Presbyopia, Anisometropia & Aphakia
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A presentation gives a hint on 3 topics related to refractive errors; the first is presbyopia, the second is anisometropia & the third is Aphakia.
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1. Binocular balancing ensures equal accommodation relaxation in both eyes during subjective refraction. It does not aim to equalize visual acuity between eyes.
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The document provides an overview of optical dispensing. It discusses defining optical dispensing and the steps involved, including frame selection based on facial shape, frame measurements, lens measurements, counseling patients on lens materials and coatings, and the process of fitting lenses into frames which involves marking, cutting, and edging lenses.
Binocular balancing
1. Binocular balancing ensures equal accommodation relaxation in both eyes during subjective refraction. It does not aim to equalize visual acuity between eyes.
2. There are several techniques for binocular balancing, including successive alternate occlusion, vertical prism dissociation, fogging/Humphiss test, polarized filters, and the septum technique. These techniques add plus lenses until the patient reports equal blurriness between eyes.
3. The vertical prism dissociation technique uses prisms to displace one eye's image vertically while fogging is used, and plus lenses are added until equal blur is reported. The polarized technique uses polarizing filters to partially separate the images while the sept
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Aniseikonia refers to an unequal apparent size of images seen by the two eyes. It can result from differences in refractive errors between the eyes (refractive aniseikonia) or differences in the distribution of retinal elements (basic aniseikonia). Symptoms include headaches, asthenopia, and difficulties with mobility or fusion. Aniseikonia is usually caused by anisometropia above 1.50-2.00 diopters and analyzing ocular components can help determine if it is due to refractive or axial differences.
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Heterophoria
The document discusses various methods for measuring ocular deviations, including the cover test, prism bar test, Maddox rod test, and Maddox wing test. The cover test is described as the simplest and only objective way to distinguish between a phoria and tropia. It involves covering each eye and observing any movement in the uncovered eye. Alternative cover testing and prism bar testing can also help determine the size and direction of any deviation.
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- Lenses can be tinted through various methods like adding metallic oxides during manufacturing, surface coating with oxides, or dyeing plastic lenses through immersion in solutions.
- Tint colors like green, grey, and brown provide good contrast and protection from glare, while rose tints reduce eyestrain. Darker tints above 70% are needed for sunglasses, while lighter tints around 10-20% are used for fashion.
Presbyopia/ Methods of Presbyopic Addition Determination (healthkura.com)
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/presbyopia-near-addition/❤❤
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Presbyopia and techniques of measurement
A fantastic presentation in the topic "Presbyopia and techniques of measurement"
A detailed information about presbyopia, techniques of presbyopic add determination and different correction methods.
Informative slide presentation on presbyopia for ophthalmology residents, ophthalmologists, optometrists, ophthalmic assistants, ophthalmic technicians, ophthalmic nurses, medical students, medical professors, teaching guides.
Presentation Contents:
--Introduction to presbyopia
-Types of presbyopia
-Risk factors
-Symptoms and signs
-Refractive error and presbyopia
-Methods of determining near add.
-Management of presbyopia
In a nutshell..
- The evaluation and management of presbyopia are important because significant functional deficits can occur when the condition is left untreated
- Undercorrected or uncorrected presbyopia can cause significant visual disability and have a negative impact on the pt.'s quality of life
- Finally, every tentative addition should be adjusted according to the particular needs of the patient
For Further Reading:
-Clinical Procedures in Optometry by J.D. Bartlett, J.B. Eskridge, J.F. Amos
-Primary Care Optometry by Theodere Grosvenor
-Borish’s Clinical Refraction by W.J. Benjamin
-Clinical Procedures for Ocular examination by Carlson et al
-American Academy of Ophthalmology
-Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline by American Optometric Association
-Internet
Follow me to get in touch with optometric and ophthalmic updates.
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This document discusses different types of tinted lenses, including their purposes and materials. It covers integral tints produced during manufacturing by adding metals or metal oxides to glass. Surface coatings deposit metallic oxides onto glass through evaporation. Plastic lenses are dyed by immersing them in organic dyes. Various tint colors like yellow, red, purple, and brown are explained in terms of the materials used and their applications. Integral tints provide consistent tinting while surface coatings and dyes allow tinting of any prescription.
