Remote sensing involves collecting data about objects or areas on Earth through sensors on aircraft or satellites without physical contact. The document discusses the remote sensing process, which includes data acquisition through sensors that detect electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from surfaces. Different materials can be identified by analyzing their unique spectral signatures in images across wavelength bands. Resolution of sensors affects the quantity and nature of data collected. Popular satellite examples mentioned are Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8.
Remote sensing is the science of acquiring information about objects or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites. Key points of remote sensing include:
1) It allows observation and analysis of an area without direct contact, using sensors to measure electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from the target.
2) Remote sensing has evolved from early aerial photography to include various imaging technologies using different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
3) Common types of remote sensing include optical, thermal, and microwave sensors, each suited to different applications depending on wavelength.
This document discusses using k-means clustering to detect minerals from remote sensing images. It begins with an abstract describing using k-means clustering on hyperspectral images to segment and extract features to detect minerals like giacomo. It then provides background on remote sensing, k-means clustering algorithms, and describes the giacomo mineral deposit in Peru that contains silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide. It concludes with discussing using sobel edge detection as part of the mineral detection process from remote sensing images.
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about Earth's surface without physical contact, using sensors to detect reflected or emitted energy. The remote sensing process involves 7 steps: an energy source illuminates a target, radiation interacts with the atmosphere and target, a sensor records the energy, data is transmitted and processed into an image, the image is interpreted to extract information, and that information is applied. The document describes the electromagnetic spectrum, noting the wavelengths useful for remote sensing like visible light, infrared, and microwaves. It also explains how radiation interacts with the atmosphere through scattering and absorption before reaching the target.
This document discusses different types of remote sensing systems used in civil engineering, including optical, photogrammetric, thermal, multispectral, hyperspectral, and panchromatic systems. It provides examples and specifications of various sensors, such as MODIS, AVIRIS, IKONOS, and WorldView. The document also covers digital image formats, photogrammetry, image distortions and displacements, reference ellipsoids, relief displacement, and methods of measuring heights from aerial photographs.
Remote sensing involves sensing objects or phenomena from a distance using sensors. It has three main components - a signal from the object, a sensor to detect the signal, and analysis of the signal to obtain information. Remote sensing uses electromagnetic signals of different frequencies, from radio to gamma rays. Passive remote sensing relies on natural sources like the sun, while active remote sensing uses sensors that also emit signals to illuminate targets. Electromagnetic signals are generated by oscillating electric charges and cover a broad spectrum of frequencies that distinguish different types of radiation like radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays.
1) The document discusses remote sensing and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts such as the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interaction with electromagnetic waves, and atmospheric windows.
2) It describes the seven elements of remote sensing including the energy source, interaction with the atmosphere and target, sensor recording, processing, interpretation, and application.
3) The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into regions including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, and others. Certain regions have high atmospheric transmittance and are considered atmospheric windows for remote sensing.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects through non-contact sensors rather than physical contact. It has a long history dating back to aerial photography in the 1800s. Remote sensing works by detecting electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from objects. Different objects reflect different amounts of radiation depending on their material properties and the wavelength observed. Key components of remote sensing systems include an energy source, sensors to record radiation, and processing of the recorded data. Remote sensing has many applications in fields like geology, agriculture, forestry, and military/security. It provides a useful tool for mapping and monitoring Earth's surface and atmosphere.
1. Microwave remote sensing uses radar and radiometers to measure Earth's surface.
2. Radar is unaffected by clouds and can image day/night, detecting variations in surface roughness and moisture. Radiometers measure microwave brightness temperature related to kinetic temperature and emissivity.
3. Key applications include radar altimeters to measure ocean topography, scatterometers to estimate wind speed over oceans, and synthetic aperture radar for fine-scale surface mapping.
Remote sensing is the science of acquiring information about objects or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites. Key points of remote sensing include:
1) It allows observation and analysis of an area without direct contact, using sensors to measure electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from the target.
2) Remote sensing has evolved from early aerial photography to include various imaging technologies using different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
3) Common types of remote sensing include optical, thermal, and microwave sensors, each suited to different applications depending on wavelength.
This document discusses using k-means clustering to detect minerals from remote sensing images. It begins with an abstract describing using k-means clustering on hyperspectral images to segment and extract features to detect minerals like giacomo. It then provides background on remote sensing, k-means clustering algorithms, and describes the giacomo mineral deposit in Peru that contains silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide. It concludes with discussing using sobel edge detection as part of the mineral detection process from remote sensing images.
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about Earth's surface without physical contact, using sensors to detect reflected or emitted energy. The remote sensing process involves 7 steps: an energy source illuminates a target, radiation interacts with the atmosphere and target, a sensor records the energy, data is transmitted and processed into an image, the image is interpreted to extract information, and that information is applied. The document describes the electromagnetic spectrum, noting the wavelengths useful for remote sensing like visible light, infrared, and microwaves. It also explains how radiation interacts with the atmosphere through scattering and absorption before reaching the target.
This document discusses different types of remote sensing systems used in civil engineering, including optical, photogrammetric, thermal, multispectral, hyperspectral, and panchromatic systems. It provides examples and specifications of various sensors, such as MODIS, AVIRIS, IKONOS, and WorldView. The document also covers digital image formats, photogrammetry, image distortions and displacements, reference ellipsoids, relief displacement, and methods of measuring heights from aerial photographs.
Remote sensing involves sensing objects or phenomena from a distance using sensors. It has three main components - a signal from the object, a sensor to detect the signal, and analysis of the signal to obtain information. Remote sensing uses electromagnetic signals of different frequencies, from radio to gamma rays. Passive remote sensing relies on natural sources like the sun, while active remote sensing uses sensors that also emit signals to illuminate targets. Electromagnetic signals are generated by oscillating electric charges and cover a broad spectrum of frequencies that distinguish different types of radiation like radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays.
