for reuse. It tests for key chemicals and bacteria in under an hour, providing accurate results at a low cost. This helps reduce fresh water usage and produced water handling expenses, while allowing for real-time treatment decisions. The portable kit could benefit oilfield service companies and operators by lowering costs and improving water management workflows.

1. RAPID WATER QUALITY KIT FOR
PRODUCED WATER REUSE: ONSHORE
PRODUCTION
POWER ACROSS TEXAS ENERGY CHALLENGE
MAY 1, 2015
Omar Ghannoum
Preston Tidwell
Allana Robertson
Nima Ghahremani
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2. AGENDA
• Introduce the idea
• Portable Frac Water kit
• Explain the importance
• Water usage
• Who will benefit
• The portable frac kit
• How it works
• Quality Control
• Bacteria
• Chemistry
• Conclusion
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3. AN INNOVATIVE FRAC WATER TESTING KIT
• Onsite testing of water to be
used for Hydraulic Fracturing
mixtures
• Will be used as a way to screen
good water from bad water
• It’s cheap and quick
• Will be a catalyst to new
innovations in oil field water
usage
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4. CURRENT WATER PROBLEMS IN TEXAS
• A typical shale well uses 5M gallons of water
for hydraulic fracturing
• 7 Billion bbls Produced water per year in the
Eagle Ford formation (Adham 2014, USDOE)
• 40% of water used for fracing comes back up
to the surface
• Handling water is expensive
 Fresh water costs: $0.88-6.05/bbl
 Disposal costs: $1.13-$10.75/bbl
 Water management accounts for up to 10%
of well costs (IHS)
Frac Pond (Energy Corp. of America)
• Important chemistries in produced water prevent us from using it directly due to
compatibility issues (Blauch 2010)
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5. WATER IN HYDRAULIC FRACTURING FLUIDS
• Slick Water
• Sand + Water + Acid
• Pumped at extremely high rates (60-100 BPM) to achieve fracture
• Cross Linker Gel
• Sand + Water + Acid + Guar Gel
• Uses high viscosity and density to achieve fractures
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6. WHAT IS PRESENTLY DONE
Currently produced water is:
• Re-injected into reservoir to maintain pressure, 56%
• Pumped into disposal wells, 39%
• A small percentage is cleaned and recycled, about, 3%
Cleaned using:
• Coagulation, hydrocyclones, coalescers, flotation, and micro, ultra, nano, and
reverse osmosis filtration systems
Drillingcontractor.org
(Al-Maamari 2014); (USDOE); (EOR)
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7. WHO CAN BENEFIT FROM THE KIT?
• Service companies (Halliburton, Schlumberger, NOV)
• These companies are responsible for the quality of hydraulic fracturing job
• Can use the kit to help them cut costs and deliver a better product
• Lower oil prices means lower margins, and every bit counts
• Operators
• Lower water handling costs
• Can make locals happy because of less water usage
• Wastewater management is the primary driver of costs
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8. RAPID CHEMISTRY KIT FOR COMPATIBILITY TESTING
Boron
Barium
Bacteria
Chloride
pH
Iron
Sulfate
Total
Suspended
Solids
Acidity
5 mg/L
40 mg/L
2500 ATP
30,000
mg/L
4-9
70 mg/L
400 mg/L
500mg/L
5000
mg/L
Calcium 500mg/L
Photo from LaMotte Corp.
Chemical
Tested
Chemical
Tested
Suggested
Levels
Suggested
Levels
• < 8 = Good
• 4-8 = Some filtration/mixing needed
• > 4 = Extensive filtration needed
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9. WHY IS WATER CHEMISTRY IMPORTANT ?
• Interference with
friction reducers
• Chlorides (+)
• Calcium (+)
• Magnesium(+)
• Bacteria
• Clogs pores
• TSS/TDS
•Creates friction
•Scaling
• Hydration of
Crosslinker
•Boron
•Iron
•Sulfate
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10. WATER REUSE IN COMPLETION ACTIVITIES
Flow back fluid and recycled fluid from Baaken: photo by SIONIX
• Flow Back or
Produced Water
contains high
concentrations of
a variety of ions
• Kit can determine
water
compatibility for
operations
• Pre and post
cleaning chemical
levelsFlow Back Cleaned
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11. SCALING TENDENCIES
1. Scaling: Oil and gas recovery reduction due to the formation of typical
scales such as sulfate salts of calcium, strontium, and barium.