Lenticular lenses
The document discusses lenticular lenses, which have a central area with prescribed power surrounded by a carrier area of little or no power. Lenticular lenses are used for high prescriptions between +10 to -30 diopters. There are several types including aspheric, Welsh 4 drop, and multi-drop plus lenses as well as myodisc and minus lenticular minus lenses. Lenticular lenses provide benefits of reduced weight and thickness compared to standard lenses but can have aesthetic drawbacks when the edge of the aperture is visible. Various manufacturers produce lenticular lenses in different materials and indexes to accommodate a wide range of prescriptions.
Synaptophore
The synaptophore is an orthoptic instrument used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in optometry. It works using the haploscopic principle to divide visual space into two separate areas visible to only one eye each. Slides can be used for simultaneous perception, fusion, stereopsis, and other tests. Diagnostic uses include measuring deviations, retinal correspondence, and fusional reserves. Therapeutic uses treat suppression, amblyopia, and heterophorias. Proper adjustment and preliminary settings are required before administering tests to accurately diagnose and manage binocular vision anomalies.
Objective refraction
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Retinoscopy is the primary objective refraction technique discussed, which uses a retinoscope to illuminate the retina and observe the movement of the red reflex to determine the refractive error, neutralizing with trial lenses. The document covers the optics
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subjective verification of refraction
This document summarizes the process of subjective refraction for finding the best lens prescription for a patient. It involves monocular refraction of each eye separately to determine the cylindrical lens power and axis and best spherical lens. Techniques described include astigmatic clock dial, Jackson's cross cylinder, and astigmatic fan to refine the cylinder. The spherical lens is refined using fogging or duochrome testing. Binocular balancing is then performed to provide equal focus in both eyes. Near vision correction may also be determined using near vision charts if needed. The overall goal is to obtain the optimal lens prescription to provide clear vision at both distance and near for the patient.
Maddox rod
The Maddox Rod is used to detect heterophoria and heterotropia. It consists of a series of cylindrical lenses mounted in a trial frame that produces an elongated streak of light. When viewed through the Maddox Rod, a spot of light will appear as a streak. This allows detection of deviations by assessing whether the streak is to the left or right of the spot for horizontal deviations, or above or below for vertical deviations. Prisms of increasing strength are used to measure the degree of deviation.
Pediatric refraction
This document discusses pediatric refraction and various techniques used for refracting children. Pediatric refraction is different from adult refraction due to active accommodation in children. Cycloplegic refraction is preferable to paralyze accommodation. Different techniques are used based on the age of the child, including near retinoscopy, dynamic retinoscopy, and book retinoscopy. Cycloplegics help obtain an accurate refraction by paralyzing accommodation.
Low vision in childhood
This document discusses low vision in childhood, including various pathologies that can cause low vision such as Leber's amaurosis, optic atrophy, and retinitis pigmentosa. It outlines the visual prognosis and visual field defects associated with each condition. The document also discusses the use of low vision aids in children, noting that children are more accepting of aids and that aids should be introduced early. Various types of aids are described, from magnifiers to closed-circuit television. The document concludes with references.
Ophthalmic dispensing
The document discusses the process of optical dispensing, including defining optical dispensing, measuring frames and lenses, selecting frames based on facial shapes, lens materials and coatings, and the process of laying off, cutting, and edging lenses to fit into frames. Key steps include determining facial measurements, selecting appropriate frames, measuring pupillary distance, marking lenses, cutting lenses to shape using hand or automatic edgers, and fitting the finished lenses into frames.
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AC/A
This document discusses measuring and classifying accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratios. It defines the AC/A ratio as the change in accommodative convergence per diopter of accommodation. Abnormal AC/A ratios can cause strabismus. There are several methods described for measuring the AC/A ratio clinically, including the heterophoria, gradient, and graphical methods. The document outlines treatments for different AC/A ratio abnormalities like convergence excess, convergence insufficiency, divergence excess, and divergence insufficiency.