1) The document discusses remote sensing and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts such as the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interaction with electromagnetic waves, and atmospheric windows.
2) It describes the seven elements of remote sensing including the energy source, interaction with the atmosphere and target, sensor recording, processing, interpretation, and application.
3) The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into regions including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, and others. Certain regions have high atmospheric transmittance and are considered atmospheric windows for remote sensing.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects through non-contact sensors rather than physical contact. It has a long history dating back to aerial photography in the 1800s. Remote sensing works by detecting electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from objects. Different objects reflect different amounts of radiation depending on their material properties and the wavelength observed. Key components of remote sensing systems include an energy source, sensors to record radiation, and processing of the recorded data. Remote sensing has many applications in fields like geology, agriculture, forestry, and military/security. It provides a useful tool for mapping and monitoring Earth's surface and atmosphere.
1. Microwave remote sensing uses radar and radiometers to measure Earth's surface.
2. Radar is unaffected by clouds and can image day/night, detecting variations in surface roughness and moisture. Radiometers measure microwave brightness temperature related to kinetic temperature and emissivity.
3. Key applications include radar altimeters to measure ocean topography, scatterometers to estimate wind speed over oceans, and synthetic aperture radar for fine-scale surface mapping.
1. The document introduces concepts related to electromagnetic radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum. It discusses how electromagnetic waves are produced by oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
2. Key concepts in remote sensing are introduced such as the electromagnetic spectrum, radiant quantities, energy interactions of reflection, absorption and transmission, and thermal radiation properties.
3. Principles of thermal remote sensing are covered including Planck's law, Stefan-Boltzmann law, blackbody radiation, emissivity of graybodies and selective radiators, and Wien's displacement law.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in remote sensing including:
- The electromagnetic spectrum and how different wavelengths are used in remote sensing.
- How electromagnetic radiation interacts with the atmosphere, including scattering, absorption, and transmission.
- How radiation interacts with the Earth's surface through reflection, absorption, and transmission.
- Spectral reflectance curves and how the reflectance of materials like vegetation, soil, and water vary across the electromagnetic spectrum.
- The basic principles and elements of remote sensing systems, from the energy source and sensors to data analysis and applications.
This document provides an introduction to remote sensing. It explains that remote sensing involves deriving information about the Earth's surface using instruments not in direct contact with it, such as satellites. Sensors can be either passive, relying on sunlight, or active, directing their own radiation. Radiation interacts with the atmosphere, surfaces, and is detected by sensors to form images. The electromagnetic spectrum is described, showing the different types of radiation. Factors like platforms, resolution, and increasing satellite missions are also covered. Remote sensing provides data well-suited for use in GIS systems.
Iaetsd concepts of surveying with totalstation-a latestIaetsd Iaetsd
This document provides an overview of surveying with a total station, which is a modern surveying instrument that integrates an electronic theodolite, distance measuring instrument, and computer. It discusses the components and functions of a total station, including the gun, batteries, environmental box, data collector, focus adjustment knobs, and data screens. The document also covers electronic distance measurement, basic mapping terms, and advantages of using a total station compared to traditional surveying methods.
This document provides an introduction to satellite remote sensing. It discusses key topics such as the definition of remote sensing, the stages of remote sensing including energy sources, sensors, and data interpretation. It also covers different types of remote sensing based on platform, orbital characteristics, energy sources, components, and spectral characteristics. Different sensors, image resolution, electromagnetic radiation properties, and interactions with the atmosphere and earth surface are described. The history and development of remote sensing techniques are briefly mentioned. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts and components of remote sensing from multiple perspectives.
1. Remote sensing utilizes electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from objects to gather information without direct contact.
2. The wavelength of reflected or emitted radiation provides information on an object's chemical composition and temperature.
3. Different materials have unique spectral signatures across the electromagnetic spectrum that can be used for identification.
Remote sensing refers to obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, without making physical contact. It involves emitting radiation or signals and detecting and measuring any radiation or signals that are reflected or emitted back. The document provides an overview of remote sensing, including how it relates to basic human senses and how instruments are used to gather spatial data on properties of targets from a distance. It also discusses how solar radiation interacts with the atmosphere and Earth's surface through absorption, reflection, scattering, and transmission and the role of these processes in Earth's radiation balance.
This document provides an overview of the basics of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about an object without direct contact. It discusses key components of the remote sensing process including data acquisition, the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interactions, spectral signatures, and satellite platforms and orbits. Remote sensing draws from many areas and plays an important role in monitoring the Earth through satellite imagery.
The document discusses remote sensing, including its definition, history, applications, and the underlying physics and principles. Remote sensing is defined as obtaining information about an object without physical contact using electromagnetic energy. Its applications include flood and drought monitoring, weather mapping, and land use planning. The history of remote sensing began with cameras on balloons and airplanes in the 1840s and expanded to satellite platforms starting in the 1960s. The document also covers the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interactions, surface reflections, and sensor selection considerations.
This document provides an overview of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about the Earth's surface without physical contact using sensors. It discusses various remote sensing platforms, data sources, processes, applications, organizations, and history. The key applications of remote sensing mentioned are land use mapping, agriculture, forestry, water management, and environmental monitoring. Satellite images are provided as examples to illustrate monitoring of deforestation and flood damage assessment.
Thermal remote sensing measures electromagnetic radiation emitted from the surface of objects to estimate their temperature. It detects thermal properties rather than reflected solar radiation. Measurements provide the radiant temperature, which depends on the kinetic temperature and emissivity. Thermal remote sensing is used for applications like environmental monitoring, geology, agriculture, and urban planning by analyzing surface temperatures from satellites or aircraft.
