This presentation was done by Dr. Julius P. Kessy,MD. An intern Doctor at Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital (DRRH) during pediatrics unit clinical meeting and supervised by Dr. Christina K. Galabawa,MD,Mmed2, Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Dodoma (UDOM) in November, 2017.
simlpe approach to anemia in children , how to diagnose anemia in kids ,types of anemias ,causes of anemia , iron deficeincy anemia, hemolytic anemias , laboratory tests in anemia ,
It is estimated that 1 3 rd of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Each year, about 9 million people develop TB, of whom about 1 5 million die
WHO has estimated that around 10 of global tuberculosis case load occurs in children( 0 14 years) of these childhood cases, 75 occur annually in 22 high burden countries that together account for 80 of the world’s estimated incident cases.
This presentation was done by Dr. Julius P. Kessy,MD. An intern Doctor at Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital (DRRH) during pediatrics unit clinical meeting and supervised by Dr. Christina K. Galabawa,MD,Mmed2, Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Dodoma (UDOM) in November, 2017.
simlpe approach to anemia in children , how to diagnose anemia in kids ,types of anemias ,causes of anemia , iron deficeincy anemia, hemolytic anemias , laboratory tests in anemia ,
It is estimated that 1 3 rd of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Each year, about 9 million people develop TB, of whom about 1 5 million die
WHO has estimated that around 10 of global tuberculosis case load occurs in children( 0 14 years) of these childhood cases, 75 occur annually in 22 high burden countries that together account for 80 of the world’s estimated incident cases.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. The child is born with a number of
unconditioned reflexes, which can be divided
into 3 categories:
• persistent lifelong automatisms
• transient rudimentary reflexes reflecting
specific conditions of the developmental level
of the motor analyzer and subsequently
disappearing
• reflexes, or automatisms, only appearing and
therefore not always detectable immediately
after birth
3. The first group of reflexes are such as:
• corneal
• conjunctival
• pharyngeal
• swallowing
• tendon reflexes of the extremities
• Biculopalpelal
• superciliary
4. The second group of reflexes includes:
• oral segmental automatisms (spasmodic,
search, proboscis and palm-oral)
• spinal segmental automatisms (grasping
reflex, Moro reflexes, supports, automatic
gait, crawling, Talent, Perez)
• myeloencephalic zeotonic reflexes
(labyrinthine , asymmetric and symmetrical
cervical tonic reflexes).
5. The third group includes mezencephalic
adjusting automatisms:
• labyrinth reflexes
• simple and chain cervical and trunk reflexes.
6. • Evaluation of unconditioned reflex activity should be carried
out in a warm, well-lit room on a flat semi-rigid surface.
• The child should be in a wakeful state, well fed and dry. The
applied irritations (except for special types of research) should
not cause pain.
• If these conditions are not observed, the reflexes can be
suppressed by reactions to discomfort.
• Unconditioned reflexes are evaluated in the position on the
back, on the abdomen and in a state of vertical suspension.
7. • Proboscide reflex: When you hit your child's lips
with a finger, the circular muscles of the mouth
contract, causing the lips to stretch out with the
proboscis.
• Search reflex: When stroking the skin in the
corner of the mouth (while not touching the lips),
the lips are lowered, the tongue is deflected, and
the head rotates toward the stimulus. The reflex
is especially well expressed before feeding.
Disappears by the end of the first year.
• Suckling reflex If you put a pacifier in the child's
mouth, then he begins to make active sucking
movements Disappear by the end of the first
year.
8. • Orbiculopalapebral reflex: When the finger is
flicked over the upper arc of the orbit, the
eyelid of the corresponding side is closed.
Disappears to 6 months.
• The palm-and-mouth reflex of Babkin is
caused by pressing the thumbs on the child's
palm near the tenors. The response is
manifested by opening the mouth and flexing
the head. Disappears to 3 months.
9. • Grasping reflex: This reflex is coexistent in grasping
and firmly holding the fingers embedded in the palm
of the child. Sometimes it is possible to lift the child
above the support (Robinson's reflex). The same
reflex can be caused from the lower extremities if
you press on the sole at the base of the II-III fingers,
which will cause the plantar flexion of the fingers
Disappears on the 2nd -4th month
10. • Moro Reflex. This reflex is caused by various
methods: the child who is in the hands of the
doctor, sharply lowered by 20 cm, and then
raised to the original level, you can quickly
unbend the lower limbs or hit the surface on
which the child lies, at a distance of 15 - 20 cm
two sides from the head. In response to these
actions, the child first withdraws his hands to the
sides and extends his fingers, and then restores
his hands to the starting position. The movement
of the hand is a character of covering. This reflex
persists up to 4 months.