Glare testing and dark adaptation
Glare testing and dark adaptation assessment are important for evaluating ocular conditions that impact vision in low light or with glare. Glare refers to discomfort or reduced vision caused by excessive brightness in the visual field. There are several types of glare and various instruments to test for its effects. Dark adaptation measures the eye's recovery of sensitivity in low light over time and provides information about rod and cone function. Factors like pre-adaptation light levels and stimulus properties influence the dark adaptation curve. Abnormal curves may indicate conditions affecting the outer retina or retinal pigment epithelium. Management can include absorptive glasses worn before bright light exposure.
JCC -Jackson Cross Cylinder
The document provides information about the Jackson Crossed-Cylinder (JCC) technique for determining astigmatism during eye exams. It discusses the optics and proper use of the JCC. It describes the historical origins of the JCC, how it works, and the step-by-step procedure for using it to refine the axis and power of astigmatic corrections. Common sources of error are also outlined. The JCC is presented as an important tool for optometrists to accurately measure and correct astigmatism in clinical practice.
contact lens material
The document discusses contact lens design. It describes how contact lenses are thin shells that fit directly on the eye's surface. Soft contact lens design considers factors like diameter, thickness, curvature, edge design and lens material properties. Proper design is important for comfort, safety and vision. Soft lens design aims to closely match the eye's dimensions. High water lenses provide better comfort while low water lenses last longer. Rigid gas permeable lens design seeks an ideal fit through optimal design and material selection. The goal is comfortable, clear vision with minimal eye response.
Diplopia
1. The document discusses various causes and types of diplopia including monocular diplopia caused by refractive errors or macular disorders and binocular diplopia caused by cranial nerve palsies or muscle restrictions.
2. Evaluation of diplopia involves assessing head posture, eye movements, refractive error and neurological function through tests like the three-step test for fourth nerve palsy. Special tests like diplopia testing and cyclodeviation measurements localize the site of muscle weakness.
3. Causes of transient or intermittent diplopia include decompensated phoria, convergence insufficiency, myasthenia gravis or TIAs, while surgical procedures can also cause diplopia through restrictions
Reffraction myopia by Dr Abdul Basir safi eye surgeon from Afghanistan
This document discusses refractive errors and myopia. It begins by defining refractive media and refraction. It then discusses the different types of refractive errors including myopia. For myopia, it discusses the etiology, classification, clinical presentation, complications and management. It notes that the main causes of myopia are excessive axial elongation of the eye or increased curvature of the cornea or lens. The main types of myopia are axial myopia, refractive myopia, and curvature or index myopia. Management options for myopia include glasses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery procedures.
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Tinted lenses
- Absorptive lenses reduce the amount of transmitted light through absorption. They act as filters and may absorb uniformly or selectively across the spectrum.
- Lenses can be tinted through various methods like adding metallic oxides during manufacturing, surface coating with oxides, or dyeing plastic lenses through immersion in solutions.
- Tint colors like green, grey, and brown provide good contrast and protection from glare, while rose tints reduce eyestrain. Darker tints above 70% are needed for sunglasses, while lighter tints around 10-20% are used for fashion.
Presbyopia/ Methods of Presbyopic Addition Determination (healthkura.com)
DIRECT DOWNLOAD LINK ❤❤https://healthkura.com/presbyopia-near-addition/❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com ❤❤❤
Presbyopia and techniques of measurement
A fantastic presentation in the topic "Presbyopia and techniques of measurement"
A detailed information about presbyopia, techniques of presbyopic add determination and different correction methods.
Informative slide presentation on presbyopia for ophthalmology residents, ophthalmologists, optometrists, ophthalmic assistants, ophthalmic technicians, ophthalmic nurses, medical students, medical professors, teaching guides.
Presentation Contents:
--Introduction to presbyopia
-Types of presbyopia
-Risk factors
-Symptoms and signs
-Refractive error and presbyopia
-Methods of determining near add.
-Management of presbyopia
In a nutshell..
- The evaluation and management of presbyopia are important because significant functional deficits can occur when the condition is left untreated
- Undercorrected or uncorrected presbyopia can cause significant visual disability and have a negative impact on the pt.'s quality of life
- Finally, every tentative addition should be adjusted according to the particular needs of the patient
For Further Reading:
-Clinical Procedures in Optometry by J.D. Bartlett, J.B. Eskridge, J.F. Amos
-Primary Care Optometry by Theodere Grosvenor
-Borish’s Clinical Refraction by W.J. Benjamin
-Clinical Procedures for Ocular examination by Carlson et al
-American Academy of Ophthalmology
-Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline by American Optometric Association
-Internet
Follow me to get in touch with optometric and ophthalmic updates.