Remote sensing involves collecting data about objects without physical contact. It uses sensors on platforms like satellites and aircraft to detect electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from targets. The key components of remote sensing are: (1) an energy source like the sun, (2) interaction of the energy with the target, (3) sensors that record the energy, (4) transmission of the data to processing stations, and (5) analysis and interpretation of the data to extract information. Common sensors detect radiation in the visible, infrared, and microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
This document discusses remote sensing and geographical information systems in civil engineering. It covers various topics related to remote sensing sensors including optical sensors, thermal scanners, multispectral sensors, passive and active sensors, scanning and non-scanning sensors, imaging and non-imaging sensors, and the different types of resolutions including spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution. It provides examples and illustrations of these concepts.
This document discusses remote sensing and its applications in civil engineering. It begins by defining remote sensing as acquiring information about Earth's surface without physical contact using sensors to detect electromagnetic energy. It then outlines the key elements of remote sensing systems including the energy source, atmosphere interactions, sensor recording, data transmission and processing, analysis and applications. The rest of the document discusses these elements in further detail, covering topics like passive and active systems, the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric effects, ground interactions, spectral concepts, sensor platforms and resolutions. It also provides an overview of the Indian Remote Sensing satellite program.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about an object using a sensor that is physically separated from the object. It relies on detecting energy emitted from or reflected by the object. The basic components of a remote sensing system include a target, an energy source, a transmission path, and a sensor. Electromagnetic energy interacts with the target depending on its properties and is then detected by the sensor. The data is transmitted and processed into an image that can then be interpreted to extract information about the target.
physics of remote sensing,ideal remote sensing,swath,platform,sensor,orbit and its characteristics,electromagnetic radiations,EMR solar radiations and its application,shortwave and long waves,spectrul reflectance curve, resolution AND multi concept,FCC,
Remote sensing involves acquiring information about objects from a distance, without physical contact, using electromagnetic radiation. It has applications in fields like agriculture, forestry, environmental monitoring, coastal mapping, and urban planning. The remote sensing process involves an energy source illuminating a target, sensors collecting reflected or emitted energy, and data analysis to extract information about the target. Common platforms for remote sensing include aircraft and satellites.
This document discusses remote sensing fundamentals, including the types of sensors, physics, and platforms used. It describes two main types of sensors - passive sensors that record radiation from the sun and active sensors that provide their own illumination. The key aspects of electromagnetic radiation used in remote sensing are wavelength and frequency. Platforms can be ground, air, or space-based, with satellites and aircraft being most common. Remote sensing relies on measuring electromagnetic energy reflected or emitted from the target area.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated EUMETSAT's Multi-sensor Precipitation Estimate (MPE) products from Meteosat-8 and Meteosat-9 satellites in comparison with ground-based radar data over Northwestern Europe. Categorical and continuous verification statistics were used to assess differences in spatial distribution and rainfall values between the MPE products and radar data. The results showed that MPE from Meteosat-9 had higher accuracy scores and was better at estimating rainfall values, though both products tended to overestimate during heavy rainfall events. Recommendations included further validation of MPE products over different regions and timescales.
This document discusses the application of remote sensing and geographical information systems in civil engineering. It provides details on topics like resolving power, modulation transfer function, dispersing elements, spectroscopic filters, and types of spectrometers. Resolving power is defined as the minimum distance between two image points that can be detected. It depends on factors like wavelength of light and aperture diameter. The modulation transfer function describes how well an imaging system transfers contrast from the subject to the image. Dispersing elements like prisms and diffraction gratings are used to separate light into spectra. Spectroscopic filters allow only certain wavelength ranges to pass through. And spectrometers are instruments used to measure and record spectra, with types including dispersing and interference
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN AGRICULTURELagnajeetRoy
India is a country that depends on agriculture. Today in this era of technological supremacy, agriculture is also using different new technologies like some robotic machinery to remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) for the betterment of agriculture. It is easy to get the information about that area where human cannot check the condition everyday and help in gathering the data with the help of remote sensing. Whereas GIS helps in preparation of map that shows an accurate representation of data we get through remote sensing. From disease estimation to stress factor due to water, from ground water quality index to acreage estimation in various way agriculture is being profited by the application of remote sensing and GIS in agriculture. The applications of those software or techniques are very new to the agriculture domain still much more exploration is needed in this part. New software’s are developing in different parts of the world and remote sensing. Today farmers understand the beneficiaries of these kinds of techniques to the farm field which help in increasing productivity that will help future generation as technology is hype in traditional system of farming.
1. The document introduces concepts related to electromagnetic radiation and the electromagnetic spectrum. It discusses how electromagnetic waves are produced by oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
2. Key concepts in remote sensing are introduced such as the electromagnetic spectrum, radiant quantities, energy interactions of reflection, absorption and transmission, and thermal radiation properties.
3. Principles of thermal remote sensing are covered including Planck's law, Stefan-Boltzmann law, blackbody radiation, emissivity of graybodies and selective radiators, and Wien's displacement law.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in remote sensing including:
- The electromagnetic spectrum and how different wavelengths are used in remote sensing.
- How electromagnetic radiation interacts with the atmosphere, including scattering, absorption, and transmission.
- How radiation interacts with the Earth's surface through reflection, absorption, and transmission.
- Spectral reflectance curves and how the reflectance of materials like vegetation, soil, and water vary across the electromagnetic spectrum.
- The basic principles and elements of remote sensing systems, from the energy source and sensors to data analysis and applications.
This document provides an introduction to remote sensing. It explains that remote sensing involves deriving information about the Earth's surface using instruments not in direct contact with it, such as satellites. Sensors can be either passive, relying on sunlight, or active, directing their own radiation. Radiation interacts with the atmosphere, surfaces, and is detected by sensors to form images. The electromagnetic spectrum is described, showing the different types of radiation. Factors like platforms, resolution, and increasing satellite missions are also covered. Remote sensing provides data well-suited for use in GIS systems.