11. • Babinski's reflex. Stroke irritation of the sole along the
outer edge of the foot in the direction from the heel to
the fingers causes the rear extension of the thumb and
the plantar flexion of the remaining fingers, which
sometimes fan out in a different manner. The reflex
remains physiological up to 2 years
• The Kernig Reflex. A child lying on his back bends one
leg in the hip and knee joints, and then tries to
straighten the leg in the knee joint. With a positive
reflex, this can not be done. This reflex disappears after
4 months.
12. • Positive Support Reflex: The doctor takes the child's
armpits from the back, supporting the index fingers with
his head. The child raised in this position shines the legs
in the hip and knee joints. Dropped on the support, it
rests on it full foot, "stands" on the half-bent legs,
straightening the trunk The reflex disappears by 2
months.
• Reflex of the automatic gait: In the reflex position, the
child's support is slightly inclined forward, while he
makes step-by-step movements on the surface without
accompanying them with the movements of his hands.
Sometimes the legs cross at the level of the lower third of
the shins. The reflex disappears by 2 months
13. • Reflex crawling Bauer. The child is spread on the
stomach so that the head and trunk are located
along the middle line. In this position, the child
raises his head for a few moments and performs
creeping movements (spontaneous crawling). If
the palm is placed under the soles of the child,
then these movements will come alive, the hands
will "crawl in" and he starts actively pushing his
feet away from the obstacle, the reflex disappears
by 4 months
14. • Reflex Talant. At the child lying on his side, the doctor
spends his thumb and index finger along the paravertebral
lines in the direction from the neck to the buttocks. Skin
irritation causes arching of the trunk with an arch open
posteriorly. Sometimes the leg is straightened and
withdrawn. The reflex disappears by 4 months
• Reflex Peresa. In the position of the child on the abdomen,
follow the finger along the spinous processes of the spine
in the direction from the coccyx to the neck, which causes
bending of the trunk, flexion of the upper and lower
extremities, lifting of the head, pelvis, sometimes urination,
defecation and screaming. This reflex causes pain, so you
need to investigate it last. Disappears to 4 months.
15. The muscle tone of the newborn is affected by
the position of the body and head. This influence
is mediated through tonic cervical and labyrinth
reflexes:
• Labyrinth righting reflex. It is caused by a change
in the head in space. The child lying on his back,
increased the tone of the extensors of the neck,
back, legs. If it is turned over to the abdomen, the
tone of the flexors of the neck, back, limbs
increases.
16. • Symmetrical cervical tonic reflex. With the passive bending
of the head of the newborn lying on the back, the tone of
the flexors of the arms and extensors of the legs increases.
When the head is unbent, reverse relationships are
observed. The change in tone can be judged by the
increase or decrease in resistance with passive extension of
the limbs.
• Asymmetric cervical tonic reflex. To test this reflex, the
head of the child lying on the back is turned to the side so
that the chin touches the shoulder. This reduces the tone of
the extremities to which the face is drawn (sometimes their
short-term extension), and the tone of the opposite limbs
increases. The reflex disappears by the end of the first year.
17. • Upper Landau reflex. The child in the position
on the abdomen raises his head, the upper
part of the trunk and hands, resting on the
plane with his hands, is held in this position.
This reflex is formed by 4 months.
• Lower Landau reflex. In the position on the
abdomen, the child unbends and raises her
legs. This reflex is formed by 5-6 months
18. • Simple cervical and trunk setting reflexes. Turning the
head to the side causes the torso to turn in the same
direction, but not simultaneously, but separately the
thoracic area first turns, and then the pelvic region
turns. These reflexes appear from birth and mutate to
5-6 months.
• Chain adjusting reflex from the trunk on the trunk The
turning of the shoulders of the child to the side leads
to the rotation of the trunk and lower limbs in the
same direction, but not simultaneously, but separately.
Turning the pelvic region also causes a torso turn. This
reflex is formed by 6-7 months.
19. • It was possible to establish that even in the newborn cortex the
brain is capable of forming conditioned reflexes.
• However, during the first 2 - 3 weeks of life, the child has a very
limited number of conditioned reflexes.
• The main in the formation of the reflex at first is the food dominant.
If a crying baby is picked up and pressed into the chest (position
while breastfeeding), then it calms down. Then there is a certain
rhythm of activity at the time of feeding.
• At first, conditioned reflexes are formed with difficulty. There is a
small force and mobility of the processes of excitation and
inhibition, and they are not sufficiently balanced and often widely
irradiated; With age, the possibility of concentration is created.
• The differentiation of conditioned reflexes usually begins at the
end of the 2nd - the beginning of the 3rd month of life. In process
of growth and development, many conditioned reflexes appear.
• By 6 months, the formation of conditioned reflexes from all sensory
organs (eyes, ears, nose, skin) is already possible.
• During the second year, the mechanism of formation of
conditioned reflexes already reaches full development and
functional perfection.