Tinted lenses
This document discusses different types of tinted lenses, including their purposes and materials. It covers integral tints produced during manufacturing by adding metals or metal oxides to glass. Surface coatings deposit metallic oxides onto glass through evaporation. Plastic lenses are dyed by immersing them in organic dyes. Various tint colors like yellow, red, purple, and brown are explained in terms of the materials used and their applications. Integral tints provide consistent tinting while surface coatings and dyes allow tinting of any prescription.
Lenticular lenses
The document discusses lenticular lenses, which have a central area with prescribed power surrounded by a carrier area of little or no power. Lenticular lenses are used for high prescriptions between +10 to -30 diopters. There are several types including aspheric, Welsh 4 drop, and multi-drop plus lenses as well as myodisc and minus lenticular minus lenses. Lenticular lenses provide benefits of reduced weight and thickness compared to standard lenses but can have aesthetic drawbacks when the edge of the aperture is visible. Various manufacturers produce lenticular lenses in different materials and indexes to accommodate a wide range of prescriptions.
Synaptophore
The synaptophore is an orthoptic instrument used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in optometry. It works using the haploscopic principle to divide visual space into two separate areas visible to only one eye each. Slides can be used for simultaneous perception, fusion, stereopsis, and other tests. Diagnostic uses include measuring deviations, retinal correspondence, and fusional reserves. Therapeutic uses treat suppression, amblyopia, and heterophorias. Proper adjustment and preliminary settings are required before administering tests to accurately diagnose and manage binocular vision anomalies.
Objective refraction
This document discusses objective refraction techniques, primarily retinoscopy. It begins by explaining the principles of retinoscopy, including far point concept and how different ametropias affect the far point. It then describes the components and optics of the retinoscope, how it works, and retinoscopy techniques. Key aspects covered include neutralization, prerequisites for retinoscopy, and problems that can occur. Autorefractometry is also briefly discussed. In under 3 sentences:
Retinoscopy is the primary objective refraction technique discussed, which uses a retinoscope to illuminate the retina and observe the movement of the red reflex to determine the refractive error, neutralizing with trial lenses. The document covers the optics
Post surgical contact lens.pptx
This document discusses contact lens fitting following various refractive surgeries. It begins with an introduction to refractive surgeries like radial keratotomy, PRK, LASIK, LASEK, SMILE, and others. It then discusses considerations and techniques for fitting contact lenses after different surgeries, focusing on fitting rigid gas permeable lenses, mini-scleral lenses, and hybrid lenses following procedures like radial keratotomy that can result in irregular astigmatism. The document provides guidance on lens parameters and fitting criteria to achieve a stable, comfortable fit while maintaining corneal health after refractive surgery.
Synoptophore
This document describes an orthoptic instrument called a haploscope. A haploscope is an optical device that presents different images to each eye, allowing examination of binocular vision. The haploscope described has adjustable components to measure fusion, stereopsis, deviations in different gazes, and more. It can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in orthoptic treatment and management of conditions like strabismus and amblyopia.
subjective verification of refraction
This document summarizes the process of subjective refraction for finding the best lens prescription for a patient. It involves monocular refraction of each eye separately to determine the cylindrical lens power and axis and best spherical lens. Techniques described include astigmatic clock dial, Jackson's cross cylinder, and astigmatic fan to refine the cylinder. The spherical lens is refined using fogging or duochrome testing. Binocular balancing is then performed to provide equal focus in both eyes. Near vision correction may also be determined using near vision charts if needed. The overall goal is to obtain the optimal lens prescription to provide clear vision at both distance and near for the patient.
Maddox rod
The Maddox Rod is used to detect heterophoria and heterotropia. It consists of a series of cylindrical lenses mounted in a trial frame that produces an elongated streak of light. When viewed through the Maddox Rod, a spot of light will appear as a streak. This allows detection of deviations by assessing whether the streak is to the left or right of the spot for horizontal deviations, or above or below for vertical deviations. Prisms of increasing strength are used to measure the degree of deviation.