Iaetsd concepts of surveying with totalstation-a latestIaetsd Iaetsd
This document provides an overview of surveying with a total station, which is a modern surveying instrument that integrates an electronic theodolite, distance measuring instrument, and computer. It discusses the components and functions of a total station, including the gun, batteries, environmental box, data collector, focus adjustment knobs, and data screens. The document also covers electronic distance measurement, basic mapping terms, and advantages of using a total station compared to traditional surveying methods.
This document provides an introduction to satellite remote sensing. It discusses key topics such as the definition of remote sensing, the stages of remote sensing including energy sources, sensors, and data interpretation. It also covers different types of remote sensing based on platform, orbital characteristics, energy sources, components, and spectral characteristics. Different sensors, image resolution, electromagnetic radiation properties, and interactions with the atmosphere and earth surface are described. The history and development of remote sensing techniques are briefly mentioned. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts and components of remote sensing from multiple perspectives.
1. Remote sensing utilizes electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from objects to gather information without direct contact.
2. The wavelength of reflected or emitted radiation provides information on an object's chemical composition and temperature.
3. Different materials have unique spectral signatures across the electromagnetic spectrum that can be used for identification.
Remote sensing refers to obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, without making physical contact. It involves emitting radiation or signals and detecting and measuring any radiation or signals that are reflected or emitted back. The document provides an overview of remote sensing, including how it relates to basic human senses and how instruments are used to gather spatial data on properties of targets from a distance. It also discusses how solar radiation interacts with the atmosphere and Earth's surface through absorption, reflection, scattering, and transmission and the role of these processes in Earth's radiation balance.
This document provides an overview of the basics of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about an object without direct contact. It discusses key components of the remote sensing process including data acquisition, the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interactions, spectral signatures, and satellite platforms and orbits. Remote sensing draws from many areas and plays an important role in monitoring the Earth through satellite imagery.
The document discusses remote sensing, including its definition, history, applications, and the underlying physics and principles. Remote sensing is defined as obtaining information about an object without physical contact using electromagnetic energy. Its applications include flood and drought monitoring, weather mapping, and land use planning. The history of remote sensing began with cameras on balloons and airplanes in the 1840s and expanded to satellite platforms starting in the 1960s. The document also covers the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interactions, surface reflections, and sensor selection considerations.
This document provides an overview of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about the Earth's surface without physical contact using sensors. It discusses various remote sensing platforms, data sources, processes, applications, organizations, and history. The key applications of remote sensing mentioned are land use mapping, agriculture, forestry, water management, and environmental monitoring. Satellite images are provided as examples to illustrate monitoring of deforestation and flood damage assessment.
Thermal remote sensing measures electromagnetic radiation emitted from the surface of objects to estimate their temperature. It detects thermal properties rather than reflected solar radiation. Measurements provide the radiant temperature, which depends on the kinetic temperature and emissivity. Thermal remote sensing is used for applications like environmental monitoring, geology, agriculture, and urban planning by analyzing surface temperatures from satellites or aircraft.
Remote sensing involves collecting data about objects without physical contact. It uses sensors on platforms like satellites and aircraft to detect electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from targets. The key components of remote sensing are: (1) an energy source like the sun, (2) interaction of the energy with the target, (3) sensors that record the energy, (4) transmission of the data to processing stations, and (5) analysis and interpretation of the data to extract information. Common sensors detect radiation in the visible, infrared, and microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
This document discusses remote sensing and geographical information systems in civil engineering. It covers various topics related to remote sensing sensors including optical sensors, thermal scanners, multispectral sensors, passive and active sensors, scanning and non-scanning sensors, imaging and non-imaging sensors, and the different types of resolutions including spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution. It provides examples and illustrations of these concepts.
This document discusses remote sensing and its applications in civil engineering. It begins by defining remote sensing as acquiring information about Earth's surface without physical contact using sensors to detect electromagnetic energy. It then outlines the key elements of remote sensing systems including the energy source, atmosphere interactions, sensor recording, data transmission and processing, analysis and applications. The rest of the document discusses these elements in further detail, covering topics like passive and active systems, the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric effects, ground interactions, spectral concepts, sensor platforms and resolutions. It also provides an overview of the Indian Remote Sensing satellite program.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about an object using a sensor that is physically separated from the object. It relies on detecting energy emitted from or reflected by the object. The basic components of a remote sensing system include a target, an energy source, a transmission path, and a sensor. Electromagnetic energy interacts with the target depending on its properties and is then detected by the sensor. The data is transmitted and processed into an image that can then be interpreted to extract information about the target.
physics of remote sensing,ideal remote sensing,swath,platform,sensor,orbit and its characteristics,electromagnetic radiations,EMR solar radiations and its application,shortwave and long waves,spectrul reflectance curve, resolution AND multi concept,FCC,
Remote sensing involves acquiring information about objects from a distance, without physical contact, using electromagnetic radiation. It has applications in fields like agriculture, forestry, environmental monitoring, coastal mapping, and urban planning. The remote sensing process involves an energy source illuminating a target, sensors collecting reflected or emitted energy, and data analysis to extract information about the target. Common platforms for remote sensing include aircraft and satellites.
This document discusses remote sensing fundamentals, including the types of sensors, physics, and platforms used. It describes two main types of sensors - passive sensors that record radiation from the sun and active sensors that provide their own illumination. The key aspects of electromagnetic radiation used in remote sensing are wavelength and frequency. Platforms can be ground, air, or space-based, with satellites and aircraft being most common. Remote sensing relies on measuring electromagnetic energy reflected or emitted from the target area.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated EUMETSAT's Multi-sensor Precipitation Estimate (MPE) products from Meteosat-8 and Meteosat-9 satellites in comparison with ground-based radar data over Northwestern Europe. Categorical and continuous verification statistics were used to assess differences in spatial distribution and rainfall values between the MPE products and radar data. The results showed that MPE from Meteosat-9 had higher accuracy scores and was better at estimating rainfall values, though both products tended to overestimate during heavy rainfall events. Recommendations included further validation of MPE products over different regions and timescales.