Example Scaling Problem:
Assumptions:
Flowback water has 20 mg/L of Ba2+
Groundwater has 200 mg/L of SO4
2-
Temperature = 25 °C (at surface)
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12. IMPORTANCE: CORROSION MANAGEMENT
Chemical
Corrosion
/Scaling
Microbial
Influence
d
Corrosion
Equipment
Failures &
Environmental
Incidents
Duncan, K.E, Perez-Ibarra, B.M., Jenneman, G., Harris, J.B., Webb, R., Sublette,K. 2013. The effect of corrosion inhibitors on microbial
communities associated with corrosion in a model flow cell system. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 98:907-918.
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13. WHY IS WATER BIOLOGY IMPORTANT?
Microbes in the water
column:
Planktonic
Microbes attached to
surface:
Sessile
Attachment Cell-to-cell
adhesion
Growth Matures &
Releases
Davis Lab: http://www.binghamton.edu/biology/faculty/davies/research.htm
Baldwin, P., Mulliniks, B., 2015. Chemical-Free Bacteria Neutralization and In-Field Testing. (emailed copy prior to publication at a conference).
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14. 9 MAJOR MICROBIAL INFLUENCED CORROSION
GROUPS
(SRB) Sulfate-reducing
(TRB) Thiosulfate-reducing
(NRB) Nitrate-reducing
(SuRB) Sulfite-producing
(IOB) Iron-oxidizing
(APB) Acid-producing
(IRB) Iron-reducing
Methanogens
(SPB) Slime-producing
Note: (SPB) also classified as (EPS)
Extra polymeric substance producing
Sherman, S., Brownlee, D., kakadjian, SPE,S., Luft, B., Trican Well Service Ltd. 2014. Microbial Influenced Corrosion of Coil Tubing Milling Strings in
the Eagle Ford Shale. No. IPTC-18032-MS. International Petroleum Technology Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2014).
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15. MOBILE MONITORING OPTIONS
Molecular
Technology
Ease of Use Testing Time
(min)
Portability Accuracy Microbial
Activity
Tested
Cost per
Test
ATP
LuminUltra
Easy 5 Very Good Good All (viable &
nonviable)
$7
Bactiquant Moderate 11 Very Good Good All (viable
only)
$20
QuickChek
SRB
Moderate 10 Very Good OK SRB (viable
&
nonviable)
$14
Rapid-B
Flow
Cytometer
Easy 3 Benchtop
Based
Very Good All (viable
only)
$20
Bug Bottles Easy 5-7 days Benchtop
Based
OK Specific to
Media
(viable only)
$0.60
http://www.hach.com/quick.search-quick.search.jsa?keywords=ATP+LuminUltra http://www.modernwater.com/monitoring/by-industry/oil-and-gas
(Victor Pena Sales Account Manager)
http://www.mycometer.com/ http://www.biotechnologysolutions.com/ http://www.pcbdservices.com/technology/oil-and-gas.php
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16. MMM’S IN USE AT ENCANA FIELD SITE,
PERMIAN BASIN
Rapid-B Flow Cytometer
ATP LuminUltra
Bactiquant
Industry
Standard Bug
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17. COMPARISON BETWEEN KIT AND LAB ANALYSIS
Note: Boron, Barium and Sulfate were below MDL of the field kit; TDS was above the
detection limit
(Results of water chemistry analyses for “Earlyne SWD 2/25/15” performed with field water test
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
Concentration(mg/L)
Chloride Iron Alkalinity Calcium Conductivity, mS/cm Turbidity, FAU TSS, lab pH Acidity
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18. LETS REVIEW: RAPID CHEMISTRY KIT FOR
COMPATIBILITY TESTING
The main purpose of our kit is to:
•Only takes 1 hour to complete all the tests
•Identify ‘good’ and ‘bad’ water on site
•Less than 5% error compared to certified lab
•Provide a reasonable estimate of contamination levels
•Less than $20 to complete all tests
As a result of using our kit, you should see a reduction in:
•Less down time on rig site
•Fresh water needed for completion activities
•Expenses related to water purchase
•Tensions between local communities and production
companies
Time
Money
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19. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Michael Irlbeck Mika Bradford & The Vivione FieldTeam
Jennifer Fichter Ecolyse Field Scientists
David Burnett & The GPRI Team Dr. Lee Clapp; Environmental Engineering
Dr. Lucy Camacho; Environmental
Engineering
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Research Partnership to Secure Energy
for America

20. QUESTIONS?
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