Pediatric refraction
This document discusses pediatric refraction and various techniques used for refracting children. Pediatric refraction is different from adult refraction due to active accommodation in children. Cycloplegic refraction is preferable to paralyze accommodation. Different techniques are used based on the age of the child, including near retinoscopy, dynamic retinoscopy, and book retinoscopy. Cycloplegics help obtain an accurate refraction by paralyzing accommodation.
Low vision in childhood
This document discusses low vision in childhood, including various pathologies that can cause low vision such as Leber's amaurosis, optic atrophy, and retinitis pigmentosa. It outlines the visual prognosis and visual field defects associated with each condition. The document also discusses the use of low vision aids in children, noting that children are more accepting of aids and that aids should be introduced early. Various types of aids are described, from magnifiers to closed-circuit television. The document concludes with references.
Ophthalmic dispensing
The document discusses the process of optical dispensing, including defining optical dispensing, measuring frames and lenses, selecting frames based on facial shapes, lens materials and coatings, and the process of laying off, cutting, and edging lenses to fit into frames. Key steps include determining facial measurements, selecting appropriate frames, measuring pupillary distance, marking lenses, cutting lenses to shape using hand or automatic edgers, and fitting the finished lenses into frames.
DUOCHROM TEST.pptx
what is Duochrome Test, Why do we take Red and Green color only,
What is the Principal of Duochrome Test, Why Hyperopic Pt sees green better than red and vice versa
Multifocal contact lens
Multifocal contact lenses can correct both near and distance vision and are an alternative to bifocal glasses for people with active lifestyles. There are several types of multifocal contact lens designs, including soft, gas permeable, and hybrid lenses. The most common design is a diffractive lens with concentric circles of different optical powers. Multifocal contact lenses provide clear vision at multiple distances but may cause glare or hazy vision during adjustment. They also have advantages like less need for extra eyewear but disadvantages such as greater difficulty adapting to them.
Contact lens fitting in keratoconus copy
This document discusses keratoconus and contact lens fitting options for keratoconus patients. It begins by describing the different types and stages of keratoconus cones. It then discusses the various contact lens options including soft lenses, rigid gas permeable lenses, and scleral lenses. For rigid gas permeable lenses, it explains the different fitting philosophies of apical bearing, apical clearance, and three point touch. Specific lens designs like Rose K2 and scleral lenses are also summarized. Key factors for determining the appropriate contact lens are also listed.
AC/A
This document discusses measuring and classifying accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratios. It defines the AC/A ratio as the change in accommodative convergence per diopter of accommodation. Abnormal AC/A ratios can cause strabismus. There are several methods described for measuring the AC/A ratio clinically, including the heterophoria, gradient, and graphical methods. The document outlines treatments for different AC/A ratio abnormalities like convergence excess, convergence insufficiency, divergence excess, and divergence insufficiency.
Glare testing and dark adaptation
Glare testing and dark adaptation assessment are important for evaluating ocular conditions that impact vision in low light or with glare. Glare refers to discomfort or reduced vision caused by excessive brightness in the visual field. There are several types of glare and various instruments to test for its effects. Dark adaptation measures the eye's recovery of sensitivity in low light over time and provides information about rod and cone function. Factors like pre-adaptation light levels and stimulus properties influence the dark adaptation curve. Abnormal curves may indicate conditions affecting the outer retina or retinal pigment epithelium. Management can include absorptive glasses worn before bright light exposure.
JCC -Jackson Cross Cylinder
The document provides information about the Jackson Crossed-Cylinder (JCC) technique for determining astigmatism during eye exams. It discusses the optics and proper use of the JCC. It describes the historical origins of the JCC, how it works, and the step-by-step procedure for using it to refine the axis and power of astigmatic corrections. Common sources of error are also outlined. The JCC is presented as an important tool for optometrists to accurately measure and correct astigmatism in clinical practice.
contact lens material
The document discusses contact lens design. It describes how contact lenses are thin shells that fit directly on the eye's surface. Soft contact lens design considers factors like diameter, thickness, curvature, edge design and lens material properties. Proper design is important for comfort, safety and vision. Soft lens design aims to closely match the eye's dimensions. High water lenses provide better comfort while low water lenses last longer. Rigid gas permeable lens design seeks an ideal fit through optimal design and material selection. The goal is comfortable, clear vision with minimal eye response.