This document discusses the application of remote sensing and geographical information systems in civil engineering. It provides details on topics like resolving power, modulation transfer function, dispersing elements, spectroscopic filters, and types of spectrometers. Resolving power is defined as the minimum distance between two image points that can be detected. It depends on factors like wavelength of light and aperture diameter. The modulation transfer function describes how well an imaging system transfers contrast from the subject to the image. Dispersing elements like prisms and diffraction gratings are used to separate light into spectra. Spectroscopic filters allow only certain wavelength ranges to pass through. And spectrometers are instruments used to measure and record spectra, with types including dispersing and interference
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN AGRICULTURELagnajeetRoy
India is a country that depends on agriculture. Today in this era of technological supremacy, agriculture is also using different new technologies like some robotic machinery to remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) for the betterment of agriculture. It is easy to get the information about that area where human cannot check the condition everyday and help in gathering the data with the help of remote sensing. Whereas GIS helps in preparation of map that shows an accurate representation of data we get through remote sensing. From disease estimation to stress factor due to water, from ground water quality index to acreage estimation in various way agriculture is being profited by the application of remote sensing and GIS in agriculture. The applications of those software or techniques are very new to the agriculture domain still much more exploration is needed in this part. New software’s are developing in different parts of the world and remote sensing. Today farmers understand the beneficiaries of these kinds of techniques to the farm field which help in increasing productivity that will help future generation as technology is hype in traditional system of farming.
Introduction to Remote Sensing- by Wankie RichmanRichmanWankie
The document discusses remote sensing and provides details about the electromagnetic spectrum used in remote sensing. It covers:
- Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects without physical contact using electromagnetic radiation from different parts of the spectrum.
- The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from gamma rays to radio waves and remote sensing utilizes specific portions including ultraviolet, visible, infrared, and microwave regions.
- Key aspects of electromagnetic radiation discussed include wavelength, frequency, and how different regions of the spectrum interact with materials and can be detected.
MOD 5 SVIT NOTES VTU SYLLABUS 2018 SCHEME.pdfBhuvanaN12
This document provides information about satellite communication and remote sensing. It discusses the types of orbits used by remote sensing satellites and their payloads, which can include passive sensors like multispectral scanners and active sensors like radar and lidar. It describes sensor parameters, resolutions, scanning techniques, and image classification methods. Applications of remote sensing include land use mapping, environmental monitoring, and disaster prediction. The document also covers weather forecasting satellites, the global positioning system (GPS), and their components and operating principles.
This document provides an overview of remote sensing concepts. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about an object without physical contact. Remote sensing data is collected from platforms like satellites and aircraft and analyzed. The document outlines the electromagnetic spectrum, how energy interacts with the atmosphere and objects, different sensor and image types, and resolutions. It also defines key terms like digital image, satellite imagery, spectral signature, and discusses different platform and sensor types used in remote sensing.
This document discusses the application of remote sensing and geographical information systems in civil engineering. It begins by defining remote sensing as the acquisition of information about an object without physical contact, typically by measuring electromagnetic radiation. It then defines geographical information systems as a system for capturing, storing, analyzing and presenting spatially referenced data. The document provides examples of how remote sensing data from sources like Google Earth can be spatially analyzed using a GIS. It proceeds to discuss key concepts in remote sensing including the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interactions with radiation, and radiation measurement principles.
GEOSPATIAL DATA ANALYSIS OF GIS SOFTWARESranu bhardwaj
Geospatial analysis involves using remote sensing data and image processing software and programming in MATLAB. The document discusses geospatial data and technology, defines remote sensing, and outlines the basic concepts and history of remote sensing. It describes the electromagnetic spectrum, the various steps and types of remote sensing including active and passive methods, and the different types of image resolution such as spatial, spectral, temporal, and radiometric. Elements of image interpretation like shape, shadow, tone, color, texture, and pattern are also explained.
This document provides an overview of remote sensing and describes its key principles and applications. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about planetary surfaces from a distance without direct contact. The main components of a remote sensing system are described as the energy source, atmosphere, target interaction, sensor recording, transmission and processing, interpretation and analysis, and applications. Common data types like raster and vector data are also explained. Remote sensing techniques like digital image processing, classification, and analysis are outlined. Examples of satellite imagery and classifications are provided.
passive and active remote sensing systems, characteristics and operationsNzar Braim
This document provides an overview of passive and active remote sensing systems. It defines passive sensors as those that detect natural energy emitted or reflected by an object, such as sunlight, while active sensors provide their own energy source, such as radar. Examples of different types of passive sensors are provided, such as radiometers, spectrometers, and sounders, while active sensors mentioned include radar, lidar, and scatterometers. The advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed, with passive sensors being simpler but providing less detailed data, while active sensors can control illumination but are more complex. Examples of images from both types of sensors are also presented.
Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to in situ observation. In modern usage, the term generally refers to the use of aerial sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth (both on the surface, and in the atmosphere and oceans) by means of propagated signals (e.g. electromagnetic radiation). It may be split into active remote sensing (when a signal is first emitted from aircraft or satellites)[1][2][3] or passive (e.g. sunlight) when information is merely recorded.
Remote Sensing for Forest Resources AssessmentBiratuBobo
This document provides an overview of remote sensing techniques used for forest resource assessment. It begins by classifying remote sensing systems based on the source of radiation as either passive or active, and based on the spectral regions used as optical, thermal infrared, or microwave. For each of these categories, examples of different sensor types are provided, along with descriptions of how they function. The document then discusses various applications of remote sensing for forest resources, such as forest mapping, monitoring forest cover changes over time, assessing fire damage, and aiding surveillance.
This document provides an overview of remote sensing and its applications in fruit crops. It discusses the basic principles and components of remote sensing, including electromagnetic radiation, sensors, platforms, spectral signatures, and image resolution. It also describes different types of remote sensing based on energy source and wavelength. Several satellite imaging systems and software for analyzing remote sensing data are mentioned. The document outlines how remote sensing can be used to monitor fruit orchards over large areas for applications such as yield estimation, disease detection, and recommending fertilizer doses. Remote sensing is presented as a cost-effective way to gather information over large areas compared to traditional ground-based monitoring.
This document discusses remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about objects without direct contact, using electromagnetic radiation. It describes how remote sensing uses platforms like aircraft and satellites to collect passive and active sensor data. It provides examples of different sensor types, including photography, infrared, LIDAR, and multispectral scanning. It also discusses important remote sensing concepts like spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution. Finally, it highlights how the SLOSH model uses remote sensing data to accurately predict hurricane storm surges and inundation areas.
Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance using aircraft or satellites. It involves the acquisition of imagery and geospatial data through the analysis of electromagnetic radiation emitted or reflected from objects such as the Earth's surface. Some key advantages of remote sensing include its ability to provide cost-effective data collection over large or inaccessible areas and to monitor changes over time. Common applications include land use mapping, agriculture, forestry, geology and natural disaster monitoring.
Remote sensing is the process of acquiring information about Earth's surface without physical contact. It works by detecting electromagnetic radiation from targets using sensors on platforms like satellites, aircraft, and drones. The data collected is then processed and analyzed to extract meaningful information. Remote sensing is widely used for environmental monitoring, agriculture, urban planning, and more. It provides a comprehensive understanding of Earth's features when integrated with other geospatial data.
Remote sensing involves the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with targets of interest from a distance. There are seven key elements in the remote sensing process: (1) an energy source, (2) interaction with the atmosphere, (3) interaction with the target, (4) recording by a sensor, (5) transmission and processing, (6) interpretation and analysis, and (7) application of the information gathered. The quality of data collected depends on factors like the sensor-target distance and spatial resolution, which varies across the sensor's field of view. Remote sensing provides large-scale coverage efficiently but requires specialized training and has some limitations compared to field data collection.
The document provides an overview of remote sensing including:
- Definitions of remote sensing and its basic principles involving energy sources, transmission paths, sensors, and data analysis.
- A brief history noting the evolution from early camera systems to modern satellite platforms.
- Descriptions of active and passive sensor systems, as well as different remote sensing platforms including ground, aerial and spaceborne.
- Discussions of ideal and real remote sensing systems outlining differences in energy sources, atmospheric effects, sensors, and data handling capabilities.
- An introduction to the electromagnetic spectrum and how remote sensing utilizes different wavelength ranges including optical, thermal, and microwave.
Remote sensing involves collecting information about objects without physical contact. It was first defined in the 1960s and the first earth observation satellite, Landsat-1, was launched in 1972. Remote sensing uses sensors on airborne and spaceborne platforms to detect electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from the object of interest. Common platforms include aircraft, balloons, and satellites. Satellites provide global coverage and frequent revisits. Remote sensing data has various applications such as agriculture, forestry, and soil mapping.
This document discusses remote sensing sensors and their characteristics. It describes how sensors are designed to record electromagnetic radiation and generate signals corresponding to energy variations of earth surface features. Imaging sensors convert EM radiation into numerical or image data. The document discusses different types of scanning sensors, including whisk broom and push broom, and covers various airborne sensors used by CIMSS including passive imagers and sounders, as well as active sensors like LIDAR.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
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1
remote sensing (RS) is the science or the
technique of deriving information about
objects, area or phenomenon at the Earth
surface through an analysis of the data
(electromagnetic radiations) acquired by a
device which is not in contact with the target
under investigation
RS data basically consists of wavelength
intensity information acquired by collecting
the electromagnetic radiation leaving
(reflected or emitted) the object at specific
wavelength
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sensors mounted on aircraft or satellite platforms
measure the amounts of energy reflected from or
emitted by the earth's surface
the sensors scan the ground below the satellite or
aircraft platform and as the platform moves forward,
an image of the earth's surface is built up
2D image data can be collected by means of two
types of imaging sensors, namely, nadir looking or
side looking sensor
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Muheeb Awawdeh
the nature and properties of the target materials
can be inferred from the recorded electromagnetic
energy that is reflected, scattered or emitted by
these materials on the earth's surface
materials in images are not detected directly
by remote sensing, but their nature inferred is from
the measurements made
Active: operate in the
microwave region of
electromagnetic spectrum (
>1 mm), e.g. (Synthetic
Aperture RADAR (SAR), LASER
Passive:
operates in the visible
and infrared regions of
electromagnetic
spectrum
two types of sensing systems
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The Remote Sensing Process
9/28/2019
7
The data acquisition process The data analysis process
the data acquisition process comprises 5 elements:
(i) energy sources, (ii) propagation of energy through
the atmosphere, (iii) energy interactions with earth's
surface features (iv) airborne/space borne sensors to
record the reflected energy (v) generation of sensor
data in the form of pictures or digital information.