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Presbyopia/ Methods of Presbyopic Addition Determination (healthkura.com)
Presbyopia/ Methods of Presbyopic Addition Determination (healthkura.com)
Similar to Presbyopia, Anisometropia & Aphakia
Diplopia
1. The document discusses various causes and types of diplopia including monocular diplopia caused by refractive errors or macular disorders and binocular diplopia caused by cranial nerve palsies or muscle restrictions.
2. Evaluation of diplopia involves assessing head posture, eye movements, refractive error and neurological function through tests like the three-step test for fourth nerve palsy. Special tests like diplopia testing and cyclodeviation measurements localize the site of muscle weakness.
3. Causes of transient or intermittent diplopia include decompensated phoria, convergence insufficiency, myasthenia gravis or TIAs, while surgical procedures can also cause diplopia through restrictions
Reffraction myopia by Dr Abdul Basir safi eye surgeon from Afghanistan
This document discusses refractive errors and myopia. It begins by defining refractive media and refraction. It then discusses the different types of refractive errors including myopia. For myopia, it discusses the etiology, classification, clinical presentation, complications and management. It notes that the main causes of myopia are excessive axial elongation of the eye or increased curvature of the cornea or lens. The main types of myopia are axial myopia, refractive myopia, and curvature or index myopia. Management options for myopia include glasses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery procedures.
Refractive errors
Refractive errors occur when there is a mismatch between the eye's optical power and its axial length, causing light rays to focus in front or behind the retina. The most common refractive errors are myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Diagnosis involves using instruments like autorefractors and retinoscopes to measure how light enters the eye. Optical corrections include spectacle lenses, contact lenses, and intraocular lenses, with the type chosen based on factors like comfort, durability, and amount of correction needed.
Hypermetropia and Aphakia
Hypermetropia, or farsightedness, occurs when the eye is too short, causing light rays to focus behind the retina. There are several types of hypermetropia based on its cause, including axial hypermetropia due to a short eyeball, and index hypermetropia which occurs in older patients due to changes in the lens. Hypermetropia is classified by severity and can range from asymptomatic to causing blurred vision. Treatment involves prescribing convex lenses to optically shift the focal point of light rays to the retina.
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia, also known as hyperopia or longsightedness, is a refractive error where the eye focuses images behind the retina rather than directly on it. It can be caused by the eyeball being too short, the cornea being too flat, or changes in the lens with age. Hypermetropia is classified as simple, pathological, or functional. It is usually corrected using convex lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery depending on the degree of nearsightedness and any other factors. Early diagnosis and treatment of hypermetropia in children is important to prevent vision problems.
Refractiveerrors 130309052054-phpapp01
Refractive errors occur when there is a mismatch between the eye's optical power and its axial length. The most common refractive errors are myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Myopia occurs when the eye's axial length is too long, causing light to focus in front of the retina. Hyperopia is the opposite, with light focusing behind the retina due to a shorter axial length. Astigmatism causes blurred vision due to an irregularly shaped cornea or lens. These refractive errors can be corrected using glasses, contact lenses, refractive surgery, or intraocular lenses. A complete eye exam using tools like a phoropter and autorefractor can diagnose a patient's refractive error.
Refractive errors & their management
This document discusses different types of refractive errors including emmetropia, ametropia, myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. It provides details on:
- The definition and normal state of emmetropia
- Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options for myopia and hypermetropia such as prescription lenses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery
- Types of myopia including simple, pathological, and congenital myopia
- Causes of refractive errors like abnormal eyeball length, corneal or lens curvature, or refractive index
- Potential complications of high degrees of myopia like macular degeneration and retinal detachment
HYPERMETROPIA REFRACTIVE ERROR OF AN EYE
TYPES
DEFINATION
ETIOLOGY
TREATMENT
help full for optometry students
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Accommodation
This document summarizes research on accommodation presented to the Ophthalmology Department at Al-Azhar University. It defines accommodation as the eye's ability to change refractive power and focus on objects at different distances by altering the shape of the lens. The document discusses the mechanism of accommodation, theories around how it functions including Helmholtz's relaxation theory, and types of accommodation like tonic, proximal, and reflex accommodation. It also examines anomalies of accommodation such as presbyopia, insufficiency of accommodation, and their treatment.