8
the data analysis process involves examining the
data by (i) visual image interpretation techniques
and (ii) digital image processing techniques
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visual image interpretation involves: tone, texture,
pattern, size and shape, stereoscopic instruments
(3D),and photogrammetric instruments
digital image processing techniques involves
extracting statistical data, classification, edge
Detection, height extraction, band ratioing, etc
reference data (ground truth) is an essential part
of RS data processing to support data for the entire
RS data analysis
reference data is used to:
(i) analyse and interpret remotely sensed data
(ii) calibrate a sensor
(iii) verify information extracted from remote
sensing data
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radiant energy is the energy associated
with electromagnetic radiation (Joule)
radiant flux is the rate of transfer of radiant energy
i.e. energy/time (Joule/s or watt)
irradiance =radiant flux density: it implies
distribution of the radiant energy over a surface i.e.
energy/time/area (Joule/s/m2 or watt/m2)
radiant exitance or radiant emittance is the
amount of light (the radiant flux) emitted by an
area of surface of a radiating body (watt/m2)
radiance (L) is defined as the radiant flux density
transmitted from a small area on the earth's surface
and viewed through a unit solid angle
measured in watts per square meter per
steradian (watt/m2/S)
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a group of particles with different frequencies
travel in a wave form at the speed of light (3x108
m/s).
the EM wave consists of two fields:
the electric field (E) and magnetic field (M)
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2018/20198
Wavelength (): length of one wave cycle (nm, µm, cm,m)
Frequency (): number of cycles of a wave (wave peaks)
passing a fixed point/unit of time (Hertz, Hz). (Hz =one
cycle/s)
9/28/2019 15
1. Wave Theory
2. Particle Theory (Quantum Theory)
3. Stephan Boltzman Law
4. Wien’s Displacement Law
Radiation Laws
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2018/20199
1. Wave Theory
•EM energy travels in a harmonic, sinusoidal fashion
at the velocity of light (3x108 m/s)
C =
C: speed of light (3x108m/s),
: wavelength (nm, µm, cm, m)
: frequency (cycles/sec, Hz)
when light interacts with matter, it behaves as
though it is composed of many individual bodies
called photons (quanta).
Energy of quantum (Q) = h
where,
h= Planck’s constant (6.626x10-34 Js)
= frequency
2. Particle Theory (Quantum Theory)
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2018/201910
Wavelength
(nm)
Cosmic
Rays
Gamma
Rays
XRays Microwaves
(Radar)
Radio &Television
WavesUV
105
106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012101
1010‐110‐210‐310‐410‐5
Shorter Wavelengths
HighEnergy
Longer Wavelengths
Low Energy
V / NIR / SWIR /
MWIR / LWIR
OpticalRegion
400 14000
400
0.4
14000
14.0
15003000
1.5 3.0
5000
5.0
700
0.7
SWIR MWIR LWIRB G R NIR LWIR
Wavelength
(nm)
(m)
Reflected Emitted
Energy Energy
the continuum of energy that ranges from meters to nano-
meters in , travels at the speed of light, and propagates
through a vacuum like the outer space (Sabins, 986)
Regions of the EM spectrum
a wavelength interval in the electromagnetic
spectrum is called a band, channel or region
1 m= 1010 Angstrom (Å), 1 m = 109 Nanometer, 1 m =1000 nm
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2018/201911
1) Visible (0.4-0.7m)
-blue (0.4-0.5 m), green (0.5-0.6 m)
and red (0.6-0.7 m) bands
2) Infrared (IR) (0.7-300m)
-reflected IR (0.7-3µm) and thermal IR (3-15m)
3) Microwave or radar (1-300cm)
-most used in the range 5 - 500mm
the wave lengths of greatest interest in RS
gamma rays, X-rays,
and UV-rays are not
used in satellite remote
sensing, because of the
effect of scattering and
absorption
all objects whose
temperature is
greater than an
absolute zero
(273°k), emit radiation
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2018/201912
all electromagnetic radiation detected by a remote
sensor has to pass through the atmosphere twice,
before and after its interaction with earth's
atmosphere
this passage alters the speed, frequency, intensity,
spectral distribution, and direction of the radiation
as a result atmospheric scattering and
absorption occur
most severe in visible and infrared wavelengths
during the transmission of energy through the
atmosphere, light interacts with gases and
particulate matter in a process called atmospheric
scattering:
selective scattering (Rayleigh, Mie and Raman
scattering)
non-selective scattering (independent of
wavelength)
scattering causes a reduction in the image contrast
and introduces radiometric errors
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muheeb awawdeh, Yarmouk University-Fall
2018/201913
an absorption band is a range of wavelengths in the
EM spectrum within which radiant energy is absorbed by
a substance
atmospheric windows: areas of the spectrum which
are not severely influenced by atmospheric absorption
and thus, are useful to remote sensors
RS data acquisition is limited to the unblocked spectral
regions
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2018/201914
when EMR from the sun strikes an object, the
energy may be transmitted, absorbed, re-emitted,
reflected or scattered
remote sensors observe earth features mainly by
detecting EMR reflected or emitted from them
different objects reflect, absorb, transmit or emit
EMR in different proportions
Spectral Reflectance Curves
spectral reflectance: the portion of the incoming
radiation that is reflected (0 and 100%)
measured as a function of wavelength
the spectral reflectance curves describe the
spectral response of a target as a function of
wavelength, that depends upon certain factors,
among which nature of the target
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2018/201915
every object on the surface of the earth has its
unique spectral reflectance curve (also called spectral
signature)
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2018/201916
1) Aerial photographs
2) Multispectral and hyperspectral images
3) Thermal IR images
4) Radar images
5) LiDAR point clouds
captured using cameras
mounted on aircraft
detect electromagnetic
radiation in the UV (0.3-0.4
m), visible and near IR (0.7-
0.9 m) regions
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muheeb awawdeh, Yarmouk University-Fall
2018/201917
photos or images produced from cameras that
are sensitive to the entire visible band are called
panchromatic
cameras can produce true (normal) color aerial
photographs or false color images (infrared
images)
B&W panchromatic photo
B&W IR photo
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2018/201918
Oblique Aerial
Photographs
Vertical Aerial Photography
20 – 30%
sidelap
oblique photography may be
acquired at the end of a
flightline as the aircraft
banks to turn
Flightline #3
Flightline #2
Block of Aerial Photography
Flightline #1
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2018/201919
aerial photographs are most useful when fine
spatial detail is more important than spectral
information
traditionally, aerial photographs are interpreted
visually, and these results are then digitized into a
GIS
digital aerial photographs can now be processed
directly in a GIS, which makes full use of the
spectral detail contained in the photographs for
feature enhancement and extraction
38
multispectral images are usually referred to as the
image data captured by multispectral scanners in
multiple spectral bands of the electromagnetic
spectrum
a multispectral scanner is a scanning system that
uses a set of electronic detectors, each sensitive to
a specific spectral band
the electronic detectors detect and measure the
energy reflected or emitted from the phenomena of
interest for each spectra band 9/28/2019
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9/28/2019 39
Scanning Systems
the detected energy is recorded as an electrical
signal, which is then converted to a digital value
scanners produce digital images
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2018/201921
a digital image is actually a raster dataset
each cell in the raster is called a pixel and has a
brightness value, also called a digital number (DN)
DN represents the detected and measured
energy in a given wavelength band, which is
quantized to an 8-bit or l0-bit or a higher-bit
digital number
the higher the reflected or emitted energy a
pixel records, the brighter the pixel is in the image
Matrix of digital numbers in a satellite image
255
200
50
0
150
100
Pixel
values
Gray levels
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2018/201922
Source: Canadian Centre of Remote
Sensing
Matrix of digital numbers in a satellite
image
9/28/2019 44
0
127
255
Brightness value
range
(typically 8 bit)
Associated
gray-scale
10 15 17 20
15 16 18 21
17 18
20
22
18
20
22 24
1
2
3
4
1 5432
Columns ( j)
Bands (k)
1
2
3
4
X axis Picture element (pixel) at location
Line 4, Column 4, in Band 1 has a
Brightness Value of 24, i.e., BV4,4,1 = 24 .
black
gray
white
21
23
22
25
Lines or
rows (i)
The data set may consist of several
multispectral bands (k)
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9/28/2019 46
types of resolution that affect the quantity and
nature of the data a sensor collects:
1. Radiometric (range of DN values)
2. Spatial (pixel size)
3. Spectral (# of bands)
4. Temporal (return period of sensor)
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2018/201924
Sentinel-2 is a fleet of satellites belongs to the
European Commission’s Copernicus program of
the ESA
13 spectral bands: four bands at 10 metres, six
bands at 20 metres and three bands at 60 metres
spatial resolution
swath width of 290 km and frequent revisit times
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2018/201925
Launch Date: Feb. 11, 2013
Carry 2 sensors:
the Operational Land Imager (OLI) is a push-
broom sensor that has a five-year design life
the Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)
9/28/2019 49
Landsat 8
Band Number Wave length range (µm) Spatial Resolution
1 0.433–0.453 30 m
2 0.450–0.515 30 m
3 0.525–0.600 30 m
4 0.630–0.680 30 m
5 0.845–0.885 30 m
6 1.560–1.660 30 m
7 2.100–2.300 30 m
8 0.500–0.680 15 m
9 1.360–1.390 30 m
10 10.6-11.2 100 m
11 11.5-12.5 100 m
B1-8: shortwave, B8: panchromatic, B10-11: thermal
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muheeb awawdeh, Yarmouk University-Fall
2018/201926
acquire images in hundreds of very narrow,
contiguous spectral bands throughout the visible
and infrared portions of the electromagnetic
spectrum
can be used to distinguish many surface features
not identified using broadband remote sensing
systems e.g. Landsat OLI
AVIRIS (Advanced Visible/Infrared Imaging
Spectrometer), HyMap (the hyperspectral
mapper) and MODIS (Moderate Resolution
Imaging Spectroradiometer)
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing (HSRS)
Hyperspectral
scanners
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2018/201927
3. Thermal lR images
restricted to the regions: 3- 5 µm and 8-14 µm
the spatial resolution of thermal images is usually
coarse compared to those of the visible and reflected
IR bands, why?
as the thermal radiation is emitted, not reflected,
thermal imagery can be acquired during the day or
night
applications: e.g. mapping forest fires, identifying
surface and subsurface hydrothermal features, and
monitoring water pollution
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2018/201928
many sources of remote sensing data are available
online to download for free or purchase:
1) The USGS Global visualization (GloVis):
Landsat, ASTER, Aerial, EO-1, MODIS
2) The European Copernicus Programme-Copernicus:
-Sentinel-1 (SAR), Sentinel-2 (10m Multispectral)
3) The Geo Airbus Defense System:
-paid
-give sample of SPOT, Pleiades, RapidEye and
TerraSAR data
4. Radar and LiDAR data
Radar (radio detection and ranging) and LiDAR
(light detection and ranging) are active remote
sensing systems
Radar systems transmit microwave energy at a
particular wavelength (1-30 cm) for a particular
duration of time, then measure the energy
backscattered from the ground
most imaging radar systems used for Earth's
resources and environment use side-looking airborne
radar (SLAR), which produces radar imagery on one
side of the aircraft's flight line
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2018/201929
a major advantage of radar is its all weather, day
and night operation capability, which allows
data to be collected at any time
different from radar, LiDAR is a vertical- or nadir
looking instrument, and uses electromagnetic
radiation in the visible and eye-safe near IR regions
the system emits laser pulses and measures their
travel time from the
transmitter to the
target on the terrain
surface and back to
the receiver
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2018/201930
as the velocity of the laser pulse (light) is known,
the distance or range between the sensor and the
ground can be calculated when the sensor location
can be determined with a high precision GPS, the
range can be converted to absolute coordinates (x,
y,z)
the range measurement process produces a
collection of elevation data points, commonly
referred to as mass points (point cloud data)
therefore, LiDAR records information at discrete
points which is not composed of contiguous
pixels
LiDAR elevation masspoints
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2018/201932
multiple returns can be used to detect the
elevations of several objects within a laser foot print
first returns are mainly used to create digital
surface models that include features above the
ground surface (such as buildings, bridges and trees)
the first return can also represent the ground,
in case only one return is detected by the LiDAR
sensor
intermediate re turns, in general, are used for
vegetation structure or for separating vegetation from
solid objects among the above ground features
last returns are used to build DEMs of the bare
ground surface