Ocular symptomatology
This document summarizes various ocular symptoms and their causes. It discusses anomalies of ocular motility such as asthenopia and binocular diplopia which can result from extraocular muscle imbalances or uncorrected refractive errors. It also describes disorders of the ocular surface including irritation, lacrimation, photophobia, and red eye which can be caused by dry eye, infections, or inflammation. Various visual phenomena like glare, floaters, photopsia, and others and their associations with conditions like vitreous degeneration, retinal tears, and migraines are outlined. Finally, it discusses diminution of vision including amblyopia, amaurosis, and their exogenous and bilateral causes like tox
Refractive errors (eye condions)
complete information about the refractive errors due to the problem in the acomodation of eye lense , disturbed image formation in the retina, contains -types of disease condition .
Hypermetropia/Hyperopia
a detailed informative compilation on everything related to hypermetropia or hyperopia required in ophthalmic or optometric clinical practice and education
Prescription of glasses in children
This document provides guidelines for prescribing glasses in children. It defines various refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. It recommends fully correcting refractive errors over ±4 diopters as these can cause amblyopia. For lower refractive errors, it recommends considering the child's age and visual needs. Anisometropia over 1.5 diopters should also be corrected. Special cases like accommodative esotropia may require bifocals. The goal of treatment is to provide a clear retinal image while maintaining proper accommodation and convergence.
accommodation,reflexes,defects of vision
This document summarizes information about vision, including accommodation, reflexes, and pathologies. It discusses the mechanism of accommodation, pupillary reflexes like light reflex and accommodation reflex, errors of refraction like myopia and hypermetropia, and pathologies like glaucoma, cataracts, and color blindness. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, and treatments for various vision conditions in less than 3 sentences.
MYOPIA A REFRACTIVE ERROR OF AN EYE
Short note of refractive error MYOPIA
types of myopia
defination
treatment
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Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome
The document discusses iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome, a rare disorder characterized by abnormalities of the corneal endothelium and iris that can cause corneal decompensation and glaucoma. ICE syndrome has three clinical variants (iris nevus/Cogan-Reese syndrome, Chandler syndrome, and essential/progressive iris atrophy) that are characterized by different degrees of iris atrophy. The pathogenesis involves proliferation of abnormal endothelial cells that migrate onto the trabecular meshwork and iris. Investigations include gonioscopy, ultrasound biomicroscopy, and specular microscopy of the corneal endothelium. Treatment involves medications and surgeries to manage glaucoma and corneal edema.
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness or longsightedness, is a vision disorder where parallel rays of light focus behind the retina when the eye is at rest. There are several types of hypermetropia including congenital, developmental, and acquired. Accommodation can affect the manifestation of hypermetropia as either total, latent, or manifest hypermetropia. Symptoms include difficulty with close work and blurred vision. Treatment involves prescribing convex spherical lenses through refraction. Several homeopathic remedies may help restore ciliary muscle power or treat eye strain symptoms.
hypermetropia.pptx
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness or hyperopia, is a refractive error where the eye focuses light behind the retina. It occurs when the eyeball is too short or the cornea is too flat. Hypermetropia can be classified as physiological, pathological, or functional. It is commonly diagnosed using a retinoscope or autorefractor. Symptoms include blurry vision and eye strain. Treatment options include corrective lenses, refractive surgery such as LASIK, or intraocular lens implantation.
Accommodation optics, theory and anomalies of Accommodation Dr. Anand Trivedi
This document discusses accommodation and its anomalies. It defines accommodation as the eye's ability to focus on near objects, with the far point being infinity for emmetropic eyes. Accommodation range is the difference between the near and far points. Presbyopia is discussed as the age-related loss of accommodation due to hardening of the lens. Other anomalies covered include insufficiency, paralysis, excessive and spasmodic accommodation. Presbyopia treatment includes convex glasses or surgery like LASIK. Insufficiency is treated by addressing underlying causes and weaker glasses. Paralysis involves cycloplegia drugs while spasm uses atropine eye drops.
Anisometropia.pptx
Anisometropia is a condition where the two eyes have unequal refractive power, causing blurred vision. It occurs when one eye is nearsighted, farsighted, or a combination of both, with at least a 2 diopter difference between the eyes. While most people have some refractive difference, anisometropia is significant enough to interfere with binocular vision. It can be present at birth or develop later in life, affecting around 6% of children. Treatment depends on severity but may include corrective lenses, contact lenses, or surgery to address issues like amblyopia and prevent dependence on one eye.
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Presbyopia, Anisometropia & Aphakia
- 2. Definition • Means gradual decrease of accommodative (focusing) power with age, • The most common refractive error affecting virtually everyone by age 51, • The most common symptom of presbyopia is difficulty in reading up close, particularly in poor lighting (Mydriasis), • So called Short Arm Syndrome.
- 4. Presentation • Gradual onset of blurred near vision. • Other symptoms include • Headaches secondary to eye strain, • Increased light requirements, • Need to work from progressively greater distances, • Increasing exophoria or Squinting (diplopia) due to decreased vergence amplitude.
- 5. Pathophysiology • Many theories are introduced, Helmholtz (1855) Donders (1864) Fisher (1988) The lens becomes more difficult to deform with age due to lenticular sclerosis. Presbyopia is caused by a decrease in the force of contraction of the ciliary muscle with age. The lens capsule loses its elastic force with age and the lens fibres, particularly in the nucleus, become more compacted.
- 6. Management • No single technique has been accepted as a standard for the treatment of presbyopia. • A separate set of reading glasses, contact lenses or bifocals. • Surgical implantation of specific IOLs (multifocal) or various forms of refractive corneal surgery (LASIK, PRK, conductive keratoplasty, or intracorneal femtosecond laser). • Corneal presbyopic laser surgery (monovision) wherein one eye is corrected for close-up vision and the other for distance, removing the need for glasses altogether.
- 7. Trials Under Investigations • Accommodative IOL are hinged with the intention being to allow the optic to move anteriorly with ciliary muscle contraction effectively imitating accommodation. • Biological corneal inlay for presbyopia derived from small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). • Perceptual learning results in improved visual performance in presbyopes through neural processing in the brain.
- 8. Effect of Presbyopia on Refractive Errors • Myopes gets better as they need less accommodative demands & in rare cases can correct their myopia so we can call they neutralize each other. • Hypermetropes gets worse as they need more accommodation than emmetropes all the time for far & near.
- 10. Definition, Presentation • Anisometropia means that the two eyes have a different refractive power, • Affecting 10% of population in early adulthood, • Myopic anisometropia is more common than hyperopic anisometropia • Usually asymptomatic unless the child develops diplopia.
- 11. Pathophysiology, Management • An interocular difference in spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error greater than or equal to one diopter (1 D) • If uncorrected, 1 eye may always be out of focus, leading to the development of amblyopia so early detection and correction are essential. • Management is by correcting the difference between the eyes with glasses (<4 D), CLs (>4D) or refractive corneal surgery (LASIK, PRK, conductive keratoplasty, or intracorneal femtosecond laser).
- 12. Ambylopia, Dx & Management • The diagnosis of amblyopia should be in young age & is confirmed by a complete ophthalmologic examination revealing reduced acuity that is unexplained by an organic abnormality. • If amblyopia exists, you will need to force the brain to use the more severely affected eye in order to maximally improve the vision. • This can be done by covering or patching the sound eye (occlusion therapy), using a drop (e.g atropine) to blur the sound eye, or by filters over the glasses.
- 13. Aphakia • Aphakia is considered another form of anisometropia, • It may be congenital, after cataract surgery or after penetrating injuries. • Ordinary Glasses is contraindicated to avoid severe aniseikonia, • Management usually is reserved to IOL implantation, • Daily Wear Contact Lenses (DWCL) may also be a 2nd Choice as they don’t need to be solution soaked each night.